Meta-Analysis Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Narcissism is commonly associated with low empathy, but empirical studies have used diverse methods, yielding mixed findings. The present meta-analysis examined the overall magnitude of the association between grandiose and vulnerable narcissism and affective and cognitive empathy (N = 32200). Grandiose narcissism was significantly negatively associated with self-reported cognitive (r = −0.085) and affective (r = −0.145) empathy. When empathy was measured behaviourally, grandiose narcissism was significantly associated only with affective empathy (r = −0.251) but not cognitive empathy (r = −0.052). Vulnerable narcissism was significantly negatively associated with self-reported cognitive and affective empathy (r = −0.179 and r = −0.105 respectively). The association between vulnerable narcissism and cognitive empathy measured behaviourally was not significant (r = −0.069). The association between narcissism and empathy is nuanced and depends on various conceptual and methodological factors.

This meta-analysis examined the extent to which stereotypes of leaders are culturally masculine. The primary studies fit into 1 of 3 paradigms: (a) In Schein’s (1973) think manager–think male paradigm, 40 studies with 51 effect sizes compared the similarity of male and leader stereotypes and the similarity of female and leader stereotypes; (b) in Powell and Butterfield’s (1979) agency–communion paradigm, 22 studies with 47 effect sizes compared stereotypes of leaders’ agency and communion; and (c) in Shinar’s (1975) masculinity–femininity paradigm, 7 studies with 101 effect sizes represented stereotypes of leadership-related occupations on a single masculinity–femininity dimension. Analyses implemented appropriate random and mixed effects models. All 3 paradigms demonstrated overall masculinity of leader stereotypes: (a) In the think manager–think male paradigm, intraclass correlation = .25 for the women–leaders similarity and intraclass correlation = .62 for the men–leaders similarity; (b) in the agency–communion paradigm, g = 1.55, indicating greater agency than communion; and (c) in the masculinity–femininity paradigm, g = 0.92, indicating greater masculinity than the androgynous scale midpoint. Subgroup and meta-regression analyses indicated that this masculine construal of leadership has decreased over time and was greater for male than female research participants. In addition, stereotypes portrayed leaders as less masculine in educational organizations than in other domains and in moderate- than in high-status leader roles. This article considers the relation of these findings to Eagly and Karau’s (2002) role congruity theory, which proposed contextual influences on the incongruity between stereotypes of women and leaders. The implications for prejudice against women leaders are also considered.

- by Anne M Koenig and +1
- •
- Management, Leadership, Stereotypes and Prejudice, Gender

The purpose of this meta-analysis was to use theory and research on diversity, attitudes, and training to examine potential differential effects on affective-based, cognitive-based, and skill-based outcomes, to examine potential moderators of those effects with a focus on affective-based outcomes, and finally, to provide quantitative estimates of these posited relationships. Results from 65 studies (N = 8465) revealed sizable effects on affective-based, cognitive-based, and skill-based outcomes as well as interesting boundary conditions for these effects on affective-based outcomes. This study provides practical value to human resources managers and trainers wishing to implement diversity training within organizations as well as interesting theoretical advances for researchers. Practitioners have quantitative evidence that diversity training changes affective-based, cognitive-based, and skill-based trainee outcomes. This study also supports and addresses future research needs.

- by Julie Steinke and +1
- •
- Meta-Analysis, Training Evaluation, Diversity Training

Do positive psychology interventions-that is, treatment methods or intentional activities aimed at cultivating positive feelings, positive behaviors, or positive cognitions-enhance well-being and ameliorate depressive symptoms? A meta-analysis of 51 such interventions with 4,266 individuals was conducted to address this question and to provide practical guidance to clinicians. The results revealed that positive psychology interventions do indeed significantly enhance well-being (mean r 5 .29) and decrease depressive symptoms (mean r 5 .31). In addition, several factors were found to impact the effectiveness of positive psychology interventions, including the depression status, self-selection, and age of participants, as well as the format and duration of the interventions. Accordingly, clinicians should be encouraged to incorporate positive psychology techniques into their clinical work, particularly for treating clients who are depressed, relatively older, or highly motivated to improve. Our findings also suggest that clinicians would do well to deliver positive psychology interventions as individual (versus group) therapy and for relatively longer periods of time.

- by Martina Tarducci
- •
- Clinical Psychology, Positive Psychology, Depression, Treatment

The purpose of this research is the analysis using meta-analysis of studies in the field of Educational Technology in Turkey and in the field is to demonstrate how to get to that trend. For this purpose, a total of 263 studies were analyzed including 98 theses and 165 articles published between 2010-2018. Purpose sampling method was used when selecting publications. In the research, while selecting articles and Technology used in journals. Publications have been reviewed under 11 criteria. Index, year of publication, research scope, method, education level, sample, number of samples, data collection methods, analysis techniques, and research tendency, research topics in Educational Technology Research in Turkey has revealed. The data is interpreted based on percentage and frequency and the results are shown using the table.

Inquiry Based Learning (IBL) is a student-centered strategy within the constructivist learning approach. This strategy is an important approach that makes students active inside and outside the classroom, and enables students to work in groups, conduct research, present their research, and increase their academic success. When the literature is reviewed, there are many studies that show that IBL increases the academic success of students. The aim of this study is to make the meta-analysis of articles and theses carried out in Turkey between the dates of 01.01.2000 and 01.03.2020 that investigate the impact of IBL on the academic achievement. In this study, meta-analysis method was used to determine the effects of IBL on students’ academic achievement based on grade levels and publication types. The studies evaluated within the scope of this study were created by using the databases of Google Scholar and the National Thesis Center of the Council of Higher Education. To this end, 30 studies were selected in accordance with year, method, data, and publication type criteria. In this study, the thesis and article evaluation form developed by the researchers was used as the main means of data collection. Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA) program was used to analyze the data. According to the results of this study, it is concluded that IBL significantly increases the academic achievement and the effect sizes are meaningful when grade levels are compared. That is, IBL at high school level is more effective than other educational levels, and when the effect sizes are examined, there are no significant differences based on the types of publication (i.e., articles and theses).

- by IJELS AIAC
- •
- Inquiry Based Learning, Meta-Analysis

The problem of misuse or loss of natural resources like the forests are due to a limited understanding of the processes that lead to improvements in or deterioration of natural resour ces (E. Ostrom, 2009). This is because the Social-Ecological systems (SESs) are inherently complex, hence the problems related to their use are rarely due to a single cause which complicate the institutional design and change to solve it. It is in this context that the E. Ostrom's SES framework was developed as a tool of diagnostic analysis to understand the complexity embedded into the governance of the SESs (E. Ostrom, 2007). However, the use of the SES framework to identify how institutional change can be stimulated is still at lower level of development (E. Ostrom, 2009). The objective of this paper is to present how institutional change can be studied using SES framework in a concrete SES case study, and how the micro-/macro-relations can be modelled to understand the functionality of the commons in the context of variable patterns of interactions. This paper bases its methodology on the E. Ostrom SES framework theory and its application (E. Ostrom, 2011), and the meta-analysis of 32 case studies of Mexican community forests in the context of the Social-Ecological System Meta-Analysis Database (SESMAD, 2014). As the results, it was identified that: (i) the performance of each case study is based on a complex set of interactions whose patterns of interactions result into desired or undesired outcomes, hence the institutional change should be based on, to set out the configurations of variables of each case which may lead or not to desired outcomes, (ii) based on a case study as a unit of analysis, the micro-/macro-relations can be modeled through the institutional design founded on and fostered by considering the community forests SES as a complex system of variable interactions, whose patterns lead to successful of unsuccessful situations of the resource use. These results share a conception of that each case should not be considered as unique. The successful cases share some attributes whereas the failed cases present a lack of some of those attributes. Thus, a comparative study is necessary. Keywords: Social-Ecological Systems (SESs), Social-Ecological System (SES) framework, variable patterns of interactions, micro-/macro-relations of the commons, case-based meta-analysis.

- by Arturo A . Lara
- •
- Mexican Studies, Complexity Theory, Social-Ecological Systems, Complexity

Cover crops are considered to be beneficial for multiple ecosystem services, and they have been widely promoted through the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in the EU and Farm Bill Conservation Title Programs, such as the Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP), in the USA. However, it can be difficult to decide whether the beneficial effects of cover crops on some ecosystem services are likely to outweigh their harmful effects on other services, and thus to decide whether they should be promoted by agricultural policy in specific situations. We used meta-analysis to quantify the effects of cover crops on five ecosystem services (food production, climate regulation, soil and water regulation, and weed control) in arable farmland in California and the Mediterranean, based on 326 experiments reported in 57 publications. In plots with cover crops, there was 13% less water, 9% more organic matter and 41% more microbial biomass in the soil, 27% fewer weeds, and 15% higher carbon dioxide emissions (but also more carbon stored in soil organic matter), compared to control plots with bare soils or winter fallows. Cash crop yields were 16% higher in plots that had legumes as cover crops (compared to controls) but 7% lower in plots that had non-legumes as cover crops. Soil nitrogen content was 41% lower, and nitrate leaching was 53% lower, in plots that had non-legume cover crops (compared to controls) but not significantly different in plots that had legumes. We did not find enough data to quantify the effects of cover crops on biodiversity conservation, pollination, or pest regulation. These gaps in the evidence need to be closed if cover crops continue to be widely promoted. We suggest that this novel combination of multiple meta-analyses for multiple ecosystem services could be used to support multi-criteria decision making about agri-environmental policy.

The Water Framework Directive (WFD) is arguably the most ambitious piece of European Union (EU) legislation in the field of water. The directive defines a general framework for integrated river basin management in Europe with a view to achieving
“good water status” by 2015. Institutional novelties include, among others, water management at hydrological scales, the involvement of nonstate actors in water planning, and various economic principles, as well as a common strategy to support EU member states during the implementation of the directive. More than 15 years after the adoption of the WFD, and with the passing of an important milestone, 2015, we believe it is time for an interim assessment. This article provides a systematic review of existing scholarship on WFD implementation. We identify well-documented areas of research, describe largely unchartered territories, and suggest avenues for future studies. Methodologically, we relied on a meta-analysis. Based on a codebook of more than 35 items, we analyzed 89 journal articles reporting on the implementation of the directive in EU member states. Our review is organized around three major themes. The first is “who, when, and where”; we explore publication patterns, thereby looking into authors, timelines, and target journals. The second is “what”; we analyze the object of study in our source articles with a particular focus on case study countries, policy levels, the temporal stage of WFD implementation, and if the directive was not studied in its entirety, the aspect of the WFD that received
scholarly attention. The third is “how,” i.e., theoretical and methodological choices made when studying the WFD.

We sought to elucidate the relationship of ADHD (Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) to the DRD4 exon III VNTR 7R allele worldwide using analytic techniques and to relate these findings to the field of cultural neuroscience. To focus on a potential moderating role of race/ethnicity, we excluded over 30 papers that have explored the relationship between the DRD4 7R and ADHD but had unclear or lax racial–ethnic inclusion criteria. The papers in this meta-analysis were only included if a single race made up 95% or more of their sample. We searched for and translated papers not published in English, and found a significant difference in the relationship of ADHD and DRD4 7R in people of European-Caucasian (Odds ratio 1.635, Z = 3.936, P < 0.00001) and South American (Odds ratio 2.407, Z = 3.317, P = 0.001) descent vs people of Middle Eastern ancestry (Odds ratio 0.717, Z = −2.466; P = 0.014). We also examined the moderating effect of differing ADHD diagnoses, subject recruitment, control recruitment and male to female ratio. Finally, we consider the implications of these data for cultural neuroscience.

- by Aki Nikolaidis
- •
- Genetics, Neuroscience, Psychology, ADHD (Psychology)

Gamification is defined as the use of game-design elements in non-game contexts. This study aims to investigate the effect of gamification in education. A meta-analysis study was used and articles (21) published between 2012 and 2018 were analysed in several databases and digital libraries. Most of the selected articles were journal manuscripts (81%), including undergraduate students (57.1%), predominantly using the web-based technologies (33.3%), digital game-based learning (28.6%) and learning management system (28.6%) as a game delivery platform. The most gamified subjects were Languages (19%) and Information Technology (IT) (14.3%). It was observed that students at the post-secondary level (SMD=0.809, p=0.004) seem to benefit more from gamification than those from the postgraduate level (SMD=-0.930, p=0.000). Most of the subjects gamified showed positive effects, some of them statistically significant (Language, Maths and Science). In conclusion, the meta-analysis showed that students' performance can improve by 50% when the subject is gamified. Web-based technologies were the most widely used platform for gamification.

- by Nevena Jaftha
- •
- Meta-Analysis, Gamification in Education

In recently years, interest to evidence based practice has increased due to such causes; the existence of scientific advances in the field of health and increased interest to good care practices. While evidence based practice improves the... more

- by ayse deliktas and +1
- •
- Meta-Analysis

Although extant literature has shown that formal contracts and relational governance play a key role in interorganizational relationships, the nature of their interplay still remains equivocal. To better understand the relationships between contractual and relational governance, we conducted a qualitative review and meta-analysis of the existing literature. Meta-analytic results from 33,051 interorganizational relationships across 149 empirical studies have indicated that contractual governance is positively related to both sides of relational governance—trust and relational norms. Our results have also indicated that contracts, trust, and relational norms jointly improve satisfaction and relationship performance and jointly reduce opportunism. These findings provide strong evidence for the complementarity arguments of the contractual-relational governance relationships and their joint impacts on performance. We also found that the mutual relationships between contractual and relational governance are moderated by the institutional environments, the interorganizational relationship type and length, and the construct measurement of contracts. Overall, this study provides new insights on when contractual and relational governance complement or substitute each other. We discuss the implications of our study for theory and practice and propose a research agenda for future research on governance in interorganizational relationships.

- by Zhi Cao and +1
- •
- Contracts, Interorganizational Relationships, Trust, Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review

1. Meta-analysis is a powerful and informative tool for basic and applied research. It provides a statistical framework for synthesizing and comparing the results of studies which have all tested a particular hypothesis. Meta-analysis has the potential to be particularly useful for ecologists and evolutionary biologists, as individual experiments often rely on small sample sizes due to the constraints of time and manpower, and therefore have low statistical power. 2. The rewards of conducting a meta-analysis can be significant. It can be the basis of a systematic review of a topic that provides a powerful exploration of key hypotheses or theoretical assumptions, thereby influencing the future development of a field of research. Alternatively, for the applied scientist, it can provide robust answers to questions of ecological, medical or economic significance. However, planning and conducting a meta-analysis can be a daunting prospect and the analysis itself is invariably demanding and labour intensive. Errors or omissions made at the planning stage can create weeks of extra work. 3. While a range of useful resources is available to help the budding meta-analyst on his or her way, much of the key information and explanation is spread across different articles and textbooks. In order to help the reader use the available information as efficiently as possible (and so avoid making time-consuming errors) this article aims to provide a 'road map' to the existing literature. It provides a brief guide to planning, organizing and implementing a meta-analysis which focuses more on logic and implementation than on maths; it is intended to be a first port of call for those interested in the topic and should be used in conjunction with the more detailed books and articles referenced. In the main, references are cited and discussed with an emphasis on useful reading order rather than a chronological history of meta-analysis and its uses. 4. No prior knowledge of meta-analysis is assumed in the current article, though it is assumed that the reader is familiar with anova and regression-type statistical models.

- by Jeferson Gabriel
- •
- Statistics, Meta-Analysis, Power, Sample Size

Background The objective of this study was to assess whether the use of staple line reinforcement (SLR) reduces staple line complications (SLC). Mechanical staple lines are essential for gastrointestinal surgery such as bariatric surgery. However, SLC, such as bleeding and leakage, still occur. The purposes of this study were to provide quantitative evidence on the relative efficacy of gastric SLR and to compare the rates of effectiveness of three commonly used methods. Methods A search of the medical literature in English language journals identified studies from Jan 1, 2000, to Dec 31, 2013, using the following reinforcement types: (1) no reinforcement, (2) oversewing, (3) a biocompatible glycolide copolymer, and (4) bovine pericardium after gastric bypasses and sleeve gastrectomies. Types of reinforcement were compared using a random-effects model. Results This meta-analysis reviewed 16,967 articles, extracting data on 56,309 patients concerning leak and 41, 864 patients concerning bleeding. Over 40 % of patients had no reinforcement, resulting in the highest leak rate (2.75 %) and bleed rate (3.45 %). Overall, reinforcing with bovine peri-cardium had the lowest leak (1.28 %) and bleed (1.23 %) rates. Suture oversewing was better than no reinforcement but not as effective as bovine pericardium for leak (2.45 %) and bleed (2.69 %) rates. Buttressing with a biocompatible glycolide copolymer resulted in the second highest leak rate (2.61 %) and a bleed rate of 2.48 % but had significantly lower bleed rates than no reinforcement. Conclusions SLR provided superior results for patients compared to no reinforcement for reducing SLC. Buttressing with bovine pericardium resulted in the most favorable outcomes. The effectiveness of different methods used to reinforce the staple line in gastric surgery does not appear to be equal.

- by Christine Mahoney
- •
- Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis

This study synthesizes the mathematics achievement impacts observed in randomized studies of the Student Teams Achievement Divisions cooperative learning model. A total of 15 randomized studies were retrieved from the extant literature. Analyses of d= +0.16.Cohen’s d effect size estimates indicated an overall statistically significant positive
effect of. Effect size estimates were also examined for between-‐ class heterogeneity to ascertain whether there were differences in effects for younger children in elementary
setting versus adolescent children in secondary settings. These analyses indicated that cooperative learning had a much stronger effect on student achievement for adolescent children than for younger children.

ABSTRACT. During the 1980's social cognitive theory has evolved
as an explanation of human behavior. One of this theory's component constructs, self-efficacy, has received increasing attention as an antecedent to health related outcomes. The results of a meta-analysis examining studies which employed the construct of self-efficacy as a predictor of health related outcomes is presented. In the literature examined, subject ratings of self-efficacy were found to consistently predict subsequent health related outcomes.

- by Gary Holden
- •
- Health Psychology, Self-Efficacy, Health, Social Cognitive Theory

Background: Racism has been identified as a major source of injustice and a health burden in Australia and across the world. Despite the surge in Australian quantitative research on the topic, and the increasing recognition of the prevalence and impact of racism in Australian society, the collective evidence base has yet to be comprehensively reviewed or meta-analysed. This protocol describes the first systematic review and meta-analysis of racism in Australia at the national level, focussing on quantitative studies. The current study will considerably improve our understanding of racism, including its manifestations and fluctuation over time, variation across settings and between groups, and associations with health and socioeconomic outcomes. Methods: The research will consist of a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Searches for relevant studies will focus on the social and health science databases CINAHL, PsycINFO, PubMed and Scopus. Two reviewers will independently screen eligible papers for inclusion and extract data from included studies. Studies will be included in the review and meta-analysis where they meet the following criteria: (1) report quantitative empirical research on self-reported racism in Australia, (2) report data on the prevalence of racism, or its association with health (e.g. mental health, physical health, health behaviours) or socioeconomic outcomes (e.g. education, employment, income), and (3) report Australian data. Measures of racism will focus on study participants' self-reports, with a separate analysis dedicated to researcher-reported measures, such as segregation and differential outcomes across racial/ethnic groups. Measures of health and socioeconomic outcomes will include both self-reports and researcher-reported measures, such as physiological measurements. Existing reviews will be manually searched for additional studies. Study characteristics will be summarised, and a meta-analysis of the prevalence of racism and its associations will be conducted using random effects models and mean weighted effect sizes. Moderation and subgroup analyses will be conducted as well. All analyses will use the software CMA 3.0. Discussion: This study will provide a novel and comprehensive synthesis of the quantitative evidence base on racism in Australia. It will answer questions about the fluctuation of racism over time, its variation across settings and groups, and its relationship with health and socioeconomic outcomes. Findings will be discussed in relation to broader debates in this growing field of research and will be widely disseminated to inform anti-racism research, action and policy nationally. Systematic review registration: PROSPERO CRD42 02126 5115.

- by Fethi Mansouri
- •
- Health Outcomes, Racism, Meta-Analysis, Racial discrimination

OBJECTIVES: To review the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for depression in older people, together with factors associated with its efficacy. DESIGN: Online literature databases and registers were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of CBT for depression in older people. Random-effects metaanalysis and meta-regression were conducted. SETTING: Studies involving participants from the community and inpatient and outpatient clinical settings were included in the meta-analysis. PARTICIPANTS: Older people with major or minor depression, dysthymia, or depressive symptoms. MEASUREMENTS: Evidence-based outcome measures of depression. RESULTS: Four hundred eighty-five studies were identified, of which 23 were included. At the end of the intervention, CBT was significantly more effective at reducing depressive symptoms (irrespective of whether rated by clinicians or participants) than treatment as usual (TAU) or being on a waiting list but not than active controls. The same pattern of results was found for 6-month follow-up. At all other time-points, pooled effect sizes in favor of CBT were nonsignificant. Clinician-rated outcome measures resulted in larger effect sizes in favor of CBT than self-rated measures. No significant differences in efficacy were found between CBT and other treatment (pharmacotherapy and other psychotherapies). Meta-regression analyses revealed four factors that predicted effect sizes for comparisons between CBT and control conditions, including whether concurrent pharmacotherapy was allowed. CONCLUSION: CBT for depression in older people is more effective than waiting list or TAU, but greater efficacy than active controls or other treatment has not been demonstrated. More high-quality RCTs comparing CBT with active controls need to be conducted before firm conclusions can be drawn about the efficacy of CBT for depression in older people. Other treatment approaches that could be contrasted with or augment CBT (e.g., pharmacotherapy) also need to be explored further. J Am Geriatr Soc 2012.

- by Mark Coulson
- •
- Clinical Psychology, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Psychiatry, Depression

Since the late 1990s, Hallyu has grown not only as a global cultural phenomenon but also as a prominent academic subject in international academia. In the context of such an accumulation of research, this article aims to explore the geography of Hallyu studies published in English. We collected 217 academic articles on Hallyu published in international journals from 2000 to 2016 from the Web of Science, extracted data such as author, journal, and keywords from each article, and structured them into the form of knowledge networks. The results show how the field of Hallyu studies is structured, revealing what kind of concepts and theories are employed and how academic agents such as journals and authors are interconnected. In addition, by comparing our findings to another meta-analysis on Hallyu studies in Korean academia, this article discusses what similarities and differences are found between domestic and foreign academia and suggests that two academia have been developed in a close relationship. Our findings will provide critical knowledge on the current status of international Hallyu studies and give insights on its future direction.

- by Seungyun Oh
- •
- Meta-Analysis, Korean Wave, Hallyu, Hallyu Studies

Amidst strong efforts to promote the therapeutic benefits of physical activity for reducing depression and anxiety in clinical populations, little focus has been directed towards the mental health benefits of activity for non-clinical populations. The objective of this meta-meta-analysis was to systematically aggregate and quantify high-quality meta-analytic findings of the effects of physical activity on depression and anxiety for non-clinical populations. A systematic search identified eight meta-analytic outcomes of randomised trials that investigated the effects of physical activity on depression or anxiety. The subsequent meta-meta-analyses were based on a total of 92 studies with 4310 participants for the effect of physical activity on depression and 306 study effects with 10,755 participants for the effect of physical activity on anxiety. Physical activity reduced depression by a medium effect [standardised mean difference (SMD) = −0.50; 95% CI: −0.93 to −0.06] and anxiety by a small effect (SMD = −0.38; 95% CI: −0.66 to −0.11). Neither effect showed significant heterogeneity across meta-analyses. These findings represent a comprehensive body of high-quality evidence that physical activity reduces depression and anxiety in non-clinical populations.

- by Corneel Vandelanotte
- •
- Mental Health, Depression, Physical Activity, Anxiety

The aim of this study was to investigate the robustness of the observations on the influence of oral hygiene, gingival and periodontal status on the development of bacteraemia from everyday oral activities (B-EOA), analysing its prevalence, duration, magnitude and bacterial diversity.
This systematic review/meta-analysis complies with PRISMA reporting guidelines. MEDLINE-PubMed, the Cochrane Library and Embase were explored for detecting studies on B-EOA.
There were 290 potentially eligible articles, of which 12 article on B-EOA fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were processed for data extraction (seven on toothbrushing, one on dental flossing and four on chewing). Evaluating the influence of plaque and gingival indices on the prevalence of bacteraemia following toothbrushing, the pooled odds ratios were 2.61 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.45-4.69] and 2.77 (95% CI = 1.50-5.11), respectively. None of five studies on bacteraemia following dental flossing and chewing revealed a statistically significant association between oral hygiene, gingival or periodontal status and the development of bacteraemia.
Meta-analysis showed that plaque accumulation and gingival inflammation scores significantly increased the prevalence of bacteraemia following toothbrushing. However, systematic review showed no relationship between oral hygiene, gingival and periodontal status and the development of B-chewing, and there is no evidence that gingival and periodontal health status affects B-flossing.

- by Inmaculada Tomas
- •
- Dentistry, Periodontics, Research Methodology, Dental Research

Workplace deviance research has expanded rapidly over the past decade. Despite the expansive body of research available, we have an incomplete understanding of the measurement, magnitude, and direction of relationships within workplace deviance's nomological network. We draw from 235 empirical samples of data (k = 235, N = 66,990) to conduct random-effects meta-analyses of interpersonal (k = 156, N = 42,239) and organizational (k = 206, N = 60,008) workplace deviance research so we can build the solid foundation necessary to advance the conversation in this literature. We use an exploratory meta-analytic approach and the horizontal contrasting method of theory elaboration to provide a nuanced understanding of the relationship between interpersonal and organizational deviance (ρ = .67, k = 110, N = 30,426) as well as determine the magnitude and generalizability (i.e., external validity) of relationships within their nomological networks. We find some evidence of differences (i.e., heterogeneity) in the measurement and magnitude of relationships across contexts. Overall, we conduct a state-of-the-art meta-analysis that leverages contemporary meta-analytic techniques and the extensive body of empirical workplace deviance research available to improve our understanding of the measurement of workplace deviance and relationships Acknowledgments: We thank Ernest O'Boyle and two anonymous reviewers for their thoughtful and supportive feedback. We thank Katherine Alexander, Phil Andolena, Sami Berrada, and Nataliya Potapenko for their help coding the meta-analytic data for our study.

- by Jeremy D Mackey and +1
- •
- Business, Business Administration, Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis
- by Darin Bauer
- •
- Critical Theory, Metaphysics, Art, Art Theory

Background: Violence is increasing in societies and workplaces around the world. This study aimed to review the literature on violence against paramedics in the prehospital setting and estimate the related exposure rates and types. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted based on the guidelines of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. The literature on the prevalence of workplace violence against paramedics published from January 1990 to September 2019 was searched in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, ProQuest, and Embase databases. The prevalence of violence was measured by using the random-effects model in Stata software. Subgroup analysis and meta-regression models were applied to explain the sources of heterogeneities. Results: The prevalence of overall violence, physical violence, verbal violence, and sexual harassment among study subjects were calculated to be 0.66 (95% CI

This meta-analysis study aims to synthesize the results of individual studies on respectively small samples investigating the correlations between Mathematics anxiety and Mathematics achievement. Meta-analysis included a total of 11 studies which investigated the association between Mathematics anxiety and Mathematics achievement on Turkish students which were published between 2005 and 2014. These studies were conducted totally on 8327 students from different educational stages. The results of the analysis for all eleven studies involved suggested negative and statistically significant correlations between mathematics anxiety and mathematics achievement. The combined effect size was calculated for all studies according to both Fixed (r=-.39) and Random (r=-.44) Effect Models. Moderator analysis based on the school level revealed that the combined effect size for the studies conducted at middle school level was significant, negative and at moderate level. In addition, the effect size for the studies conducted at high school level was significant, negative and at moderate level. Moreover, the comparison between the combined effect sizes with regard to different school levels revealed a statistically significant difference in favor of middle school level.
Bu araştırmada nispeten küçük örneklemlerden elde edilen veriler üzerinden öğrencilerin Matematik kaygıları ile Matematik başarıları arasındaki ilişkiyi inceleyen çalışmaların sonuçlarının meta-analiz yoluyla sentezlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu doğrultuda 2005-2014 yılları arasında yayınlanmış ve Türkiye bağlamında öğrencilerin Matematik kaygısı ve Matematik başarısı arasındaki ilişkiyi inceleyen 11 çalışma meta analize dâhil edilmiştir. İlgili araştırmaların katılımcıları dikkate alındığında toplamda 8327 kişilik bir örneklem grubundan elde edilen bulgular meta-analiz yöntemiyle sentezlenmiştir. Meta-analize dahil edilen on bir çalışmanın tamamında, matematik kaygısı ve başarısı arasında istatistiksel açıdan anlamlı ve negatif yönde ilişkiler olduğu görülmüştür. Meta-analiz sonucunda matematik kaygısı ile matematik başarısı arasındaki ilişki, Sabit (r=-.39) ve Rasgele (r=-.44) Etkiler Modelleri’ne göre hesaplanmıştır. Okul kademesi için yapılan moderatör analizleri sonucunda, ortaokul kademesinde yapılan çalışmalarda matematik başarısı ve kaygısı arasındaki ilişkinin negatif yönde orta düzeyde ve anlamlı olduğu görülmüştür. Lise kademesinde yapılan çalışmalardan elde edilen ilişki ise negatif yönde, orta düzeyde ve anlamlı bulunmuştur. Lise kademesine kıyasla ortaokullarda yapılan araştırmalardan elde edilen ilişkilerin etki büyüklüklerinin istatistiksel açıdan anlamlı düzeyde daha yüksek olduğu görülmüştür

- by Ali Kış and +3
- •
- Mathematics, Education, Mathematics Education, Meta-Analysis (Statistics)

Assessing global progress on human adaptation to climate change is an urgent priority. Although the literature on adaptation to climate change is rapidly expanding, little is known about the actual extent of implementation. We systematically screened >48,000 articles using machine learning methods and a global network of 126 researchers. Our synthesis of the resulting 1,682 articles presents a systematic and comprehensive global stocktake of implemented human adaptation to climate change. Documented adaptations were largely fragmented, local and incremental, with limited evidence of transformational adaptation and negligible evidence of risk reduction outcomes. We identify eight priorities for global adaptation research: assess the effectiveness of adaptation responses, enhance the understanding of limits to adaptation, enable individuals and civil society to adapt, include missing places, scholars and scholarship, understand private sector responses, improve methods for synthesizing different forms of evidence, assess the adaptation at different temperature thresholds, and improve the inclusion of timescale and the dynamics of responses.

- by Neal R Haddaway
- •
- Climate Change, Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis

Today, with the development of science and technology and its rapid progress, the importance attached to science education has increased. This increase in interest has led to the development of the methods, techniques, and approaches that enable the students to be active, question and construct knowledge. The 5E learning model is one of them, and many studies have been conducted in literature related to this model. These independent studies have been carried out in different study areas, with different study groups, and different results have been achieved. In order to evaluate these results in general, it is necessary to make use of as many studies as possible. Meta-analysis was considered to work to reveal how each work has impacted the situation and make a generalization. From this point of view, a meta-analysis study was planned in this study to evaluate the effect of the 5E learning model on academic achievement, retention and scientific process skills. For this purpose, all the Master's, doctoral theses and articles in Turkish and English languages which were carried out in Turkey between 2006 and 2016 and which are suitable for the research problem have been scanned and included in the scope of the study. In order to limit studies and conduct meta-analysis in this context, studies had to be planned with semi-experimental design with experiment and control groups; there had to be quantitative data such as mean, standard deviation, and sample size and they had to be applied only in science courses. The data obtained from the articles and theses were meta-analyzed and it was determined that the 5E learning model had an effect on the students' academic achievement, attitude towards science and science process skills. In this context, studies should be conducted in order to limit the studies and to perform the meta-analysis, in which semi-experimental design with experimental and control groups is planned, t-test is applied only in science courses. By analyzing the data obtained from the articles and theses, a general evaluation was made about the effect of the 5E learning model on academic achievement, attitude toward science and science process skills. As a result of the study, the effect of the method applied for each dependent variable was found to favor the experimental group.

- by Nevin KOZCU ÇAKIR
- •
- Meta-Analysis

Previous meta-analyses assessing the effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) for Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) used general measures of anxiety to assess symptom severity and improvement (e.g., Hamilton Anxiety Ratings Scale or a composite measure of anxiety). While informative, these studies do not provide sufficient evidence as to whether CBT significantly reduces the cardinal symptom of GAD: pathological worry. The current meta-analysis employed stringent inclusion criteria to evaluate relevant outcome studies, including the use of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire as the main outcome variable. Results showed a large overall effect size (ES) that was moderated by age and modality of treatment. Specifically, the largest gains were found for younger adults and for individual treatment. Analyses also revealed overall maintenance of gains at 6-and 12-month follow-up. Clinical implications of different treatment packages are discussed, as well as potential explanations for the differential effectiveness of CBT. #

- by Allison Ouimet and +2
- •
- Anxiety Disorders, CBT, Meta-Analysis, Worry

Objective: Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) is a structured group program that employs mindfulness meditation to alleviate suffering associated with physical, psychosomatic and psychiatric disorders. The program, nonreligious and nonesoteric, is based upon a systematic procedure to develop enhanced awareness of moment-to-moment experience of perceptible mental processes. The approach assumes that greater awareness will provide more veridical perception, reduce negative affect and improve vitality and coping. In the last two decades, a number of research reports appeared that seem to support many of these claims. We performed a comprehensive review and meta-analysis of published and unpublished studies of health-related studies related to MBSR. Methods: Sixty-four empirical studies were found, but only 20 reports met criteria of acceptable quality or relevance to be included in the meta-analysis. Reports were excluded due to (1) insufficient information about interventions,

- by Harald Walach
- •
- Mindfulness, Stress, Meta-Analysis, Coping

Research on the impact of immersive virtual reality (I-VR) technology on learning has become necessary with the decreasing cost of virtual reality technologies and the development of highquality head-mounted displays. This meta-analysis investigates the overall effect size by combining the results of primary experimental studies that reveal the effect of I-VR on learning outcomes. Besides, effect sizes were calculated based on measuring moment, types of measurement, education level, the field of education, control group educational resources, and immersion type subgroups. One hundred five independent results were calculated from 48 primary studies published between 2016 and September 2020, including 39 randomized controlled trials and nine quasi-experimental studies. The sample size of primary studies includes 3179 students, 847 from K12, and 2332 from higher education. Random effects model was used in the calculation of effect size. As a result of the meta-analysis, it was determined that the overall effect size on the learning outcomes of I-VR was small (g = 0.38). Additionally, according to the subgroup analysis results, it was revealed that I-VR significantly differentiated effect size based on educational level, the field of education, and computer-based/traditional sources. There was no significant difference in terms of the other subgroups.

- by yusuf islam bolat and +1
- •
- Meta-Analysis, Virtual Reality

The conversion of Earth's land surface to urban uses is one of the most irreversible human impacts on the global biosphere. It drives the loss of farmland, affects local climate, fragments habitats, and threatens biodiversity. Here we present a meta-analysis of 326 studies that have used remotely sensed images to map urban land conversion. We report a worldwide observed increase in urban land area of 58,000 km 2 from 1970 to 2000. India, China, and Africa have experienced the highest rates of urban land expansion, and the largest change in total urban extent has occurred in North America. Across all regions and for all three decades, urban land expansion rates are higher than or equal to urban population growth rates, suggesting that urban growth is becoming more expansive than compact. Annual growth in GDP per capita drives approximately half of the observed urban land expansion in China but only moderately affects urban expansion in India and Africa, where urban land expansion is driven more by urban population growth. In high income countries, rates of urban land expansion are slower and increasingly related to GDP growth. However, in North America, population growth contributes more to urban expansion than it does in Europe. Much of the observed variation in urban expansion was not captured by either population, GDP, or other variables in the model. This suggests that contemporary urban expansion is related to a variety of factors difficult to observe comprehensively at the global level, including international capital flows, the informal economy, land use policy, and generalized transport costs. Using the results from the global model, we develop forecasts for new urban land cover using SRES Scenarios. Our results show that by 2030, global urban land cover will increase between 430,000 km 2 and 12,568,000 km 2 , with an estimate of 1,527,000 km 2 more likely.

- by Michail Fragkias
- •
- Urbanization, Meta-Analysis, Land Use Change

Blended learning (BL) is a technologically driven approach that relies on multiple modalities in teaching content. The researchers investigated BL by integrating information communication technology (ICT) in high school physics from 2014 to 2020. Twenty-four (24) individual studies were presented where twenty-seven (27) reports were extracted. The random-effects size (д = 1.137, p < 0.001) indicated a significant large ES preferring BL as a promising approach in teaching Physics among high school learners. Favorability towards LMS use in teaching was observed, while a significant ES is seen in both Junior and Senior learners showing preference in BL. Studies with low ES showed a teaching approach that relied on less teacher supervision. Furthermore, publication bias suggests that studies available in the searched online databases primarily published BL panned results. CCS CONCEPTS • General and reference → Document types; General conference proceedings.

- by JORGE VICTOR M SALES and +1
- •
- Physics, Education, Science Education, Blended Learning

The present study reports a cross-temporal meta-analysis exploring age and survey-year differences in the average scores obtained on Rosenberg’s (1965) Self-Esteem Scale in Japan. An examination of refereed journals published in Japan from 1980 to 2013 resulted in the selection of 256 studies involving 48,927 participants. Multiple regression analysis revealed significant effects of both age level and survey year on the average self-esteem scores. The self-esteem scores of junior high and high school students were lower than those of the other age groups, whereas the adults had higher self-esteem scores than did the other age groups. Survey year had a significant negative effect on the average self-esteem scores. The effects of survey year differed by age level. The average self-esteem scores of the junior high and high school students and the adults decreased linearly with survey year, whereas a curvilinear decrease with survey year was found in the college students’ scores. Several translations of Rosenberg’s Self-Esteem Scale are available in Japan. The results of the present study indicated that the number of choices in the scale had an effect on the average self-esteem scores among the junior high, high school, and college students, and also the adults.

- by Atsushi Oshio
- •
- Meta-Analysis, Self-Esteem

In recent years, there have been an increasing use of peer assessment in classrooms and other learning settings. Despite the prevailing view that peer assessment has a positive effect on learning, across empirical studies the results reported are mixed. In this meta-analysis, we synthesized findings based on 134 effect sizes from 58 studies. Compared to students who do not participate in peer assessment, those who participate in peer assessment show a .291 standard deviation unit increase in their performance. Further, we performed a meta-regression analysis to examine the factors that are likely to influence the peer assessment effect. The most critical factor is rater training. When students receive rater training, the effect size of peer assessment is substantially larger than when students do not receive such training. Computer-mediated peer assessment is also associated with greater learning gains than is paper-based peer assessment. A few other variables also show noticeable, although not statistically significant, effects. The results of the meta-analysis can be considered by researchers and teachers as a basis for determining how to make effective use of peer assessment as a learning tool.

- by Hongli Li and +1
- •
- Peer Assessment, Formative Assessment, Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review, Assessment in Higher Education

The author presents results of a meta-analysis of 29 validation studies (N ϭ 4,861) that uses the Great Eight competency factors as the criterion measurement framework. Predictors of the Great Eight competencies based only on personality scales show moderate to good correlations with line-manager ratings for all 8 of the competencies. On their own, ability tests correlate with 4 of the 8 competencies, and together ability and personality data yield operational validities ranging from 0.20 to 0.44 for the 8 competencies. Operational validities for aggregated predictors with aggregated criteria were estimated to be 0.53. The value of differentiating the criterion space and of relating predictor variables to criterion variables in a one-to-one fashion is discussed. This research was funded by the SHL Group. Dave Bartram is research director with the SHL Group.

- by Mohamed Hammad
- •
- Management, Personality, Meta-Analysis, Business Management

• We conducted a meta-analysis of the association between LGBT status and NSSI • Sexual and gender minorities are at elevated risk for NSSI • Transgender and bisexual individuals are at greatest risk for NSSI • General and LGBT-specific factors likely account for this greater risk • Longitudinal and treatment studies are needed A R T I C L E I N F O Keywords: LGBT Meta-analysis Non-suicidal self-injury Self-harm Sexual minority A B S T R A C T The current review presents a meta-analysis of the existing empirical literature on the prevalence of non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) individuals, as well as on correlates of NSSI within sexual and gender minority populations. Eligible publications (n = 51) were identified through a systematic search of PsycINFO, MEDLINE, and Embase, supplemented by a search of references of prior reviews on this topic. NSSI prevalence rates were quite elevated among sexual (29.68% lifetime) and gender (46.65% lifetime) minority individuals compared to heterosexual and/or cisgender peers (14.57% lifetime), with trans-gender (46.65% lifetime) and bisexual (41.47% lifetime) individuals being at greatest risk. Even among these group findings, sexual minority youth emerged as an especially vulnerable population. Moreover, current evidence suggests these rates and differences between LGBT and heterosexual and/or cisgender peers have not declined over time. These findings may in some measure be due to the existence of LGBT-specific risk correlates combined with general risk correlates being more severe among sexual and gender minority populations. Additional research, particularly employing a longitudinal design, is needed in this area to advance efforts to reduce risk for NSSI among sexual and gender minority individuals.

- by Richard Liu
- •
- Psychology, Clinical Psychology, Psychiatry, Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review

Meta-analysis is widely accepted as the preferred method to synthesize research findings in various disciplines. This paper provides an introduction to when and how to conduct a meta-analysis. Several practical questions, such as advantages of meta-analysis over conventional narrative review and the number of studies required for a meta-analysis, are addressed.
Common meta-analytic models are then introduced. An artificial dataset is used to illustrate how a meta-analysis is conducted in several software packages. The paper concludes with some common pitfalls of meta-analysis and their solutions. The primary goal of this paper is to provide a summary background to readers who would like to conduct heir first meta-analytic study.

- by Mike Cheung
- •
- Meta-Analysis

In the digital era, marketers increasingly use storytelling techniques to narratively transport and persuade their customers. This paper pursues three primary objectives: (1) to integrate three digitally relevant moderators of the narrative transportation effect into the marketing literature, (2) to empirically assess the integrated model with a quantitative meta-analysis of extant research, and (3) to provide directions for marketing managers to enhance the narrative transportation effect in an evolving technological environment. The paper contributes to the field by means of a meta-analysis of 64 articles featuring 138 narrative transportation effect sizes. The research shows that the narrative transportation effect is stronger when the story falls in a commercial (vs. non-commercial) domain, is user (vs. professional) generated, and is received by one story-receiver at a time. The study concludes with implications for research and practice and directions for future research.

Digital transformation creates challenges in all industries and business sectors. The development of digital transformation has also clearly triggered the emergence of fintech (financial technology) initiatives, which are recognized as some of the most important innovations in the financial industry. These initiatives are developing rapidly, driven in part by the sharing economy, regulations, and information technology. However, research in the field of fintech remains in its infancy. Fintech offers several services, such as funding, payment (including electronic wallets), e-aggregators, e-trading, and e-insurance, and cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin. This provides an opportunity to more closely examine fintech's research challenges and trends. This study aims to (1) determine the state of the art of financial technology research; (2) identify gaps in the financial technology research field; and (3) identify challenges and trends for future research potential. The novel proposal in this study includes theoretical contributions regarding financial technology. Using the systematic literature review approach of Kitchenham, in addition to thematic analysis, meta-analysis and observation to validate the quality of literature and analysis, the results of this study provide a theoretical basis fintech research from an information systems perspective, including the formulation of fintech technology concepts and their development.

- by Ryan Randy Suryono
- •
- Business, Information Systems, Finance, Information Technology

Difficulty with communication and social functioning are two outstanding core symptoms of autism spectrum disorder,
and physical activity has long been suggested to improve autism spectrum disorder symptoms. In this meta-analysis of
controlled trials, we examined the effects of physical activity interventions compared to controls on communication
and social functioning in autistic children and adolescents. Included studies are published articles in English with autism
spectrum disorder participants younger than 18 years. Literature search was conducted on MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL,
and related databases through 6 May 2020. Quality of study was assessed with the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool regarding
randomization, allocation concealment, blinding, attrition, and selective reporting. We included 12 controlled trials (N =
350) with communication outcomes (k = 8) and/or social functioning outcomes (k = 11). Results show small to moderate
intervention benefits on communication (standardized mean change = 0.27, 95% confidence interval (0.06, 0.48)) and
social functioning (standardized mean change = 0.39, 95% confidence interval (0.15, 0.63)), but the result for social
functioning may be susceptible to publication bias. Better intervention outcomes are observed in younger participants,
suggesting the importance of early participation. This study shows the benefits of physical activity interventions, and they
could be considered a cost-effective means for autism spectrum disorder management in the future.

- by Shing-Yu Chan
- •
- Communication, Autism Spectrum Disorders, Social Interaction, Physical Activity

Criterion-related validities and inter-rater reliabilities for structured employment interview studies using situational questions (e.g. ''Assume that you were faced with the following situation . . . what would you do?'') were compared meta-analytically with studies using past behaviour questions (e.g. ''Can you think of a time when . . . what did you do?''). Validities and reliabilities were further analysed in terms of whether descriptively-anchored rating scales were used to judge interviewees' answers, and validities for each question type were also assessed across three levels of job complexity.

- by bruce small
- •
- Meta-Analysis, Validity Research, Selection Interviews

Despite its long history in communication, scholars continue to debate whether humor enhances or undermines persuasive attempts. To better understand the contingencies of humor effects, we conducted a meta-analysis of 89 studies across the various fields in which humor has been researched over time. Overall, humor has a weak and significant effect on persuasion (r = .13). Further, results indicate that humor has a moderate-level influence on knowledge (r = .23) and only a weak impact on attitudes (r = .12) and behavioral intent (r = .09). The analysis supports the dual-processing nature of humorous messages, with related-humor being more effective for highly-involved individuals. Finally, while the analysis did not support the humor sleeper-effect prediction, the results revealed an inverted U-shaped effect of humor intensity on persuasion.

- by Nathan Walter and +2
- •
- Humor, Media effects, Persuasion, Meta-Analysis

Meta-Analiz yöntemi nedir? Belli bir takım takip edilmesi gereken basamaklar var mı? Ne tür çalışmalara uygulanabilir? Bu çalışmaları seçerken hangi kriterler kullanılmalı? Meta-Analiz yönteminin avantajları ve bu yönteme getirilen eleştiriler nelerdir? Meta-Analize dâhil edilen çalışmalarda kullanılan ölçekler farklı olmalarına rağmen istatistiksel olarak nasıl birleştirilir ve karşılaştırılabilir? Meta-Analiz çalışmasında kullanılabilecek paket bilgisayar programları nelerdir ve hangi internet sayfalarından indirilebilir? Meta-Analiz çalışmalarında veri dosyalarının yapısı nedir, nasıl oluşturulur ve hesaplamalar nasıl yapılır? Meta-Analizde hangi grafik teknikleri kullanılmaktadır? Meta-Analiz istatistiği, ortalama etki büyüklüğü ve güven aralığı hesaplamaları, homojen ve heterojen dağılımların ne olduğu, sabit ve rastgele etki modellemesinin seçimi, analiz sonuçlarına göre aykırı değerlerin nasıl bulunacağı, düzeltmelerin neden ve nasıl yapılacağına dair formüller nelerdir? Meta-Analiz çalışmasında hata koruma sayısı nasıl hesaplanır? Yayın yanlılığının tespitindeki istatistiksel olan ve olmayan yöntemler nelerdir? Meta-Analiz çalışması içeren bilimsel bir raporda nelerin olması gerekmektedir? Kitapta okuyucuya bu soruların cevaplarını daha iyi anlatabilmek için sayısal örnekler verilmiş, uygulamalar yapılarak açıklanmıştır. Formüllerde kullanılan değişkenler açıklanmış, içerik kapsamında sayısal değerlerle örneklendirilmiştir. Böylece formülleri nasıl kullanılacağı konusunda okuyucuya yol gösterilmiştir. Kısaca okuyucu bu kitapla Meta-Analiz yönteminin ne demek olduğunu, hangi çalışmaların Meta-Analize dâhil edilebileceğini, hangi teknikleri kullanıp nasıl bir analiz yapabileceğini, görsel olarak ne tür grafiklerin kullanılabileceğini ve analiz sonucunda nasıl bir yol izleyerek bilimsel rapor oluşturacağını görerek Meta-Analiz yöntemini öğrenmiş olacaktır.

- by Ayşen BAKİOĞLU
- •
- Meta-Analysis

Biculturalism (having two cultures) is a growing social phenomenon that has received considerable attention in psychology in the last decade; however, the issue of what impact (if any) biculturalism has on individuals’ adjustment remains empirically unclear. To answer this question, we conducted a meta-analysis that included 83 studies, 322 rs, and 23,197 participants. Results based on the random-effects approach show a significant, strong, and positive association between biculturalism and adjustment (both psychological and sociocultural). This biculturalism-adjustment link is stronger than the association between having one culture (dominant or heritage) and adjustment. Thus, our results clearly invalidate early sociological accounts of this phenomenon, which portrayed bicultural individuals as “marginal” and stumped between two worlds. Analyses also indicate that the association between biculturalism and adjustment is moderated by how acculturation is measured, the adjustment domain, and sample characteristics.

- by Angela-MinhTu Nguyen
- •
- Well-Being, Acculturation, Adjustment theory, Meta-Analysis

With the advancement of knowledge about the utility and impact of sustainability, its feasibility has been explored into different walks of life. Scientists, however; have established their knowledge in four areas viz environmental, economic, social and cultural, popularly termed as four pillars of sustainability. Aspects of environmental and economic sustainability have been rigorously researched and practiced and huge volume of strong evidence of effectiveness has been founded for these two sub-areas. For the social and cultural aspects of sustainability, dependable evidence of effectiveness is still to be instituted as the researchers and practitioners are developing and experimenting methods across the globe. Therefore, the present research aimed to identify globally used practices of social and cultural sustainability and through evidence synthesis assess their outcomes to determine the effectiveness of those practices. A PICO format steered the methodology which included all populations, popular sustainability practices including walkability/cycle tracks, social/recreational spaces, privacy, health & human services and barrier free built environment, comparators included ‘Before’ and ‘After’, ‘With’ and ‘Without’, ‘More’ and ‘Less’ and outcomes included Social well-being, cultural co-existence, quality of life, ethics and morality, social capital, sense of place, education, health, recreation and leisure, and holistic development. Search of literature included major electronic databases, search websites, organizational resources, directory of open access journals and subscribed journals. Grey literature, however, was not included. Inclusion criteria filtered studies on the basis of research designs such as total randomization, quasi-randomization, cluster randomization, observational or single studies and certain types of analysis. Studies with combined outcomes were considered but studies focusing only on environmental and/or economic outcomes were rejected. Data extraction, critical appraisal and evidence synthesis was carried out using customized tabulation, reference manager and CASP tool. Partial meta-analysis was carried out and calculation of pooled effects and forest plotting were done. As many as 13 studies finally included for final synthesis explained the impact of targeted practices on health, behavioural and social dimensions. Objectivity in the measurement of health outcomes facilitated quantitative synthesis of studies which highlighted the impact of sustainability methods on physical activity, Body Mass Index, perinatal outcomes and child health. Studies synthesized qualitatively (and also quantitatively) showed outcomes such as routines, family relations, citizenship, trust in relationships, social inclusion, neighbourhood social capital, wellbeing, habitability and family’s social processes. The synthesized evidence indicates slight effectiveness and efficacy of social and cultural sustainability on the targeted outcomes. Further synthesis revealed that such results of this study are due weak research designs and disintegrated implementations. If architects and other practitioners deliver their interventions in collaboration with research bodies and policy makers, a stronger evidence-base in this area could be generated.

- by Daud Faruquie and +1
- •
- Architecture, Cultural Sustainability, Built Environment, Social sustainability