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Introduction In routine clinical dental treatment dentists have the opportunity to treat patients who may be suffering from mental disorders. In this study the current status of dental patients with mental disorders was examined and a... more

Introduction In routine clinical dental treatment dentists have the opportunity to treat patients who may be suffering from mental disorders. In this study the current status of dental patients with mental disorders was examined and a classification of the patients was indicated and applied. Methods A total of 135 patients who consulted the department of Occlusion & Liaison at Kanagawa Dental College Hospital were investigated in this study. Mental disorders of the dental patients were determined according to the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders 4 th text revision (DSM-IV-TR) criteria. The original patient classification was performed from the relation of a patient's main complaint, dental findings and mental disorders and a new orientation to dental treatment is presented. Results The present subjects were 135 patients (18 men, 117 female: mean age 50.4 ± 13.7 years, range 21-80 years, median 52 years) (Fig. 2) and the number of patients diagnosed as mental disorders of DSM-IV-TR was 99 out of 135 patients. The categories of mental disorders found in this study were somatoform disorders, mood disorders, anxiety disorders, personality disorders, adjustment disorders, sleep disorders, schizophrenia and delusional disorders. The Miyaoka-Wake (M-W) classification was assigned according to the relationship between objective symptoms and subjective symptoms. Treatment orientation to the chief complaint was indicated as three categories, namely, active dental treatment, transitive dental treatment and negative dental treatment. Conclusions Patients who consulted the department of Occlusion & Liaison had a high frequency of mental disorders. It became clear that patients in the group with mental disorders were consulting more clinics and hospitals compared with those in the group with no mental disorders. Patients were classified into A, B, C, D and E (M-W classification) and treatment orientations were reported according to the chief complaint, i.e. active dental treatment, transitive dental treatment and negative dental treatment. This study may be useful for treatment orientation of the dental patients having mental disorders.

People interested in the research are advised to contact the author for the final version of the publication, or visit the DOI to the publisher's website. • The final author version and the galley proof are versions of the publication... more

People interested in the research are advised to contact the author for the final version of the publication, or visit the DOI to the publisher's website. • The final author version and the galley proof are versions of the publication after peer review. • The final published version features the final layout of the paper including the volume, issue and page numbers. Link to publication General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal. If the publication is distributed under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, indicated by the "Taverne" license above, please follow below link for the End User Agreement:

Background Trafficking in women is a widespread human rights violation commonly associated with poor mental health. Yet, to date, no studies have used psychiatric diagnostic assessment to identify common forms of mental distress among... more

Background Trafficking in women is a widespread human rights violation commonly associated with poor mental health. Yet, to date, no studies have used psychiatric diagnostic assessment to identify common forms of mental distress among survivors returning to their home country. Methods A longitudinal study was conducted of women aged 18 and over who returned to Moldova between December 2007 and December 2008

The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of personality disorders in a group of outpatients with bipolar I disorder. The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R Personality Disorders (SCID-II) was administered to 90 bipolar... more

The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of personality disorders in a group of outpatients with bipolar I disorder. The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R Personality Disorders (SCID-II) was administered to 90 bipolar outpatients who met the DSM-III-R criteria and 58 control subjects. Of the patients and controls, 47.7% and 15.5%, respectively, had at least one personality disorder. At least one personality disorder in clusters A, B, and C and obsessivecompulsive, paranoid, histrionic, and borderline personality disorders were significantly more prevalent in bipolars. Suicide attempts were more frequent in patients with a history of personality disorder.

Lithium salts have been widely used in the treatment of mood disorders, but the mechanism of action is still not clear. In this work, a methodology for two-dimensional Lithium-7 imaging on clinical systems is presented. The data were... more

Lithium salts have been widely used in the treatment of mood disorders, but the mechanism of action is still not clear. In this work, a methodology for two-dimensional Lithium-7 imaging on clinical systems is presented. The data were acquired using a phosphorus volume head coil that was re-tuned for the Lithium-7 frequency. A spectroscopic sequence was used to acquire the fi-ee induction decay (FID) alter volume excitation using a hard pulse. The results obtained on the head of patients undergoing lithium treatment (n = 7, 0.6 mEq/l average serum level) demonstrate that images of adequate signal to noise ratio (100:1) can be obtained in acceptable imaging times (55 min)using the proposed methodology. The distribution of 7Li appears uniform in the brains of the patients studied. ~-~

We evaluated the effects of an enriched environment, based on a paired-choice preference assessment, on both rates of self-injurious behavior (SIB) and percentage of session intervals during which signs of negative affect were displayed... more

We evaluated the effects of an enriched environment, based on a paired-choice preference assessment, on both rates of self-injurious behavior (SIB) and percentage of session intervals during which signs of negative affect were displayed by a woman with mental retardation and a mood disorder. Results suggested that SIB and signs of negative affect were highly correlated and that the enriched environment effectively reduced both.

Literature concur that there is a disparity between epidemiological prevalence and mental health services (MHS) utilization rates for Latino and Asian Americans. This study adapted the behavioral model of health service use to examine... more

Literature concur that there is a disparity between epidemiological prevalence and mental health services (MHS) utilization rates for Latino and Asian Americans. This study adapted the behavioral model of health service use to examine factors associated with MHS use among Latino and Asian Americans. The model consists of predisposing, enabling, and need factors. This study used the National Latino and Asian American Study data, including six ethnic groups. The outcome measure for this study was the use of MHS in the past 12 months. Age, sex, and education predicted higher odds of MHS use among Latinos, none of which were significant among Asians. Needs factors were strongly associated with higher odds of MHS use among Latinos and Asians.

Since its first definition in the literature, schizoaffective disorder (SAD) has raised a considerable controversy regarding its clinical distinction from schizophrenia (SCH) and mood disorders (MD) as well as its validity as an... more

Since its first definition in the literature, schizoaffective disorder (SAD) has raised a considerable controversy regarding its clinical distinction from schizophrenia (SCH) and mood disorders (MD) as well as its validity as an independent nosological category.

The role of the serum lipids (total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol /HDL-C/, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol /LDL-C/, triglycerides /TG/) in the pathophysiology of the mood disorders is not clear. The aim of this... more

The role of the serum lipids (total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol /HDL-C/, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol /LDL-C/, triglycerides /TG/) in the pathophysiology of the mood disorders is not clear. The aim of this study was to determine lipid profile in patients with affective disorders. The study included medication free female subjects: 41 patients with bipolar disorder (22 in a manic and 19 in a depressive phase), 34 patients with major depression and 50 healthy controls. Serum lipids levels were determined using standard laboratory tests. All patients had significantly lower HDL-C values than control subjects.

Anxiety disorders represent one of the most common categories of psychopathology in children and adolescents. Apart from separation anxiety disorder, a well recognized problem of childhood, it is now widely accepted that generalized... more

Anxiety disorders represent one of the most common categories of psychopathology in children and adolescents. Apart from separation anxiety disorder, a well recognized problem of childhood, it is now widely accepted that generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia, specific phobia, posttraumatic stress disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder and panic disorder all occur during the childhood and adolescent years. Numerous studies examining the

Background: Anthroposophic art therapy (painting, clay modeling, music, and speech exercises) is used in 28 countries but has not yet been studied in primary care. Objective: To study clinical outcomes in patients treated with... more

Background: Anthroposophic art therapy (painting, clay modeling, music, and speech exercises) is used in 28 countries but has not yet been studied in primary care. Objective: To study clinical outcomes in patients treated with anthroposophic art therapy for chronic diseases.

Despite substantially higher rates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among male inmates than among men in the general population, there is a dearth of research on PTSD among incarcerated men. The current study addresses traumatic... more

Despite substantially higher rates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among male inmates than among men in the general population, there is a dearth of research on PTSD among incarcerated men. The current study addresses traumatic events that precede PTSD and psychiatric disorders that are comorbid with PTSD in an inmate sample. Seeing someone seriously injured or killed, being sexually abused, and being physically assaulted were the three most commonly reported antecedent traumas to PTSD. Lifetime and current rates of mood disorders, anxiety disorders, and antisocial personality disorder were elevated among inmates with a diagnosis of PTSD. Two hundred and thirteen inmates participated in the study. Sixty-nine participants (33%) met lifetime DSM–III–R criteria for PTSD, and 45 (21%) met current criteria. The findings are compared with general population samples, and implications of the findings are discussed.

Objective: Bipolar Disorder is associated with a higher frequency of attempted suicide than most other psychiatric disorders. The reasons are unknown. This study compared bipolar subjects with a history of a suicide attempt to those... more

Objective: Bipolar Disorder is associated with a higher frequency of attempted suicide than most other psychiatric disorders. The reasons are unknown. This study compared bipolar subjects with a history of a suicide attempt to those without such a history, assessing suicidal behavior qualitatively and quantitatively, and examining possible demographic, psychopathologic and familial risk factors. Methods: Patients (ages 18 to 75) with a DSM III-R Bipolar Disorder (n 5 44) diagnosis determined by a structured interview for Axis I disorders were enrolled. Acute psychopathology, hopelessness, protective factors, and traits of aggression and impulsivity were measured. The number, method and degree of medical damage was assessed for suicide attempts, life-time. Results: Bipolar suicide attempters had more life-time episodes of major depression, and twice as many were in a current depressive or mixed episode, compared to bipolar nonattempters. Attempters reported more suicidal ideation immediately prior to admission, and fewer reasons for living even when the most recent suicide attempt preceded the index hospitalization by more than six months. Attempters had more lifetime aggression and were more likely to be male. However, attempters did not differ from nonattempters on lifetime impulsivity. Limitations: The generalizability of the results is limited because this is a study of inpatients with a history of suicide attempts. Patients with Bipolar I and NOS Disorders were pooled and a larger sample is needed to look at differences. We could not assess psychopathology immediately prior to the suicide attempt because, only half of the suicide attempters had made attempts in the six months prior to admission. Patients with current comorbid substance abuse were excluded. No suicide completers were studied. Conclusions: Bipolar subjects with a history of suicide attempt experience more episodes of depression, and react to them by having severe suicidal ideation. Their diathesis for acting on feelings of anger or suicidal ideation is suggested by a higher level of lifetime aggression and a pattern of repeated suicide attempts.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of 24 wk of resistance training at two different intensities on cognitive functions in the elderly. Methods: Sixty-two elderly individuals were randomly assigned to three groups:... more

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of 24 wk of resistance training at two different intensities on cognitive functions in the elderly. Methods: Sixty-two elderly individuals were randomly assigned to three groups: CONTROL (N = 23), experimental moderate (EMODERATE; N = 19), and experimental high (EHIGH; N = 20). The volunteers were assessed on physical, hemodynamic, cognitive, and mood parameters before and after the program. Results: On the 1 RM test (P G 0.001), the two experimental groups performed better than the CONTROL group, but they did not show differences between themselves. The EHIGH group gained more lean mass (P = 0.05) than the CONTROL group and performed better on the following tests: digit span forward (P G 0.001), Corsi_s block-tapping task backward (P = 0.001), similarities (P = 0.03), Rey-Osterrieth complex figure immediate recall (P = 0.02), Toulouse-Pieron concentration test errors (P = 0.01), SF-36 (general health) (P = 0.04), POMS (tension-anxiety, P = 0.04; depression-dejection, P = 0.03; and total mood disorder, P = 0.03). The EMODERATE group scored higher means than the CONTROL group on digit span forward (P G 0.001), Corsi_s block-tapping task backward (P = 0.01), similarities (P = 0.02), Rey-Osterrieth complex figure immediate recall (P = 0.02), SF-36 (general health, P = 0.005; vitality, P = 0.006), POMS (tension-anxiety, P = 0.001; depression-dejection, P = 0.006; anger-hostility, P = 0.006; fatigue-inertia, P = 0.02; confusion-bewilderment, P = 0.02; and total mood disorder, P = 0.001). We also found that IGF-1 serum levels were higher in the experimental groups (EMODERATE, P = 0.02; EHIGH, P G 0.001). Conclusions: Moderate-and high-intensity resistance exercise programs had equally beneficial effects on cognitive functioning.

As aging advances, changes in mood and anxiety may imply greater risk of mood disorders, particularly anxiety and depression. Resistance exercise reduces anxiety and lessens risk of depression in the elderly, but little is known of the... more

As aging advances, changes in mood and anxiety may imply greater risk of mood disorders, particularly anxiety and depression. Resistance exercise reduces anxiety and lessens risk of depression in the elderly, but little is known of the mechanisms involved. It was hypothesized that the human growth factor (IGF-1) may improve mood and anxiety in elderly participants given resistance training. 43 elderly men ages 65 to 75 years were randomly assigned to two groups, Control (n = 23) and high resistance Exercise (n = 20). After 24 wk., the Exercise group showed improved muscular strength and higher IGF-1 serum levels than the Control group, as indicated by mean scores on a visual analogue mood scale and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Intensive resistance training was efficacious in improving mood, anxiety, and IGF-1 serum concentration in elderly individuals free of clinical mood disorders.

The heterogeneity of the clinical presentation of panic disorder (PD) has prompted researchers to describe different subtypes of PD, on the basis of the observed predominant symptoms constellation. Starting from a dimensional approach to... more

The heterogeneity of the clinical presentation of panic disorder (PD) has prompted researchers to describe different subtypes of PD, on the basis of the observed predominant symptoms constellation. Starting from a dimensional approach to panic disorder, an instrument to assess lifetime panic-agoraphobic spectrum (PAS) available in interview or self-report form (SCI-PAS, PAS-SR) was developed which proved to have sound psychometric properties and the ability to predict delayed response to treatment in patients with mood disorders. However, the structure of the instrument was defined a priori and an examination of its empirical structure is still lacking. Aim of the present report is to analyse the factor structure of the PAS taking advantage of a large database of subjects with panic disorders (N = 630) assessed in the framework of different studies. Using a classical exploratory factor analysis based on a tetrachoric correlation matrix and oblique rotation, 10 factors were extracted, accounting overall for 66.3% of the variance of the questionnaire: panic symptoms, agoraphobia, claustrophobia, separation anxiety, fear of losing control, drug sensitivity and phobia, medical reassurance, rescue object, loss sensitivity, reassurance from family members. The first two factors comprise the DSM-IV criteria for panic disorder and agoraphobia. The other factors had received limited empirical support to date. We submit that these symptoms profiles might be clinically relevant for tailoring drug treatments or psychotherapeutic approaches to specific needs. Future perspectives might include the use of these factors to select homogeneous subgroups of patients for brain-imaging studies and to contribute to elucidating the causes and pathophysiology of panic disorder at molecular level.

This article reviews the rapidly accumulating literature on the relationship between mood disorders and diabetes mellitus. Recent studies have demonstrated that depression and its associated symptoms constitute a major risk factor in the... more

This article reviews the rapidly accumulating literature on the relationship between mood disorders and diabetes mellitus. Recent studies have demonstrated that depression and its associated symptoms constitute a major risk factor in the development of type 2 diabetes and may accelerate the onset of diabetes complications. Since the mid-1980s, multiple longitudinal and cross-sectional studies have scrutinized the association of diabetes with depressive symptoms and major depression. Utilizing the search terms depressive disorders, psychiatry, diabetes, and pathophysiology in MEDLINE searches (1966–2003), this article reviews studies investigating pathophysiological alterations related to glucose intolerance and diabetes in depressed patients. The few randomized, controlled studies of treatment of depression in patients with diabetes are also described. Short-term treatment of depression in patients with diabetes improves their dysphoria and other signs and symptoms of depression. Future research will confirm whether response to psychotherapy and/or psychopharmacologic treatment improves glucose control, encourages compliance with diabetes treatment, and perhaps even increases longevity.

Background-Oxytocin (OXT) and prolactin (PRL) are neuropeptide hormones that interact with the serotonin system and are involved in the stress response and social affiliation. In human studies, serum OXT and PRL levels have been... more

Background-Oxytocin (OXT) and prolactin (PRL) are neuropeptide hormones that interact with the serotonin system and are involved in the stress response and social affiliation. In human studies, serum OXT and PRL levels have been associated with depression and related phenotypes. Our purpose was to determine if single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at the loci for OXT, PRL and their receptors, OXTR and PRLR, were associated with childhood-onset mood disorders (COMD).

Aim of the study: Rhodiola rosea L. (Crassulaceae) is traditionally used in Eastern Europe and Asia to stimulate the nervous system, enhance physical and mental performance, treat fatigue, psychological stress and depression. In order to... more

Aim of the study: Rhodiola rosea L. (Crassulaceae) is traditionally used in Eastern Europe and Asia to stimulate the nervous system, enhance physical and mental performance, treat fatigue, psychological stress and depression. In order to investigate the influence of Rhodiola rosea L. roots on mood disorders, three extracts were tested against monoamine oxidases (MAOs A and B) in a microtitre plate bioassay. Materials and methods: Methanol and water extracts gave the highest inhibitory activity against MAOs. Twelve compounds were then isolated by bioassay-guided fractionation using chromatographic methods. The structures were determined by 1 H, 13 C NMR and HR-MS. Results: The methanol and water extracts exhibited respectively inhibitions of 92.5% and 84.3% on MAO A and 81.8% and 88.9% on MAO B, at a concentration of 100 g/ml. The most active compound (rosiridin) presented an inhibition over 80% on MAO B at a concentration of 10 −5 M (pIC 50 = 5.38 ± 0.05). Conclusions: The present investigation demonstrates that Rhodiola rosea L. roots have potent antidepressant activity by inhibiting MAO A and may also find application in the control of senile dementia by their inhibition of MAO B.

Este artigo apresenta uma revisão da literatura sobre a avaliação neuropsicológica dos déficits cognitivos associados aos transtornos psicológicos na infância e adolescência, com base em pesquisas publicadas no período de 2000 a 2006. Foi... more

Este artigo apresenta uma revisão da literatura sobre a avaliação neuropsicológica dos déficits cognitivos associados aos transtornos psicológicos na infância e adolescência, com base em pesquisas publicadas no período de 2000 a 2006. Foi realizado um levantamento abrangendo publicações nacionais e internacionais indexadas nas bases de dados Medline, SciELo e PsycInfo. Os resultados indicaram um aumento da produção científica na área da avaliação neuropsicológica do transtorno de déficit de atenção e hiperatividade, autismo, transtornos de humor e transtorno de conduta. Observou-se a presença de poucos estudos nacionais, indicando a necessidade de pesquisas na área de avaliação neuropsicológica no Brasil.

Travail reçu le 4 avril 2003 et accepté le 28 juin 2004. Tirés à part : N.-T. Godart (à l'adresse ci-dessus).

The clinical characteristics of children with comorbid anxiety and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD were examined. A sample of children from a pediatric primary care practice was assessed for anxiety disorders and ADHD. We... more

The clinical characteristics of children with comorbid anxiety and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD were examined. A sample of children from a pediatric primary care practice was assessed for anxiety disorders and ADHD. We defined four groups of children: (1) anxiety disorders only with no ADHD (n = 54); (2) ADHD-only with no anxiety disorder (n = 15); (3) neither ADHD nor an anxiety disorder (n = 107); and (4) comorbid ADHD and anxiety disorder (n = 14). Approximately 50% of children with ADHD had a comorbid anxiety disorder, and approximately 20% of children with an anxiety disorder had comorbid ADHD. The presence of comorbid ADHD and anxiety was associated with more attentional problems, school fears, and mood disorders and lower levels of social competence compared to children who had either ADHD-only or anxiety-only. Children with comorbid anxiety disorders and ADHD have more severe symptoms and are more impaired than children with either condition alone. Interventions need to be tailored to address the complexity of these comorbid conditions and their associated sequelae.

Objective: To assess the sensitivity and specificity of two self-report instruments for detection of bipolarity in a sample of Argentinean patients. Method: Spanish versions of the MDQ and the BSDS were administered over four months at 11... more

Objective: To assess the sensitivity and specificity of two self-report instruments for detection of bipolarity in a sample of Argentinean patients. Method: Spanish versions of the MDQ and the BSDS were administered over four months at 11 sites in Argentina. Diagnoses were made using DSM-IV criteria and the MINI. The study sample consisted of patients diagnosed with Bipolar Disorder (BD) Types I, II, or NOS. BDNOS diagnoses were made using extended guidelines for bipolar spectrum symptoms. Unipolar patients were used as a control group. Of 493 patients screened, 354 completed evaluation by MDQ and MINI, and 363 by BSDS and MINI. Results: Specificity of MDQ was 0.97 and BSDS was 0.81. MDQ sensitivity was 0.70 for bipolar type I (BD-I), 0.52 for bipolar II (BD-II) and 0.31 for bipolar not otherwise specified (BDNOS). BSDS sensitivities were 0.75, 0.70 and 0.51 respectively. Limitations: This study was performed in specialized outpatient settings and thus its results are not necessarily representative for other clinical settings. There was not a systematic evaluation of comorbid psychiatric disease or test-retest reliability. Conclusion: The local versions of the MDQ and the BSDS showed a sensitivity and specificity comparable to previous research. Our results indicate that in this sample, MDQ was more specific for BD and BSDS was more sensitive to detect BD-II and NOS. Since BD-I is more readily recognized than bipolar spectrum disorders, enhanced sensitivity of BSDS for soft bipolarity may be an advantage.

This article reviews recent literature on the physical and psychosocial correlates of head and neck cancer, with a focus on quality-of-life issues, rehabilitation outcomes, and changes in the literature from the previous decade. These... more

This article reviews recent literature on the physical and psychosocial correlates of head and neck cancer, with a focus on quality-of-life issues, rehabilitation outcomes, and changes in the literature from the previous decade. These studies have shown that head and neck cancer has an enormous impact on the quality of life of patients. The most important physical symptoms are speech problems, dry mouth and throat, and swallowing problems. Pain is also frequently reported. Disturbances in psychosocial functioning and psychological distress are reported by a considerable number of patients; worry, anxiety, mood disorder, fatigue, and depression are the main symptoms. Cancer of the head and neck has a negative effect on social, recreational, and sexual functioning. Despite a growing number of longitudinal studies, little is known about the rehabilitation outcomes over a longer period of time. Future research is necessary to form a consensus about the further development and use of specific instruments to study patients with cancer of the head and neck, to conduct more prospective studies, and to develop programs that are aimed at maximizing rehabilitation outcomes and evaluate these programs with randomized designs.

Chronic or repeated stress during human fetal brain development has been associated with various learning, behavioral, and/or mood disorders, including depression in later life. The mechanisms accounting for these effects of prenatal... more

Chronic or repeated stress during human fetal brain development has been associated with various learning, behavioral, and/or mood disorders, including depression in later life. The mechanisms accounting for these effects of prenatal stress are not fully understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of prenatal stress on early postnatal brain development, a disturbance of which may contribute to this increased vulnerability to psychopathology. We studied the effects of prenatal stress on fetal growth, stress-induced corticosterone secretion, brain cell proliferation, caspase-3-like activity and brain-derived neurotrophic factor protein content in newborn Fischer 344 rats. In addition to a slight reduction in birth weight, prenatal stress was associated with elevated corticosterone levels (33.8%) after 1 h of maternal deprivation on postnatal day 1, whereas by postnatal day 8 this pattern was reversed (؊46.5%). Further, prenatal stress resulted in an approximately 50% decrease in brain cell proliferation just after birth in both genders with a concomitant increase in caspase-3-like activity within the hippocampus at postnatal day 1 (36.1%) and at postnatal day 5 (females only; 20.1%). Finally, brainderived neurotrophic factor protein content was reduced in both the olfactory bulbs (؊24.6%) and hippocampus (؊28.2%) of prenatally stressed male offspring at postnatal days 1 and 5, respectively. These detrimental central changes observed may partly explain the increased susceptibility of prenatally stressed subjects to mood disorders including depression in later life.

This article reports the results of a cross-national investigation of patterns of comorbidity between substance use and psychiatric disorders in six studies participating in the International Consortium in Psychiatric Epidemiology. ...

This paper reports on a study of individual variability in the relationship between negative mood and sexuality in men. Part 1 involves a questionnaire survey of 919 white heterosexual men, asking what typically happens to sexual interest... more

This paper reports on a study of individual variability in the relationship between negative mood and sexuality in men. Part 1 involves a questionnaire survey of 919 white heterosexual men, asking what typically happens to sexual interest and response when (a) depressed and (b) anxious/stressed, using the Mood and Sexuality Questionnaire (MSQ). Trait measures of sexual inhibition and excitation, depression, anxiety, and sensation seeking were also used. Relationships between trait measures and MSQ scores were tested using multiple linear and ordinal logistic regression. Of those reporting the experience of depression, 9.4% indicated increased and 42% decreased sexual interest when depressed; for anxiety/stress, the percentages were 20.6 and 28.3%, respectively. Increase in sexual interest during negative mood states was negatively related to age and trait measures of sexual inhibition and positively related to depression proneness and sexual excitation. In Part 2, the relationship b...

Objective: We conducted a critical literature review of studies assessing the prevalence of mood disorders (MD) in subjects with eating disorders (ED; anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa). In the first part of this article, we discuss... more

Objective: We conducted a critical literature review of studies assessing the prevalence of mood disorders (MD) in subjects with eating disorders (ED; anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa). In the first part of this article, we discuss methodological issues relevant to comorbidity studies between ED and MD. In the second part, we summarize the findings of these studies in light of the methodological considerations raised. Method: A manual computerised search (Medline) was performed for all published studies on comorbidity between ED and MD. In order to have sufficiently homogeneous diagnostic criteria for both categories of disorders, this search was limited to articles published between 1985 and 2006.

It is commonly believed that a disruption in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis is responsible for the onset of menopause. Data exist to demonstrate that the first signs of menopause occur at the level of the brain (ageing) and in... more

It is commonly believed that a disruption in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis is responsible for the onset of menopause. Data exist to demonstrate that the first signs of menopause occur at the level of the brain (ageing) and in the meantime at the ovarian level. There is a gradual decline in the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis ultimately resulting in irregularities in menstrual cycles and increasing sporadic incidence of ovulation. The depletion of follicular reserve and subsequent loss of fertility provide explanation for how menopause occurs. The follicular or ovarian reserve provides an exhaustible resource of oocytes and follicles that is established at or around the time of birth. The ovarian follicular reserve declines during aging and the majority of follicles are lost in atretic processes. Together with ovarian reserve decline, ageing takes place, affecting especially some areas of the brain. This combination of events (i.e. hypoestrogenism and abnormal neurotransmitters/neuromodulatros synthesis due to ageing) could explain the occurrence of many climateric symptoms, such as hot flashes, insomnia, mood disorders, memory and/or cognitive disorders other than the elevation of LH and FSH. All the neurotransmitter systems undergo to a progressive decline during life, and in particular the cholinergic, serotoninergic and dopaminergic systems. That produce not only a decrease in the cognitive activities but also a disruption of the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis due to the influence of the neurotransmitters on the activity of the neurones producing GnRh. In conclusion menopause occurs together with ageing thus inducing a perfect combination of symptoms and diseases that are typical of the menopausal transition and of the postmenopausal period. rIAssUNtO E' indubbio che la menopausa prenda inizio con specifiche modificazioni della funzione dell'asse ipotalamo-ipofisi-ovaio ma va tenuto conto che questo evento è assolutamente una combinazione di due condizioni: la prima è il biologico esaurimento della riserva di ovociti nell'ovaio (con progressiva comparsa di ipoestrogenismo), la seconda è il progressivo invecchiamento funzionale di tutti gli organi, in particolare del sistema nervoso centrale. La combinazione di questi eventi porta alla comparsa dei tanti sintomi del periodo del climaterio che spesso si continuano anche negli anni successivi e che sono responsabili dei classici disturbi del tono dell'umore (ansia o depressione), della memoria, delle vampate, dell'insonnia. Tutto questo accade in parallelo alla elevazione delle gonadotropine LH ed FSH e all'ipoestrogenismo. In conclusione la menopausa e le modificazioni che prende luogo per la combinazione di due eventi quali l'esaurimento della riserva ovarica e il lento e progressivo evolvere dell'invecchiamento, in specie quello del sistema nervoso centrale.

To expand and accelerate research on mood disorders, the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) developed a project to formulate a strategic research plan for mood disorder research. One of the areas selected for review concerns the... more

To expand and accelerate research on mood disorders, the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) developed a project to formulate a strategic research plan for mood disorder research. One of the areas selected for review concerns the development and natural history of these disorders. The NIMH convened a multidisciplinary Workgroup of scientists to review the field and the NIMH portfolio and to generate specific recommendations. To encourage a balanced and creative set of proposals, experts were included within and outside this area of research, as well as public stakeholders. The Workgroup identified the need for expanded knowledge of mood disorders in children and adolescents, noting important gaps in understanding the onset, course, and recurrence of early-onset unipolar and bipolar disorder. Recommendations included the need for a multidisciplinary research initiative on the pathogenesis of unipolar depression encompassing genetic and environmental risk and protective factors. Specifically, we encourage the NIMH to convene a panel of experts and advocates to review the findings concerning children at high risk for unipolar depression. Joint analyses of existing data sets should examine specific risk factors to refine models of pathogenesis in preparation for the next era of multidisciplinary research. Other priority areas include the need to assess the long-term impact of successful treatment of juvenile depression and known precursors of depression, in particular, childhood anxiety disorders. Expanded knowledge of pediatric-onset bipolar disorder was identi-fied as a particularly pressing issue because of the severity of the disorder, the controversies surrounding its diagnosis and treatment, and the possibility that widespread use of psychotropic medications in vulnerable children may precipitate the condition. The Workgroup recommends that the NIMH establish a collaborative multisite multidisciplinary Network of Research Programs on Pediatric-Onset Bipolar Disorder to achieve a better understanding of its causes, course, treatment, and prevention. The NIMH should develop a capacity-building plan to ensure the availability of trained investigators in the child and adolescent field. Mood disorders are among the most prevalent, recurrent, and disabling of all illnesses. They are often disorders of early onset. Although the NIMH has made important strides in mood disorders research, more data, beginning with at-risk infants, children, and adolescents, are needed concerning the etiology and developmental course of these disorders. A diverse program of multidisciplinary research is recommended to reduce the burden on children and families affected with these conditions. Biol Psychiatry 2002;52:529 -542

The authors provide an overview of the papers in the special issue of Memory on mental imagery and memory in psychopathology. The papers address emotional, intrusive mental imagery across a range of psychological disorders including... more

The authors provide an overview of the papers in the special issue of Memory on mental imagery and memory in psychopathology. The papers address emotional, intrusive mental imagery across a range of psychological disorders including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), agoraphobia, body dysmorphic disorder, mood disorders, and psychosis. They include work on information processing issues including modelling cravings, conditioning, and aversions, as well as imagery qualities such as vividness and emotionality. The overview aims to place the articles in a broader context and draw out some exciting implications of this novel work. It provides a clinical context to the recent growth in this area from a cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) perspective. We begin with PTSD, and consider links to imagery in other disorders. The clinical implications stemming from this empirical work and from autobiographical memory theory are discussed. These include consideration of a variety of technique...

Ethnic minorities have relatively similar rates of mood disorders as do white Americans, but they are much less likely to receive appropriate care. Barriers to care include lack of insurance, few minority providers' racism, and distrust... more

Ethnic minorities have relatively similar rates of mood disorders as do white Americans, but they are much less likely to receive appropriate care. Barriers to care include lack of insurance, few minority providers' racism, and distrust of care providers. A priority in research is identifying practice interventions and policies that could eliminate disparities in care.

This article reviews the methods and results of published neuroimaging studies of the effects of structured psychological interventions for mood and anxiety disorders. The results are consistent with neural models of improved... more

This article reviews the methods and results of published neuroimaging studies of the effects of structured psychological interventions for mood and anxiety disorders. The results are consistent with neural models of improved affective-and self-regulation, as evidenced by psychotherapeutic modulation of brain metabolic activity within the dorsolateral, ventrolateral, and medial prefrontal cortices, the anterior cingulate, the posterior cingulate/precuneus, and the insular cortices. Specific recommendations for future studies are outlined, and the clinical and theoretical significance of this research is discussed.

Depression is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, and its treatment includes a high percentage of the medications prescribed by physicians. Available antidepressant drugs are safe and effective, but less than half of all patients... more

Depression is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, and its treatment includes a high percentage of the medications prescribed by physicians. Available antidepressant drugs are safe and effective, but less than half of all patients attain complete remission after therapy with a single antidepressant. Others exhibit partial, refractory or intolerant responses to treatment, emphasizing the need to discover new antidepressants. The mechanisms of action of available medications are directing the field toward new research avenues. This review highlights those areas we believe will influence the field and soon lead to better treatment.

Recent brain imaging studies have shed light on understanding the pathogenesis of mood disorders. Evidence of structural, chemical, and functional brain changes, particularly in prefrontal cortex, cingulate, and amygdala, has been... more

Recent brain imaging studies have shed light on understanding the pathogenesis of mood disorders. Evidence of structural, chemical, and functional brain changes, particularly in prefrontal cortex, cingulate, and amygdala, has been revealed in major depressive disorder (MDD). Furthermore, imaging techniques have been applied to monitor the effects of antidepressants (ADs) both in the brains of healthy volunteers and MDD patients. Although with some discrepancies due to the differences in study designs and patient samples, imaging findings have shown that ADs, particularly those having effects on the serotonergic system, modulate the volumes, functions and biochemistry of brain structures, i.e. dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate and amygdala, which have been demonstrated abnormal in MDD by earlier imaging studies. This paper reviews imaging studies conducted in MDD patients and healthy controls treated with different ADs.

Objective: Although mindfulness-based therapy has become a popular treatment, little is known about its efficacy. Therefore, our objective was to conduct an effect size analysis of this popular intervention for anxiety and mood symptoms... more

Objective: Although mindfulness-based therapy has become a popular treatment, little is known about its efficacy. Therefore, our objective was to conduct an effect size analysis of this popular intervention for anxiety and mood symptoms in clinical samples. Method: We conducted a literature search using PubMed, PsycINFO, the Cochrane Library, and manual searches. Our meta-analysis was based on 39 studies totaling 1,140 participants receiving mindfulness-based therapy for a range of conditions, including cancer, generalized anxiety disorder, depression, and other psychiatric or medical conditions. Results: Effect size estimates suggest that mindfulness-based therapy was moderately effective for improving anxiety (Hedges's g ϭ 0.63) and mood symptoms (Hedges's g ϭ 0.59) from pre-to posttreatment in the overall sample. In patients with anxiety and mood disorders, this intervention was associated with effect sizes (Hedges's g) of 0.97 and 0.95 for improving anxiety and mood symptoms, respectively. These effect sizes were robust, were unrelated to publication year or number of treatment sessions, and were maintained over follow-up. Conclusions: These results suggest that mindfulnessbased therapy is a promising intervention for treating anxiety and mood problems in clinical populations.

Cholesterol plays an integral role in the structure and function of the cell membrane and may also affect neurotransmission in the central nervous system. Previous work has identified abnormalities in serum cholesterol levels in patients... more

Cholesterol plays an integral role in the structure and function of the cell membrane and may also affect neurotransmission in the central nervous system. Previous work has identified abnormalities in serum cholesterol levels in patients with mood and anxiety disorders as well as in suicidal patients. However, the biological significance of these abnormalities remains to be clarified. An understanding of how serum cholesterol relates to the pathophysiology of mood disorders may generate biological markers that predict treatment response as well as targets for novel therapeutic strategies. In this article, we review the literature studying the significance of cholesterol in mood and anxiety disorders, with an emphasis on new studies focusing on the adverse impact of hypercholesterolemia on the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD). We then propose possible mechanisms that would account for the relationship between elevated cholesterol and treatment non-response in MDD.

This paper reviews the prevalence of psychological morbidities in children who have been exposed to war-related traumas or terrorism as well as the diversity of war-related casualties and their associated psychological responses. The... more

This paper reviews the prevalence of psychological morbidities in children who have been exposed to war-related traumas or terrorism as well as the diversity of war-related casualties and their associated psychological responses. The psychological responses to war-related stressors are categorized as (1) little or no reaction, (2) acute emotional and behavioral effects, and (3) long-term effects. Specific categories of war-related casualties discussed include refugee status, traumatic bereavement, effects of parental absence, and child soldiers. Psychological responses associated with terrorism and bioterrorism are presented. Lastly, mediators of the psychological response to war-related stressors are discussed, to include exposure effects, gender effects, parental, family and social factors, and child-specific factors. Children exposed to war-related stressors experience a spectrum of psychological morbidities including posttraumatic stress symptomatology, mood disorders, externalizing and disruptive behaviors, and somatic symptoms determined by exposure dose effect. Specific questions for future research are identified.

Background-The dexamethasone/corticotropin releasing hormone (Dex/CRH) test has been proposed as a potential tool for identifying endophenotypes relevant to mood disorders. Several studies have shown abnormal cortisol reactivity in... more

Background-The dexamethasone/corticotropin releasing hormone (Dex/CRH) test has been proposed as a potential tool for identifying endophenotypes relevant to mood disorders. Several studies have shown abnormal cortisol reactivity in phenotypically healthy adults without psychiatric disorders as a function of exposure to adverse early environments.

Normal pressure hydrocephalus is characterized by a clinically progressive triad of an abnormal gait, dementia and urinary incontinence, which might present as paranoid psychosis, mood disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder and,... more

Normal pressure hydrocephalus is characterized by a clinically progressive triad of an abnormal gait, dementia and urinary incontinence, which might present as paranoid psychosis, mood disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder and, occasionally, with frontal lobe symptoms. We are reporting a patient having schizophrenia with intolerance to even low dose of antipsychotics, who was subsequently revealed to be having communicating hydrocephalus.

Reliable and valid rating scales have greatly advanced research on mood disorders and offer a potential means of improving routine clinical assessment. Formal rating scales generally accomplish a simple objective: by digitizing clinical... more

Reliable and valid rating scales have greatly advanced research on mood disorders and offer a potential means of improving routine clinical assessment. Formal rating scales generally accomplish a simple objective: by digitizing clinical phenomena on an ordinal scale, scales allow tracking of symptom clusters over time. Despite the desirability of formal scales as an aid to clinical decision making, they are difficult to integrate into clinical practice and their use may be unacceptable to some patients engaged in routine clinical care. Among the practical obstacles to using available rating scales, the two most important to overcome are time requirement and patient acceptance. Formal scales require considerably more time to complete than is usually allotted for routine clinical visits and used alone generally fail to capture much of the information relevant to clinical record keeping. Patients as well as clinicians often find that the structured interaction necessary to use formal scales reduces rapport between doctor and patient. The Clinical Monitoring Form (CMF) for mood disorders was designed as a substitute for the narrative follow-up note in routine clinical practice. It provides a standardized system of conventions and notations to monitor symptoms associated with affective episodes in a time efficient manner. The CMF also collects standardized

Objective: Chronic pain is a common problem that is associated with mood disorders such as depression. The Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scales (DASS-21) questionnaire is commonly used to help measure disordered mood. In this study, we... more

Objective: Chronic pain is a common problem that is associated with mood disorders such as depression. The Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scales (DASS-21) questionnaire is commonly used to help measure disordered mood. In this study, we used Rasch analysis to analyze the clinimetric properties of the DASS-21 in a chronic low back pain sample.