Residual risk Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

The US blood supply has been tested for human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) using nucleic acid amplification testing (NAT) of pools of a small number of samples since early 1999. Since the implementation of NAT under an investigational new drug (IND) application, the results for the yield and false positivity have been remarkably consistent for greater than 2 years of testing, even among multiple programmes using two different test methodologies and manufacturers: Gen-Probe/Chiron transcription-mediated amplification (TMA) and Roche polymerase chain reaction. All the programmes in the US and Canada use NAT as a criterion for cellular as well as frozen product release. The focus of this paper is to provide an update of the programmes in the US and Canada, provide data in support of p24 antigen replacement by HIV-1 NAT and discuss the projections of residual risk of HIV, HCV and hepatitis B virus (HBV) following NAT and the associated cost/benefit. 2003 Published by Éditions scientifiques et médicales Elsevier SAS. Résumé Depuis le début de l'année 1999, aux États-Unis, le virus de l'immunodéficience humaine (VIH) et le virus de l'hépatite C (VHC) sont recherchés dans les dons de sang par dépistage génomique viral (DGV) à l'aide de pools d'un petit nombre d'échantillons. La systématisation du DGV dans ce domaine a fonctionné de manière tout à fait fiable sur une période de plus de deux ans, malgré le recours à des stratégies diverses basées sur deux technologies différentes : la procédure de TMA de Gen-Probe/Chiron et celle d'amplification génique de Roche. Toutes les stratégies de qualification du don aux États-Unis et au Canada recourent au DGV pour la sécurisation des produits sanguins labiles et des produits stables. Cet article présente les résultats observés dans ces deux pays, les éléments arguant pour l'abandon de l'antigène p24 et la systématisation du DGV, et discute l'estimation du risque résiduel transfusionnel vis-à-vis du VIH, du VHC et du virus de l'hépatite B (VHB) à l'ère du DGV, avec le débat sur le coût/bénéfice. 2003 Publié par Éditions scientifiques et médicales Elsevier SAS.

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- Philosophy, Medicine, HIV, Complication

Flood risk assessments in the Global South have increased since the adoption of the United Nations Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030. However, they often fail to meet disaster risk reduction needs at the local scale, because they typically consider only one hazard (fluvial or pluvial floods). Furthermore, hazard and exposure are considered as stationary conditions, flood-prone assets are rarely identified, risk reduction measures are not identified in detail for specific locations, and the convenience of reducing or accepting risk is not evaluated. This paper describes a flood risk assessment method that is innovative in that it considers three hazard types (backwater, fluvial, and pluvial floods) and multiple risk scenarios; it uses orthophotos generated from images captured by an unmanned aerial vehicle and very high-resolution satellite images, and it involves communities in risk assessment. The method was applied to four rural settlements along the Sirba River, Niger. The assessment identifies the benefit of reducing risk in monetary terms, as well as the intangible benefits that reducing risk could generate, and it detects opportunities that flooding offers for rural development. The method can be replicated in all contexts where decision-making support is needed for flood risk assessment planning.

REVUE FRANCOPHONE DES LABORATOIRES-NOVEMBRE 2010-N°426 // 79 article reçu le 10 septembre, accepté le 20 septembre 2010 © 2010-Elsevier Masson SAS-Tous droits réservés. arti l icle reçu l le 0 10 septe b mbre accepté l é l 2 e 20 0 sept b embre 20 20 0 10 a Établissement français du sang Ile-de-France (EFS) 83-87, rue des Alpes-Silic 504 94623 Rungis cedex b Établissement français du sang (EFS)

- by Marie-Helene El Ghouzzi
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- Medicine, Side Effect, Residual risk

This is an attempt to empirically investigate the risk and return relationship of individual stocks traded at Karachi Stock Exchange (KSE), the main equity market in Pakistan. The analysis is based on daily as well as monthly data of 49... more

Shareholder value maximization has spurred a long-standing and heated debate between the proponents of a unified corporate objective function and the supporters of multi-constituency goals of the corporation. We weigh in on the corporate purpose debate from a different point of view: that of the shareholders. Specifically, we seek to critically assess the assumptions about shareholders embedded in the shareholder value maximization doctrine and examine the implications of three contemporary shareholding practices: (a) shareholders investing concurrently in competing firms, (b) residual-risk bearing decoupling, and (c) heterogeneous shareholder interests. Our critique draws out the challenges that contemporary shareholder practices pose for corporate governance and highlights the need for strategic corporate governance, or governance policies and practices that prioritize the sustainable competitive advantage of the firm.

In tropical regions, heavy precipitations may lead to catastrophic flooding due to the degradation of catchments and the expansion of settlements in flood prone zones. In the current situation, where information on rainfall and exposed assets is either scant, or requires significant time to be collected, pluvial flood risk assessments are conducted using participatory tools, without any scientific support. Another option is to use satellite precipitation products, digital terrain models and satellite images at high to moderate-resolution. However, these datasets do not reach the required accuracy at the local scale. Consequently, the potential damages and the evaluation component of
risk assessment are often missing. Risk evaluation is pivotal for informed decisionmaking, with regards to the choice of treating or accepting the risk, implementing more effective measures, and for determining the safest areas for development. We proposed an improved method for assessing the risk of pluvial floods, which merges local and scientific knowledge and is consistent with the ISO 31010 standard. The method was successfully applied in five rural settlements in Niger and can be replicated in areas where information is scarce.

This report contains the flood risk reduction plan of Guéchémé, capital of the municipality of the same name, in Niger. Guechémé is a rural local government with 108 778 inhabitants (2012) and a territory of 1075 km2. The jurisdiction is crossed by the dallol (valley) Maouri: a very long intermittent watercourse tributary of the Niger River and one of the most important wetlands in the country. Guéchémé town (8412 inhabitants in 2012) is growing fast. The town is not threatened by the overflow of the dallol Maouri but by the intense rains that generate on a deeply degraded catchment area, catastrophic floods. The risk reduction plan is organized according to the international standard ISO 31010. The flood risk is identified and analyzed. Risk reduction measures are identified and evaluated. The participatory monitoring and evaluation system is described. The plan consists of the flood zone regulations, zoning map, and action description sheets. The analysis and evaluation integrate local and scientific knowledge. The methodology and implementation are fully participatory. Flood zones are identified according to two flood probability scenarios through 2D hydraulic modeling. Floodable assets are identified through visual photointerpretation of very high resolution open access satellite imagery complemented by ground-based asset recognition. The assessment uses residual risk and treatment benefit/cost analyses.

- by Maurizio TIEPOLO
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- Flood Risk Management, Rural Development, Risk assessment, Niger