White Privilege Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

The concept of the gentleman amateur was, and remains, an important aspect of upper and middle-class Victorian and Edwardian male identity. Although he remains a significant literary presence, the form and length of time the gentleman... more

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- History, Cultural History, Sociology, Cultural Studies
- by Cheryl E Matias
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- Psychoanalysis, Teaching and Learning, Education, Teacher Education

Current situation and key questions: What is puzzling, problematic, unsustainable, engaging, meaningful? Who is impacted most by environmental degradation and pollution? In what ways do the social, political, and economic arrangements in society relate to inclusion for some, exclusion for others, health for some and suffering for others? How are these arrangements linked to academic achievement? How might community development contribute to changing community dynamics for historically marginalized populations? This case study explores some aspects of these questions and more.

- by Edward Brantmeier and +1
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- Race and Racism, Sustainable Development, Racism, White Privilege

In White Privilege: The Myth of a Post-Racial Society, Kalwant Bhopal draws on statistics and interview-based case studies to explore how Black and Minority Ethnic people in the UK and People of Colour in the US experience othering and encounter white privilege in their everyday lives, focusing particularly on education-to-work trajectories. This is a powerful critique of antidiscrimination policy that will serve as both an alarm and a call to action, writes Sinead D’Silva.

- by Sinead D'Silva
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- Antidiscrimination Law, White Privilege, British Sociology

Lesbians have limited visibility or representation in educational research, and there has been even less consideration of the ways that lesbians’ experiences are racialized. Using a methodological approach that entwines Karen Barad’s concept of queer temporalities with Kimberlé Crenshaw’s discussion of single-axis intersectionality, this paper uses critical autoethnography to offer narrative examinations of the author’s queerness as constantly enmeshed with her Whiteness. The author considers the degrees to which being situated in the socio-politically conservative U.S. South have influenced her experiences as a queer lesbian academic, even as White privilege has, intentionally and unintentionally, shaped her scholarship.

- by Stephanie Anne Shelton
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- Education, Narrative, Race and Racism, Gay And Lesbian Studies

These poems, composed in Somali and in English, provide a poetic reflection of the recently emerged debate on the theme of Caddaan Studies which means "White Studies". The criticism and counter-criticism contained in the debate dug so deep into life nerve of Somali Studies that over a thousand people participated. The poems, under the title "Inaugurating Caddaan Studies" were composed with a critical observation of the debate.

- by Mohamed A Eno
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- Critical Theory, American Literature, African Studies, World Literatures
- by Nick Schuermans and +1
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- Whiteness Studies, Public Space, White Privilege, South Africa
- by M. Castañeda
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- Sociology, Gender Studies, Political Economy, Television Studies
- by Robert Gutierrez-Perez
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- History, Gender Studies, Intercultural Communication, Women's Studies
- by Ferdinand Nyberg
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- Cultural Studies, Television Studies, Race and Ethnicity, Authenticity

Using the theoretical frameworks of Michel Foucault and Josh Kun to theorize the space of a music festival, this paper investigates the ways in which the large-scale American music festival, as a unique audio-heterotopian space, provides discourse and cultural critique aimed to deconstruct notions of bro-culture and white privilege. Within large-scale American music festival culture, there are groups of critical bloggers and cultural critics who regularly speak out against an encroaching "bro-ism" amongst festival goers. Their critique after the festivals aims to re-configure the discourse around behavior and what is wearable and sayable within the festival. In many circumstances, their discourse deconstructs white privilege and realigns notions of cool, as well as effects policy change and contributes to alternate models of the music festival experience. This paper is largely aimed to help reimagine the mainstream music festival as a powerful site that helps to reconfigure dominant ideology and ways of discussing issues of privilege.

- by Brandon Howard
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- Discourse Analysis, Popular Music, Heterotopia, White Privilege
- by Phil Henderson
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- Indigenous Studies, Feminist Theory, Colonialism, Capitalism

Maclean’s “Too Asian?” article revealed the extent to which issues of race inform the schooling choices of Canadian university students. Steeped in a discourse of privilege and entitlement, the Havergal College students quoted in the article discuss their desire to attend universities such as McGill, Queen’s, and Western. The students explain that at these universities white students do not have to “compete” with Asian students and can have more “fun.” In the article, the term “Asian” is not defined, but is used as a coded term for “high academic achievement.” It implies that we all know what the authors mean by their use of the term. The article uses words to essentialize an entire group of people even as it labels all members of that group with particular, fixed skills. That entire universities are labelled as “too Asian” is troubling because it speaks to the self-segregation of white university students. The authors explain that “Rachel” and “Alexandra” do not consider their preferences for universities where Asian student attendance is low to be racist.

- by Dr. Anita Jack-Davies
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- Asian Studies, Education, Teacher Education, Higher Education
- by John P. Portelli and +1
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- Critical Pedagogy, Social Justice in Education, White Privilege

Social movement scholars have described activist burnout-when the stressors of activism become so overwhelming they debilitate activists' abilities to remain engaged-as a formidable threat to the sustainability of social movements. However, studies designed to map the causes of burnout have failed to account for ways burnout might operate differently for privileged-identity activists such as white antiracism activists and marginalized-identity activists such as antiracism activists of color. Building on previous studies of activist burnout in racial justice activists and examinations of the roles of white activists in antiracism movements, this study represents one attempt to fill this gap. We analyzed data from interviews with racial justice activists of color in the United States who have experienced burnout to identify the ways they attributed their burnout to the attitudes and behaviors-the racism-of white activists. These included (1) harboring unevolved or racist views, (2) undermining or invalidating the racial justice work of activists of color, (3) being unwilling to step up and take action when needed,

- by Paul Gorski and +1
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- Social Movements, Critical Race Studies, Race and Racism, Critical Race Theory

This study examines in-depth interview data from thirty male juveniles incarcerated in a private correctional facility in the Midwest. Comparing the perceptions and experiences of 14 white male youth with 8 Native American, 4 black, and 4 Latino participants, white privilege was reflected in responses involving perceptions of the self as a ‘criminal’. Youth of all races described the effect of correctional facilities on their self-identification as a ‘criminal’ and youth of color were more likely than white youth to report the feeling that other community members viewed them as criminal before and after being arrested. Overall these findings demonstrate the ‘clean slate’ that white youth begin with compared to youth of color. Ultimately, time spent in a correctional facility appears to liken white youth’s perception of themselves as criminals to the self-identification of youth of color. Policy implications include implementing alternatives to incarceration, such as community service requirements to reintegrate youth into the community and avoid the negative effect of incarceration on the identities of juveniles. For youth of color, reducing racial discrimination is necessary to end the self-fulfilling prophecy and the sense of being labeled a criminal by the community prior to incarceration.

- by Rachel Feinstein
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- Race and Ethnicity, White Privilege, Juveniles
- by Ted Thornhill, Ph.D.
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- Management, History, American History, Sociology

Waldorf 1973), one a Hispanic crack dealer and the other a White trafficker of powder cocaine. The first dealer worked openly on the street, in the urban style; the latter dealt indoors, exclusively through networks of kin and friends, the only way to sell drugs in the suburbs. This article seeks to establish "suburban" drug sales as a particular modality, with dynamics specific to its context. Design / methodology / approach: Two in-depth case cases are examined. They are drawn from a larger set of oral interviews that explore the life histories of drug dealers, with an emphasis on how they sold marijuana and cocaine, and how and why they quit selling. Findings: First, the suburban style of drug sales has much to do with the mitigated risks White people face as dealers. Second, suburban dealing illuminates the limits of conventional economic theory to explain drug dealing universally. Originality / value: Because suburban drug deals happen among friends and kin relations they are never anonymous. Making sense of economic transactions among intimates raises a number issues fundamental to economic anthropology: the ambivalence of gifts in social-economic relationships, and more generally the integration of economic phenomena in social dynamics.

- by David Crawford
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- Economics, Suburban Studies, Whiteness Studies, Illegality (Anthropology)
- by Pamela Barnett
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- Neuroscience, Addiction, Poverty, White Privilege

Undergraduate students often struggle with understanding the theories of Bourdieu, but they are essential for understanding how power and privilege are reproduced in society. Revealing students’ complicity in this system is a powerful teaching moment, but it is often difficult to make the lesson and advanced theory accessible without triggering students’ defense mechanisms. Discussions of oppression often generate reactions of resistance, paralysis, and rage. This article describes a simulation designed to thwart student passivity while also being cognizant of pushing students too far emotionally. By having students adopt an identity during play and then analyze the results of their simulation, students were able to identify with structural oppression and learn Bourdieu's principles of cultural capital and reproduction.

- by Lauren Griffith
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- Anthropology, Education, Anthropology of Education, White Privilege
- by Audrey Thompson
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- White Privilege

This paper discusses racial color-blindness as it relates to a modern strategy used by both Whites and People of Color to mask their discussions of race and privilege. People who endorse racial color-blindness tend to believe that race should not matter and currently does not matter in understanding individuals’ lived experiences. Therefore, racially color-blind individuals use strategies to justify their racial privilege and racist beliefs and attitudes. One such strategy is to use the term “American” as a proxy for “White” in describing instances of White privilege as norms and to hide discussions of race more generally. Study 1 findings show that there are many different socially constructed definitions for the term American. Study 2 findings reveal differences in definitions for American depending on an individual’s race and generational status.

An online survey examining racial color-blindness, privilege awareness, and social justice was administered to a sample of 381 college students (Mage = 20.53, SD = 4.35). Using multiple regression, increases in heterosexual and class privilege awareness predicted increases in student interest in social justice while increased levels of racial color-blindness predicted decreases in student interest in social justice. These findings suggest that racial color-blindness may serve as a barrier to engagement in social justice while heterosexual and class privilege awareness may buffer the aforementioned barrier. Professors and university administration should consider ways in which they infuse conversations around diversity, privilege, and racial color-blindness into their curriculum.

- by J. Garrett-Walker and +1
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- Social Justice in Education, White Privilege, Privilege and Oppression

When the Disney studios announced that they had cast Halle Bailey in the role of Ariel, aka The Little Mermaid, for their latest live-action remake, there was a wave of reactions and most of all: criticism. Twitter hashtags #NotMyMermaid and #NotMyAriel became trending topics and Halle was ridiculed in words as well as in ‘anti-fan art’. This blog post explores the history of Mermaids of Colour and argues in favour of the casting of Halle Bailey.

- by Martine Mussies
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- African Studies, Diversity, Race and Racism, African History

In diesem Beitrag diskutiere ich weiße Privilegien im Kontext Schule. Ohne Anspruch auf Vollständigkeit liste ich einige weiße Privilegien auf, die weiße Schüler*innen und weiße Lehrer*innen besitzen. Die Privilegienlisten richten sich an weiße Lehrkräfte. Für sie gehört die Fähigkeit zur kritische Reflexion der eigenen weißen Positionierung zur professionellen Handlungskompetenz. Die Listen sollen weiße Lehrkräfte dabei unterstützen, sich ihrer weißen Privilegien bewusst zu werden. Sie sollen dabei helfen, rassistische Diskriminierungen in der Schule besser zu erkennen, um gegen sie angehen und dem eigenen pädagogischen Auftrag gerecht werden zu können.

- by Jule Bönkost
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- Race and Racism, Whiteness Studies, Critical Whiteness Studies, White Privilege

Frederick Douglass, the abolitionist, the civil rights advocate and the great rhetorician, has been the focus of much academic research. Only more recently is Douglass work on aesthetics beginning to receive its due, and even then its philosophical scope is rarely appreciated. Douglass’ aesthetic interest was notably not so much in art itself, but in understanding aesthetic presentation as an epistemological and psychological aspect of the human condition and thereby as a social and political tool. He was fascinated by the power of images, and took particular interest in the emerging technologies of photography. He often returned to the themes of art, pictures and aesthetic perception in his speeches. He saw himself, also after the end of slavery, as first and foremost a human rights advocate, and he suggests that his work and thoughts as a public intellectual always in some way related to this end. In this regard, his interest in the power of photographic images to impact the human soul was a lifelong concern. His reflections accordingly center on the psychological and political potentials of images and the relationship between art, culture, and human dignity. In this chapter we discuss Douglass views and practical use of photography and other forms of imagery, and tease out his view about their transformational potential particularly in respect to combating racist attitudes. We propose that his views and actions suggest that he intuitively if not explicitly anticipated many later philosophical, pragmatist and ecological insights regarding the generative habits of mind and affordance perception : I.e. that we perceive the world through our values and habitual ways of engaging with it and thus that our perception is active and creative, not passive and objective. Our understanding of the world is simultaneously shaped by and shaping our perceptions. Douglass saw that in a racist and bigoted society this means that change through facts and rational arguments will be hard. A distorted lens distorts - and accordingly re-produces and perceives its own distortion. His interest in aesthetics is intimately connected to this conundrum of knowledge and change, perception and action. To some extent precisely due to his understanding of how stereotypical categories and dominant relations work on our minds, he sees a radical transformational potential in certain art and imagery. We see in his work a profound understanding of the value-laden and action-oriented nature of perception and what we today call the perception of affordances (that is, what our environment permits/invites us to do). Douglass is particularly interested in the social environment and the social affordances of how we perceive other humans, and he thinks that photographs can impact on the human intellect in a transformative manner. In terms of the very process of aesthetic perception his views interestingly cohere and supplement a recent theory about the conditions and consequences of being an aesthetic beholder. The main idea being that artworks typically invite an asymmetric engagement where one can behold them without being the object of reciprocal attention. This might allow for a kind of vulnerability and openness that holds transformational potentials not typically available in more strategic and goal-directed modes of perception. As mentioned, Douglass main interest is in social change and specifically in combating racist social structures and negative stereotypes of black people. He is fascinated by the potential of photography in particular as a means of correcting fallacious stereotypes, as it allows a more direct and less distorted image of the individuality and multidimensionality of black people. We end with a discussion of how, given this interpretation of aesthetic perception, we can understand the specific imagery used by Douglass himself. How he tried to use aesthetic modes to subvert and change the racist habitus in the individual and collective mind of his society. We suggest that Frederick Douglass, the human rights activist, had a sophisticated philosophy of aesthetics, mind, epistemology and particularly of the transformative and political power of images. His works in many ways anticipate and sometimes go beyond later scholars in these and other fields such as psychology & critical theory. Overall, we propose that our world could benefit from revisiting Douglass’ art and thought.

- by Maria Brincker and +1
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- Critical Theory, Political Sociology, Social Psychology, Black Studies Or African American Studies

Intersectionality is celebrated in education research for its capacity to illuminate how identities like race, gender, class, and ability interact and shape individual experiences, social practices, institutions, and ideologies. However, although widely invoked among educational researchers, intersectionality is rarely unpacked or theorized. It is treated as a simple, settled concept despite the fact that, outside education research, it has become in the early 21st century one of the most hotly debated concepts in social science research. Education researchers should therefore clarify and, where appropriate, complicate their uses of intersectionality. One important issue requiring clarification concerns the question: “Who is intersectional?” While some critical social scientists represent intersectionality as a theory of multiple marginalization, others frame it as a theory of multiple identities. Either choice entails theoretical and practical trade-offs. When researchers approach intersectionality as a theory of multiple marginalization, they contribute to seeking redress for multiply marginalized subjects’ experiences of violence and erasure, yet this approach risks representing multiply marginalized communities as damaged, homogenous, and without agency, while leaving the processes maintaining dominance uninterrogated. When scholars approach intersectionality as a theory of multiple identities, meanwhile, they may supply a fuller account of the processes by which advantage and disadvantage co-constitute one another, but they risk recentering Whiteness, deflecting conversations about racism, and marginalizing women of color in the name of inclusivity. A review of over 60 empirical and conceptual papers in educational research shows that such trade-offs are not often made visible in our field. Education researchers should therefore clarify their orientations to intersectionality: They should name the approach(es) they favor, make arguments for why such approaches are appropriate to a particular project, and respond thoughtfully to potential limitations.

- by Lisa Sibbett
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- Educational Research, White Privilege, Intersectionality, Identity

Resumo: O presente artigo visa a discutir o conceito de branquitude, desde suas origens até os trabalhos mais recentes. A seguir, passa a apresentar como a questão tem sido explorada na formação da identidade racial de pessoas brancas e na sua possível reforma, por meio da conscientização racial. Este trabalho conclui com a necessidade de apreciação do conceito de geografia social da raça e sua aplicação nas ações afirmativas de recorte racial, de forma a contribuir com a permanente sensibilização das pessoas brancas, quanto aos próprios privilégios, com o objetivo de buscar superá-los. Palavras chave: Racismo-Branquitude-Privilégio Branco

- by Gianmarco L Ferreira
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- White Privilege, Racismo y discriminación, Branquitude

Whiteness, power and privilege are often conflated in critical perspectives of “race” and racialization. When white privilege intersects with Jewishness, particular challenges to this conceptualization arise. “Jewish” and “whiteness” is problematical on the basis of ethnic and “racial” difference among Jews and also because of the ways Jews have been and continue to be racialized in antisemitism. “Jewish” and “privilege” is problematical on the basis of the loss of Jewish selfhood and the inter- and intra-group conflicts that arise from the social cost of assimilation. Jewish women’s writing—diverse in form and voice—serves as the resource with which the limitations of the “white privilege” conceptualization are explored and its implications challenged.

- by Cynthia Levine-Rasky and +1
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- Holocaust Studies, Critical Race Theory and Whiteness theory, White Privilege
- by Richard Ballard
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- Race and Racism, Critical Race Theory, Race and Ethnicity, Whiteness Studies

“Lawn dissidents” are people who violate norms of turfgrass yards often found in North American suburbs. This paper uses qualitative methods and engages a performance view of landscape to examine how these subjects’ sustainability-oriented lawn alternatives work unintentionally to create exclusionary landscapes. As capitalism adopts environmentalism as a “sustainability fix,” niche “green” capitalist markets allow lawn dissidents to cultivate subject positions within sustainability that ignore social justice concerns. Alongside their environmentalist concerns, lawn dissidents continue to approach land through frames that treat it as a commodity and as a signifier of cultural distinction, particularly within an elite cosmopolitan subcategory of whiteness. Nonetheless, inasmuch as lawn dissidents enact social scripts and cultivate landscapes that perform white bourgeois sensibilities around urban sustainability, the exclusionary effect of this practice is neither inevitable nor necessary. By viewing the landscapes that lawn dissidents create through the theory of the interstice, we posit an alternative direction in which sharing economies offer a more inclusive vision of sustainability in urban residential landscapes.

- by Dan Trudeau
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- Social Geography, Cultural Landscapes, Environmental Sustainability, White Privilege

The field of whiteness studies is relatively young compared to other well-established disciplines, including critical race theory. On its trajectory to carve out a new academic niche, whiteness studies is challenged with, and must therefore negotiate, a wide range of criticisms intended to dismantle the enterprise. This synthesis paper inspects the literature on whiteness as an analytical concept and showcases a catalogue of critiques against the field. Despite various complaints that cast doubt upon the legitimacy of the subject, whiteness studies does make a substantial contribution to the study of contemporary racism and the processes of racialization, albeit usually from a white person's perspective. The paper concludes with a discussion on the relevance of whiteness studies in today's context and future prospects for racial equality. I suggest that whiteness studies offers a distinctive epistemological standpoint to explore racism, which provides the potential for this field to contribute to our understanding of racial justice in ways that warrant its emergence.

- by Jun Mian Chen
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- Race and Racism, Race and Ethnicity, Whiteness Studies, Philosophy Of Race

This article explores the ways in which architecture, landscape design, and site planning helped maintain racial segregation in housing in Atlanta, Georgia, between the 1960s and 1990s. Under Jim Crow, apartment complexes in Atlanta hewed to national design norms. By the late 1960s, however, racial tension, rioting, and passage of the Fair Housing Act led to proliferation of the architecture of enclosure: design that helped code communities as white through pastoral symbolism and heavy, obscuring landscaping. The concept, which appeared to a lesser degree in other U.S. housing markets, was introduced to Atlanta at Riverbend (1966-1972), a swinging-singles complex developed in part by Dallas's Trammell Crow with a site plan by California's Lawrence Halprin & Associates. The practice was generalized in the 1970s and 1980s by Post Properties, which became one of the region's largest builders.

- by Matthew G Lasner
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- Real Estate, Urban Geography, Architecture, Housing & Residential Design

Drawing heavily upon an interview with Fr. Gregory Boyle, S.J., this article uses Relational-Cultural Theory (RCT), a model of psychological development, to explore how privilege typically functions paradoxically to disadvantage those with privilege. RCT's critique of prescriptive models of psychological development reveals how standards of self-sufficiency and independence necessitate disconnection within relationships, and this article explores how these prescriptive ideals intersect with privilege. After developing this critical understanding of privilege and exploring RCT as an alternative, descriptive model of psychological development, the article then turns to Homeboy Industries as an example of how to work in the margins in descriptive ways that expand the margins to include all.

- by Eric Madfis
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- Violence, Homicide, Race and Ethnicity, Masculinities

American History X wasn't the first film that watched about racism and ethnic groups of course but this movie reflected these issues without hiding anything. There was more than racism, the issue was that the hatred in the society and this hatred led to corruption and destruction in the humanity, such as love, tolerance and forgiveness. In this reflection paper, I'll try to show how this hatred results in and in the name of racism and ethnicity, how people manipulate themselves for the sake of being a strict nationalist.

- by Tansu Yamur
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- American History, Race and Racism, American Culture, Racial and ethnic discrimination

Most sociological research on racial discrimination has had an “inter-racial” focus. That is, researchers have been principally concerned with the disparate treatment that people of color receive relative to Whites in different social contexts. However, recent theoretical work emerging from legal studies sug- gests that an alternative conception of “intra-racial” discrimination exists that extends beyond colorism. This theory of intra-racial discrimination stipulates that many organizations in the “post-racial” era desire some measure of racial diversity. Yet, in their efforts to achieve this racial diversity they screen people of color based on their degree of racial salience. Whether a given person of color is hired, promoted, or in the case of college admissions, accepted, is a function of whether or not Whites within the organization consider them racially palatable, or not overly concerned with race. This creates an incentive for people of color to work their identity to allay any concerns among Whites that they may be too racially salient. In this paper I critically review this work and attempt to further buttress its claims by highlighting how this process has clear historical precedent. I conclude by showing how the audit method can be used to empirically examine this practice contemporarily.

- by Ted Thornhill, Ph.D.
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- Business, Management, Discourse Analysis, History

This article introduces a new term, “anti‐blackness supremacy,” in order to supplement existing theological discourse about the ethical life of racism. To a much greater extent than the terms “racism, ” “white privilege” or even “white supremacy,” this term also better positions scholars to address what I identify as the two most pressing problems in anti‐racist discourse: first, the inability to diagnose the relation between classism and racism without reducing one into the other; and second, the tendency to treat racism as a monolithic evil that falls upon all people of color equally and in the same way. The former error has distorted political discourse for decades; the latter misconception intensifies as the United States undergoes demographic shifts in the wake of immigration from Asia, Latin America, and Africa. Both of these errors arise from a pervasive misunderstanding of the slave regime that has set our current racial system in motion. In truth, slavery primarily represents not a mechanism of profit extraction, but a relation of a unique type of power. The term “anti‐blackness supremacy,” I contend, corrects both of these misperceptions, affirming both the singularity of black oppression and its fundamental connection to enslaving power. In so doing, it enables ethicists to disarm an older racial foe while thwarting the ascension of a newer one.

- by Katie Grimes
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- History of Slavery, Catholic Social Teaching, White Supremacy, White Privilege

This paper places geographies of responsibility on stolen and occupied Indigenous lands in settler colonial Canada. Responsibilities to Indigenous lands and peoples are contextualized within the spectacle of reconciliation in Canada. In drawing on a range of critical analyses of reconciliation led by Indigenous scholars, I examine how the truth and reconciliation process has naturalized and fetishized Indigenous suffering and trauma while cultivating settler colonial spectacles where- by white settler Canadians engage in hollow performances of recognition and remorse. These spectacular spaces, I argue, become centered and severed from a larger terrain of settler colonial dispossession and violence that Indigenous peoples continue to resist on an everyday basis. I specifically focus on settler colonial spectacles and reconciliation mandates taking shape in Canadian postsecondary institutions. In doing so, I focus on how Canadian universities located on stolen Indigenous lands (actively supportive of the ongoing dispossession of Indigenous lands) continue to be a crucial site of settler colonial relations and a constitutive part of the settler colonial state.

- by Cheryl E Matias
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- Sociology, Cultural Studies, Education, Sociology of Education

A narrative literature review was conducted to examine how researchers address the concept of White privilege in teacher education using critical race theory. A Boolean search revealed 26 articles met criteria for inclusion. Findings show most researchers (n = 15, 55%) investigated perceptions of White privilege within individual multicultural education courses and not comprehensively at the teacher education program level. Many White preservice teachers had difficulty connecting race-based privilege with systemic inequities. Implications for future research and training preservice teachers are provided.

- by Jacob Bennett
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- Critical Race Theory, White Privilege