A. Lawrence Lowell (original) (raw)
أ. لورانس لويل هو أستاذ جامعي وكاتب ومحامي وسياسي أمريكي، ولد في 13 ديسمبر 1856 في بوسطن في الولايات المتحدة، وتوفي بنفس المكان في 6 يناير 1943. نشط حزبياً في الحزب الجمهوري. وقد انتخب President of Harvard University ( – 1933) وانتخب رئيس مجلس الإدارة American Political Science Association (1908 – 1909).
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| dbo:abstract | أ. لورانس لويل هو أستاذ جامعي وكاتب ومحامي وسياسي أمريكي، ولد في 13 ديسمبر 1856 في بوسطن في الولايات المتحدة، وتوفي بنفس المكان في 6 يناير 1943. نشط حزبياً في الحزب الجمهوري. وقد انتخب President of Harvard University ( – 1933) وانتخب رئيس مجلس الإدارة American Political Science Association (1908 – 1909). (ar) Abbott Lawrence Lowell (December 13, 1856 – January 6, 1943) was an American educator and legal scholar. He was President of Harvard University from 1909 to 1933. With an "aristocratic sense of mission and self-certainty," Lowell cut a large figure in American education and to some extent in public life as well. At Harvard University his years as president saw a remarkable expansion of the university in terms of the size of its physical infrastructure, its student body, and its endowment. His reform of undergraduate education established the system of majoring in a particular discipline that became the standard in American education. His progressive reputation in education derived principally from his insistence on integrating social classes at Harvard and preventing students of wealthy backgrounds from living apart from their less wealthy peers, a position for which he was sometimes termed "a traitor to his class." He also recognized the university's obligation to serve the surrounding community, particularly in making college courses available to and putting college degrees within the reach of local schoolteachers. He took the progressive side on certain public issues as well. He demonstrated outspoken support for academic freedom during World War I and played a prominent role in urging the public to support American participation in the League of Nations following the war. Yet his Harvard years saw two public disputes in which he argued for compromising basic principles of justice for the sake of his own personal vision of Harvard's mission with respect to assimilating non-traditional students. In one instance, he tried to limit Jewish enrollment to 15% of the student body. In the other, he tried to ban African-American students from living in the Freshman Halls when all of Harvard's new students were required to room there. In both cases the Harvard Board of Overseers insisted on the consistent application of liberal principles and overruled him. One historian summarized his complex personality and legacy with these words: "He played many characters—the rich man of simple tastes, the gentleman who loathed gentlemanly C's, the passionate theorist of democracy whose personal conduct was suavely autocratic." The interplay of democratic and patrician instincts, and especially his insistence on defending his positions when others found them indefensible, made him hard for his contemporaries to grasp. As one historian posed the question: "How could a consensus form around one who exasperated his friends as often as he confounded his enemies." (en) Abbott Lawrence Lowell (* 13. Dezember 1856 in Boston, Massachusetts; † 6. Januar 1943 ebenda) war ein Sachbuchautor, Jurist und Politikwissenschaftler, sowie Präsident der Harvard-Universität von 1909 bis 1933. (de) Abbott Lawrence Lowell (1 de enero de 1856 - 6 de enero de 1943) fue un profesor estadounidense, historiador y presidente de la Universidad Harvard de 1909 a 1933. Entre los hermanos de Abbot se encontraban el poeta Amy Lowell, el astrónomo Percival Lowell (Harvard 1876), y la activista del cuidado prenatal . Eran los tataranietos de (Harvard 1760) y por el lado materno, nietos de . Y además sobrino bisnieto de . (es) Abbott Lawrence Lowell (1856-1943) est un juriste, professeur de science politique et président de l'université Harvard (1909-1933). (fr) Abbott Lawrence Lowell (Boston, 13 de dezembro de 1856 — Boston, 6 de janeiro de 1943) foi um educador e jurisconsulto americano. Foi de 1909 a 1933. Com um "senso aristocrático de missão e autoconfiança", Lowell desempenhou importante papel no sistema educacional dos Estados Unidos e até certo ponto também na vida pública. A Universidade Harvard, durante seus anos como presidente, desfrutou de notável expansão em termos de tamanho de sua infraestrutura física, seu corpo discente, e sua dotação orçamentária. Sua reforma do ensino de graduação criou o sistema de habilitação principal (academic major ou major concentration) em uma disciplina particular, que se tornou o padrão na educação americana. Sua contínua fama no meio educacional derivou principalmente de sua insistência na integração das classes sociais em Harvard e em impedir que estudantes mais abastados vivessem apartados de seus pares menos ricos, uma posição pela qual ele foi por vezes chamado de "traidor de sua classe". Reconheceu também a obrigação da universidade em servir à comunidade adjacente, particularmente disponibilizando cursos e graduações universitárias para professores locais. Tinha uma visão progressista em relação a certas questões públicas. Demonstrou seu apoio franco à liberdade acadêmica durante a Primeira Guerra Mundial e desempenhou um papel de destaque ao incitar o público para apoiar a participação americana na Liga das Nações após a guerra. No entanto, ocorreram dois conflitos públicos, durante seus anos em Harvard, com os quais ele se envolveu por comprometer os princípios básicos de justiça que ele, na sua visão pessoal, entendia ser a missão de Harvard em relação à admissão de estudantes não tradicionais. Num dos casos, ele tentou limitar em 15% do corpo discente a matrícula de judeus. No outro, tentou proibir os estudantes afro-americanos de ocuparem os Freshman Halls (dormitórios destinados aos calouros) enquanto todos os demais alunos novos de Harvard não estivessem se instalado por lá. Nos dois casos, o Conselho de Supervisores de Harvard decidiu pela aplicação coerente dos princípios liberais e os rejeitaram. Um historiador resumiu sua personalidade complexa e legado com essas palavras: "Ele desempenhou muitos papéis — o homem rico de gostos simples, o cavalheiro que detestava alunos (tradicionalmente com pais ricos) que em vez de notas negativas recebiam boas notas, o teórico apaixonado pela democracia cuja conduta pessoal era levemente autocrática". A interação dos instintos democráticos e aristocráticos, e especialmente, sua insistência em defender suas posições quando outros as consideravam indefensáveis, o tornaram difícil de ser compreendido pelos seus contemporâneos. Um historiador fez a seguinte pergunta: "Como seria uma forma de consenso em torno de alguém que exasperou seus amigos tão frequentemente quanto ele confundiu os seus inimigos?" (pt) Abbott Lawrence Lowell, född 13 december 1856 i Boston, död 6 januari 1943, var en amerikansk statsvetenskapsman. Lowell var professor vid Harvard University. Bland hans skrifter märks The government of England (1908), hans mest betydelsefulla arbete Public opinion in war and peace (1923) samt Greater European governments (1925). Lowell ivrade flitigt för USA:s inträde i Nationernas förbund. (sv) A·勞倫斯·羅威爾（Abbott Lawrence Lowell，1856年12月13日－1943年1月6日），美國的教育家和法律學者。1909至1933年，他曾擔任哈佛大学校长。 (zh) |
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| dbp:quote | We owe to the colored man the same opportunities for education that we do to the white man; but we do not owe it to him to force him and the white into social relations that are not, or may not be, mutually congenial. (en) |
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| rdfs:comment | أ. لورانس لويل هو أستاذ جامعي وكاتب ومحامي وسياسي أمريكي، ولد في 13 ديسمبر 1856 في بوسطن في الولايات المتحدة، وتوفي بنفس المكان في 6 يناير 1943. نشط حزبياً في الحزب الجمهوري. وقد انتخب President of Harvard University ( – 1933) وانتخب رئيس مجلس الإدارة American Political Science Association (1908 – 1909). (ar) Abbott Lawrence Lowell (* 13. Dezember 1856 in Boston, Massachusetts; † 6. Januar 1943 ebenda) war ein Sachbuchautor, Jurist und Politikwissenschaftler, sowie Präsident der Harvard-Universität von 1909 bis 1933. (de) Abbott Lawrence Lowell (1 de enero de 1856 - 6 de enero de 1943) fue un profesor estadounidense, historiador y presidente de la Universidad Harvard de 1909 a 1933. Entre los hermanos de Abbot se encontraban el poeta Amy Lowell, el astrónomo Percival Lowell (Harvard 1876), y la activista del cuidado prenatal . Eran los tataranietos de (Harvard 1760) y por el lado materno, nietos de . Y además sobrino bisnieto de . (es) Abbott Lawrence Lowell (1856-1943) est un juriste, professeur de science politique et président de l'université Harvard (1909-1933). (fr) Abbott Lawrence Lowell, född 13 december 1856 i Boston, död 6 januari 1943, var en amerikansk statsvetenskapsman. Lowell var professor vid Harvard University. Bland hans skrifter märks The government of England (1908), hans mest betydelsefulla arbete Public opinion in war and peace (1923) samt Greater European governments (1925). Lowell ivrade flitigt för USA:s inträde i Nationernas förbund. (sv) A·勞倫斯·羅威爾（Abbott Lawrence Lowell，1856年12月13日－1943年1月6日），美國的教育家和法律學者。1909至1933年，他曾擔任哈佛大学校长。 (zh) Abbott Lawrence Lowell (December 13, 1856 – January 6, 1943) was an American educator and legal scholar. He was President of Harvard University from 1909 to 1933. With an "aristocratic sense of mission and self-certainty," Lowell cut a large figure in American education and to some extent in public life as well. At Harvard University his years as president saw a remarkable expansion of the university in terms of the size of its physical infrastructure, its student body, and its endowment. His reform of undergraduate education established the system of majoring in a particular discipline that became the standard in American education. (en) Abbott Lawrence Lowell (Boston, 13 de dezembro de 1856 — Boston, 6 de janeiro de 1943) foi um educador e jurisconsulto americano. Foi de 1909 a 1933. Com um "senso aristocrático de missão e autoconfiança", Lowell desempenhou importante papel no sistema educacional dos Estados Unidos e até certo ponto também na vida pública. A Universidade Harvard, durante seus anos como presidente, desfrutou de notável expansão em termos de tamanho de sua infraestrutura física, seu corpo discente, e sua dotação orçamentária. Sua reforma do ensino de graduação criou o sistema de habilitação principal (academic major ou major concentration) em uma disciplina particular, que se tornou o padrão na educação americana. (pt) |
| rdfs:label | أ. لورانس لويل (ar) Abbott Lawrence Lowell (de) A. Lawrence Lowell (en) Abbott Lawrence Lowell (es) Abbott Lawrence Lowell (fr) Abbott Lawrence Lowell (pt) Abbott Lawrence Lowell (sv) A·勞倫斯·羅威爾 (zh) |
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