GEM (desktop environment) (original) (raw)

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Der Graphics Environment Manager (GEM) war eine grafische Benutzeroberfläche von Digital Research, die vor allem durch den Rechner Atari ST unter dem Betriebssystem TOS bekannt wurde. Es gab auch Versionen für den IBM-PC (und kompatibel) sowie eine Unix-Variante. Auf den Atari-Rechnern der ST-Serie bestand das TOS zudem aus dem ebenfalls von Digital Research entwickelten GEMDOS, das sich stark an den bereits bestehenden Betriebssystemen CP/M und PC DOS/MS-DOS orientierte.

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dbo:abstract GEM (Graphics Environment Manager o Gestor d'entorn gràfic) és un sistema de finestres creat per Digital Research, Inc. (DRI) per al seu ús amb el S.O. CP/M-86 en microprocessadors Intel 8088 i Motorola 68000 (CP/M-68k). També va ser portat més tard per a DOS. GEM és conegut com la interfície gràfica d'usuari (GUI) de la sèrie d'ordinadors Atari ST, i també va ser subministrat amb una sèrie d'ordinadors IBM PC compatibles de Amstrad, així com per l'IBM PC estàndard. És el nucli d'un petit nombre de programes de DOS, sent el més notable Ventura Publisher. Va ser portat a una sèrie d'altres ordinadors que anteriorment no tenien interfícies gràfiques, però mai va guanyar popularitat en aquestes plataformes. DRI també va produir FlexGem per al seu sistema operatiu de temps real FlexOS. (ca) Der Graphics Environment Manager (GEM) war eine grafische Benutzeroberfläche von Digital Research, die vor allem durch den Rechner Atari ST unter dem Betriebssystem TOS bekannt wurde. Es gab auch Versionen für den IBM-PC (und kompatibel) sowie eine Unix-Variante. Auf den Atari-Rechnern der ST-Serie bestand das TOS zudem aus dem ebenfalls von Digital Research entwickelten GEMDOS, das sich stark an den bereits bestehenden Betriebssystemen CP/M und PC DOS/MS-DOS orientierte. (de) GEM (for Graphics Environment Manager) is an operating environment released by Digital Research (DRI) in 1985 for use with the DOS operating system on Intel 8088 and Motorola 68000 microprocessors. GEM is known primarily as the graphical user interface (GUI) for the Atari ST series of computers, and was also supplied with a series of IBM PC-compatible computers from Amstrad. It was also available for the standard IBM PC, at a time when the 6 MHz IBM PC AT (and the very concept of a GUI) was brand new. It was the core for a small number of DOS programs, the most notable being Ventura Publisher. It was ported to a number of other computers that previously lacked graphical interfaces, but never gained popularity on those platforms. DRI also produced X/GEM for their FlexOS real-time operating system with adaptations for OS/2 Presentation Manager and the X Window System under preparation as well. (en) GEM (Graphics Environment Manager) era un sistema de ventanas creado por Digital Research, Inc. (DRI) para ser usado con el sistema operativo CP/M sobre procesadores Intel 8088 y para el microprocesador Motorola 68000. Versiones posteriores funcionaban también sobre DOS.​ GEM es conocido sobre todo por ser el entorno gráfico de usuario (GUI) de la serie de ordenadores Atari ST, y fue también distribuido con una serie de ordenadores compatibles IBM PC creados por Amstrad (PC1512, PC1640 y ). Fue el núcleo para una pequeña cantidad de programas DOS, de los cuales el más destacado fue . También se portó a otros ordenadores que previamente no tenían interfaz gráfica, pero no llegó a ganar popularidad en esos sistemas. (es) Le GEM (Graphics Environment Manager) est un environnement de bureau créé par Digital Research, inventeur du système d'exploitation CP/M (précurseur de MS-DOS). Le logo du GEM est une gemme (pierre précieuse) en référence au mot anglais. Il était disponible sur les plateformes Atari et PC. Sur la plateforme Atari, GEM était intégré au système d'exploitation TOS. Certains PC, notamment les machines fabriquées par Amstrad étaient vendus avec le GEM pré-installé. Un procès intenté par Apple à Digital Research concernant un brevet sur les environnements graphiques (principalement l'usage de l'icône « poubelle ») obligea à en supprimer tout ce qui avait un équivalent chez Apple, tuant net le produit pour les PC. Microsoft n’avait pas encore commercialisé une version Windows exploitable, mais travaillait en collaboration avec Apple pour le portage de Multiplan-Dos vers Excel-Mac, et se trouva ainsi débarrassé d'un dangereux concurrent. Atari continua à intégrer ce GEM légalement dégradé à ses machines et le fit évoluer au gré des évolutions techniques de ses produits. Microsoft adopta un profil bas pour ne pas encourir les foudres d'Apple, faisant de Windows jusqu'en 1995 une simple interface de présentation graphique sous un DOS monotâche, et non un OS à part entière. Après le rachat de Digital Research par Caldera, le code source du GEM a été distribué sous les termes de la licence GPL. Cette libération du code source a permis l'émergence de projets de logiciels libres dérivés (voir FreeGEM). (fr) Graphics Environment Manager (GEM) とは、デジタルリサーチが開発したCP/MおよびDR DOS用のGUI環境である。 (ja) Graphics Environment Manager (Graphics Environment Manager) era un'interfaccia grafica creato da Digital Research, Inc. per le versioni per Intel 8088 e Motorola 68000 del suo sistema operativo CP/M e progettato per essere nativamente compatibile con MS DOS. (it) GEM (Graphics Environment Manager)은 디지털 리서치사에 의해 개발된 윈도 시스템으로, CP/M 운영체제와 함께 인텔 8088과 모토로라 68000 마이크로프로세서에 사용되었다. 후기 버전은 도스상에서도 구동된다. GEM은 의 Atari ST 시리즈에 사용되었던 GUI 형태의 운영체제로, Amstrad사의 호환기종인 IBM PC와도 호환되었다. 또 6 MHz IBM PC AT가 개발되면서부터는 IBM PC의 일반 기종에도 호환되었다. GEM은 에서 가장 중요한 소수의 도스 프로그램의 중핵 역할을 담당하였다. 또 그래픽 인터페이스가 결여되었던 다른 여러 기종의 컴퓨터에도 설치되었으나, 이 기종들은 대중적으로 인기를 전혀 끌지 못하는 것들이었다. 디지털 리서치사는 실시간 운영체제로 FlexGem을 개발하기도 했다. (ko) Graphics Environment Manager (afgekort tot GEM) is een grafische interface van Digital Research die werd geïntroduceerd op 28 februari 1985. Het draait onder DOS op zowel Intel 8088- als Motorola 68000-processors. GEM werd onder het publiek bekend als de grafische schil voor de Atari ST-serie computers en werd meegeleverd met bepaalde IBM PC-compatible computers van het Britse Amstrad. GEM was de kern voor een klein aantal softwaretoepassingen, waaronder Ventura Publisher. GEM Desktop is in 1990 afgesplitst naar ViewMAX en werd uitsluitend gebruikt als grafische schil voor bestandsbeheer onder DR-DOS. Digital Research werd in juni 1991 gekocht door Novell en alle ontwikkelingen van GEM werd stopgezet. (nl) O Graphics Environment Manager (GEM) foi um sistema de janelas criado pela empresa Digital Research, com intuito de ser utilizado no sistema operativo CP/M nos processadores Intel 8088 e Motorola 68000. Mais tarde foi portado para MS-DOS e, durante algum tempo, foi uma boa alternativa ao Microsoft Windows, que oferecia maiores funcionalidades, até à versão do Windows 3.0, altura em que desapareceu o GEM. (pt) Graphics Environment Manager — оконная система, созданная Digital Research, Inc. (DRI) для использования с операционной системой CP/M на микропроцессорах Motorola 68000 и Intel 8088. Поздние версии работали с DOS. GEM в первую очередь известен как графический интерфейс серии компьютеров Atari ST, а также он поддерживался на серии IBM PC-совместимых компьютеров, начиная с Amstrad. Также он был доступен для стандартных IBM PC во времена 6-МГц IBM PC AT. GEM являлся ядром для небольшого числа программ DOS, наиболее известная из них Ventura Publisher. Также он был портирован на ряд компьютеров, у которых не было графического интерфейса, однако не приобрёл популярности на этих платформах. DRI производила для операционной системы реального времени FlexOS. (ru) GEM (ang. Graphics Environment Manager) – system okienkowy stworzony przez Digital Research, Inc. (DRI) do użytku z systemem CP/M na procesory Intel 8088. Późniejsze wersje pracowały pod DOSem. GEM jest najbardziej znany jako graficzny interfejs użytkownika (GUI) użyty w systemie operacyjnym TOS komputerów Atari ST, był również dostarczany razem z komputerami typu IBM PC firmy Amstrad. Jak również dostępny dla standardowych komputerów IBM PC, w czasach kiedy najszybszym modelem był IBM PC AT 6MHz. Był podstawą dla małej ilości programów DOS-owych, najbardziej znanym przykładem był Ventura Publisher. Był również zaadaptowany na wiele innych platform, które nie posiadały własnego systemu okienkowego. Nigdy nie zdobył znaczącej popularności. Przyczynił się do tego proces wytoczony przez Apple, w wyniku którego DRI zmuszone zostało do usunięcia części funkcji GEMu. Jeden z twórców oprogramowania dla GEMu pod IBM PC stwierdził, że główną przyczyną był brak możliwości obsługi systemu przy pomocy myszki. Jak to miało miejsce w przypadku Windows. Myszka w początkach istnienia systemów okienkowych była dosyć drogim urządzeniem znacząco zwiększającym koszt zestawu komputerowego.DRI wyprodukowało również specjalną odmianę dla swojego systemu operacyjnego FlexOS. (pl) GEM (Graphics Environment Manager) är ett fönstersystem skapat av Digital Research (kända för bland annat CP/M och DR-DOS). GEM körs på PC med MS-DOS samt ett antal Atarimodeller, till exempel ST, TT, STacy och Falcon. GEM är numera tillgängligt under den fria licensen GPL, i form av OpenGEM. (sv)
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rdfs:comment Der Graphics Environment Manager (GEM) war eine grafische Benutzeroberfläche von Digital Research, die vor allem durch den Rechner Atari ST unter dem Betriebssystem TOS bekannt wurde. Es gab auch Versionen für den IBM-PC (und kompatibel) sowie eine Unix-Variante. Auf den Atari-Rechnern der ST-Serie bestand das TOS zudem aus dem ebenfalls von Digital Research entwickelten GEMDOS, das sich stark an den bereits bestehenden Betriebssystemen CP/M und PC DOS/MS-DOS orientierte. (de) Graphics Environment Manager (GEM) とは、デジタルリサーチが開発したCP/MおよびDR DOS用のGUI環境である。 (ja) Graphics Environment Manager (Graphics Environment Manager) era un'interfaccia grafica creato da Digital Research, Inc. per le versioni per Intel 8088 e Motorola 68000 del suo sistema operativo CP/M e progettato per essere nativamente compatibile con MS DOS. (it) GEM (Graphics Environment Manager)은 디지털 리서치사에 의해 개발된 윈도 시스템으로, CP/M 운영체제와 함께 인텔 8088과 모토로라 68000 마이크로프로세서에 사용되었다. 후기 버전은 도스상에서도 구동된다. GEM은 의 Atari ST 시리즈에 사용되었던 GUI 형태의 운영체제로, Amstrad사의 호환기종인 IBM PC와도 호환되었다. 또 6 MHz IBM PC AT가 개발되면서부터는 IBM PC의 일반 기종에도 호환되었다. GEM은 에서 가장 중요한 소수의 도스 프로그램의 중핵 역할을 담당하였다. 또 그래픽 인터페이스가 결여되었던 다른 여러 기종의 컴퓨터에도 설치되었으나, 이 기종들은 대중적으로 인기를 전혀 끌지 못하는 것들이었다. 디지털 리서치사는 실시간 운영체제로 FlexGem을 개발하기도 했다. (ko) O Graphics Environment Manager (GEM) foi um sistema de janelas criado pela empresa Digital Research, com intuito de ser utilizado no sistema operativo CP/M nos processadores Intel 8088 e Motorola 68000. Mais tarde foi portado para MS-DOS e, durante algum tempo, foi uma boa alternativa ao Microsoft Windows, que oferecia maiores funcionalidades, até à versão do Windows 3.0, altura em que desapareceu o GEM. (pt) GEM (Graphics Environment Manager) är ett fönstersystem skapat av Digital Research (kända för bland annat CP/M och DR-DOS). GEM körs på PC med MS-DOS samt ett antal Atarimodeller, till exempel ST, TT, STacy och Falcon. GEM är numera tillgängligt under den fria licensen GPL, i form av OpenGEM. (sv) GEM (Graphics Environment Manager o Gestor d'entorn gràfic) és un sistema de finestres creat per Digital Research, Inc. (DRI) per al seu ús amb el S.O. CP/M-86 en microprocessadors Intel 8088 i Motorola 68000 (CP/M-68k). També va ser portat més tard per a DOS. (ca) GEM (for Graphics Environment Manager) is an operating environment released by Digital Research (DRI) in 1985 for use with the DOS operating system on Intel 8088 and Motorola 68000 microprocessors. GEM is known primarily as the graphical user interface (GUI) for the Atari ST series of computers, and was also supplied with a series of IBM PC-compatible computers from Amstrad. It was also available for the standard IBM PC, at a time when the 6 MHz IBM PC AT (and the very concept of a GUI) was brand new. It was the core for a small number of DOS programs, the most notable being Ventura Publisher. It was ported to a number of other computers that previously lacked graphical interfaces, but never gained popularity on those platforms. DRI also produced X/GEM for their FlexOS real-time operating (en) GEM (Graphics Environment Manager) era un sistema de ventanas creado por Digital Research, Inc. (DRI) para ser usado con el sistema operativo CP/M sobre procesadores Intel 8088 y para el microprocesador Motorola 68000. Versiones posteriores funcionaban también sobre DOS.​ (es) Le GEM (Graphics Environment Manager) est un environnement de bureau créé par Digital Research, inventeur du système d'exploitation CP/M (précurseur de MS-DOS). Le logo du GEM est une gemme (pierre précieuse) en référence au mot anglais. Il était disponible sur les plateformes Atari et PC. Sur la plateforme Atari, GEM était intégré au système d'exploitation TOS. Certains PC, notamment les machines fabriquées par Amstrad étaient vendus avec le GEM pré-installé. (fr) GEM (ang. Graphics Environment Manager) – system okienkowy stworzony przez Digital Research, Inc. (DRI) do użytku z systemem CP/M na procesory Intel 8088. Późniejsze wersje pracowały pod DOSem. GEM jest najbardziej znany jako graficzny interfejs użytkownika (GUI) użyty w systemie operacyjnym TOS komputerów Atari ST, był również dostarczany razem z komputerami typu IBM PC firmy Amstrad. Jak również dostępny dla standardowych komputerów IBM PC, w czasach kiedy najszybszym modelem był IBM PC AT 6MHz. Był podstawą dla małej ilości programów DOS-owych, najbardziej znanym przykładem był Ventura Publisher. Był również zaadaptowany na wiele innych platform, które nie posiadały własnego systemu okienkowego. Nigdy nie zdobył znaczącej popularności. Przyczynił się do tego proces wytoczony przez Apple (pl) Graphics Environment Manager (afgekort tot GEM) is een grafische interface van Digital Research die werd geïntroduceerd op 28 februari 1985. Het draait onder DOS op zowel Intel 8088- als Motorola 68000-processors. GEM werd onder het publiek bekend als de grafische schil voor de Atari ST-serie computers en werd meegeleverd met bepaalde IBM PC-compatible computers van het Britse Amstrad. GEM was de kern voor een klein aantal softwaretoepassingen, waaronder Ventura Publisher. (nl) Graphics Environment Manager — оконная система, созданная Digital Research, Inc. (DRI) для использования с операционной системой CP/M на микропроцессорах Motorola 68000 и Intel 8088. Поздние версии работали с DOS. (ru)
rdfs:label Graphics Environment Manager (ca) Graphics Environment Manager (de) Graphics Environment Manager (es) GEM (desktop environment) (en) Graphics Environment Manager (it) Graphics Environment Manager (fr) GEM (소프트웨어) (ko) Graphics Environment Manager (ja) Graphics Environment Manager (nl) Graphics Environment Manager (pl) Graphics Environment Manager (pt) GEM (fönstersystem) (sv) Graphics Environment Manager (ru)
rdfs:seeAlso dbr:Concurrent_DOS_XM
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