Athabasca oil sands (original) (raw)
- نفط أثاباسكا الرملي هو نفط رملي موجود على شكل توضعات من الأسفلت (بيتومين) والنفط الثقيل في شمالي شرق مقاطعة ألبرتا الكندية، وخاصة في منطقة فورت ماكموراي. يتكون النفط الرملي من مزيج من النفط الأسفلتي الثقيل مع الرمل والغضار والماء، ويعد نفط أثاباسكا الرملي الأكبر من نوعه في العالم. وبذلك تكون كندا ثالث دولة في العالم من حيث الترتيب من حيث الاحتياطات النفطية المؤكدة بعد فنزويلا والسعودية. تبلغ الطاقة الإنتاجية من نفط أثاباسكا الرملي حوالي 1.3 مليون برميل يومياً؛ في حين أن المخزون الاحتياطي يصل إلى 133 ألف مليون برميل. (ar)
- Athabaské ropné písky (Ropné písky Athabasca, Athabasca Oil Sands, řidčeji Dehtové písky Athabasca nebo Kanadské ropné písky) jsou rozsáhlá ložiska nekonvenční ropy ve formě ropných živic (též dehtových písků), která se nacházejí v širším okolí města Fort McMurray kanadské provincie Alberta. Tyto ropné břidlice („ropné písky“) obsahují směs surových živic (napůl pevnou, napůl kapalnou formu surové ropy), křemenného písku, jílů a vody. Ložisko v Athabasca je největší ze tří ložisek: další se nazývají Cold Lake a Peace River, které má ještě několik dislokovaných ložisek v okolí. Dohromady zahrnují střídmě obydlené, tajgou a mokřady porostlé území, o rozloze okolo 141 000 km² s několika tisíci původních obyvatel, tzv. prvních národů (v podstatě indiánů). (cs)
- The Athabasca oil sands, also known as the Athabasca tar sands, are large deposits of bitumen or extremely heavy crude oil that constitute unconventional resources, located in northeastern Alberta, Canada – roughly centred on the boomtown of Fort McMurray. These oil sands, hosted primarily in the McMurray Formation, consist of a mixture of crude bitumen (a semi-solid rock-like form of crude oil), silica sand, clay minerals, and water. The Athabasca deposit is the largest known reservoir of crude bitumen in the world and the largest of three major oil sands deposits in Alberta, along with the nearby Peace River and Cold Lake deposits (the latter stretching into Saskatchewan). Together, these oil sand deposits lie under 141,000 square kilometres (54,000 sq mi) of boreal forest and muskeg (peat bogs) and contain about 1.7 trillion barrels (270×109 m3) of bitumen in-place, comparable in magnitude to the world's total proven reserves of conventional petroleum. The International Energy Agency (IEA) lists the economically recoverable reserves, at 2007 prices and modern unconventional oil production technology, to be 178 billion barrels (28.3×109 m3), or about 10% of these deposits. These contribute to Canada's total proven reserves being the third largest in the world, after Saudi Arabia and Venezuela's Orinoco Belt. By 2009, the two extraction methods used were in situ extraction, when the bitumen occurs deeper within the ground, (which will account for 80 percent of oil sands development) and surface or open-pit mining, when the bitumen is closer to the surface. Only 20 percent of bitumen can be extracted using open pit mining methods, which involves large scale excavation of the land with huge hydraulic power shovels and 400-ton heavy hauler trucks. Surface mining leaves toxic tailings ponds. In contrast, in situ uses more specialized techniques such as steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD). "Eighty percent of the oil sands will be developed in situ which accounts for 97.5 percent of the total surface area of the oil sands region in Alberta." In 2006 the Athabasca deposit was the only large oil sands reservoir in the world which was suitable for large-scale surface mining, although most of this reservoir can only be produced using more recently developed in-situ technology. (en)
- Die Athabasca-Ölsande sind eine Ölsandlagerstätte im Bezirk Wood Buffalo in der Provinz Alberta im Westen Kanadas. Namensgeber ist der Athabasca River, größte Stadt der Region ist Fort McMurray. Die Lagerstätte Athabasca ist die mit Abstand größte der drei Ölsandlagerstätten in Alberta. (de)
- Las arenas de petróleo o de alquitrán de Athabasca (Athabasca Oil Sands en inglés; coloquialmente, Athabasca tar sands, aunque no hay Alquitrán, "tar" en ellas), también conocidas como arenas bituminosas de Athabasca, son un gran depósito de bitumen rico en crudo, situado en el norte de Alberta, Canadá -centrado aproximadamente alrededor de la de . Estas arenas bituminosas, ubicadas en la son una combinación de minerales arcillosos, arena de sílice, agua, y bitumen crudo (una forma semi-sólida de crudo). El depósito de Athabasca es el mayor depósito de bitumen crudo en el mundo y el mayor de los tres depósitos de arena petrolífera en Alberta, junto con los cercanos depósitos de río de la Paz y . Juntos, estos depósitos de arena de petróleo quedan bajo 141.000 km² de bosque boreal escasamente poblados y muskeg o Fondrière de mousse (Pantanos de turba) y contienen alrededor de 1,7 trillones de barriles (270×10^9 m³) de bitumen en su sitio, comparable en magnitud con las reservas totales demostradas en el mundo de petróleo convencional.[cita requerida] Con la moderna tecnología de producción de petróleo no convencional, al menos el 10% de estos depósitos, o alrededor de 170 billones de barriles (27×10^9 m³) fueron considerados económicamente recuperables a los precios de 2006, haciendo que las reservas de crudo de Canadá totales sean las terceras más grandes del mundo, después de las de Venezuela y Arabia Saudita. El depósito de Athabasca es la única gran reserva de arenas de petróleo en el mundo que es adecuado para la minería a cielo abierto a gran escala, aunque la mayor parte de él sólo puede producirse usando la tecnología in situ más recientemente desarrollada. Alrededor del 10% de las arenas bituminosas de Athabasca están cubiertas por menos de 75 m de estériles (minerales sin interés económico). El área con interés para la minería, según el gobierno de Alberta, cubre 37 pueblos contiguos (alrededor de 3.400 km²) (es)
- Les sables bitumineux de l'Athabasca sont d'importants gisements de bitume ou de pétrole brut lourd situés dans le nord-est de l'Alberta au Canada, couvrant 142 200 km2 de forêt boréale, de tourbières et de zones humides peu peuplées, soit environ 21 % du territoire de la province. Le gisement le plus important est celui de l'Athabasca, situé autour de Fort McMurray, où la couche de bitume est exploitable à ciel ouvert. Des gisements plus profonds se trouvent à Rivière-la-Paix et à Cold Lake. Ensemble, ces trois gisements contiennent environ 1 800 milliards de barils (290 milliards de mètres cubes) de bitume, une quantité comparable en ordre de grandeur à l'ensemble des réserves de pétrole conventionnel au monde. Avec les méthodes de production de pétrole non conventionnelles modernes, moins de 10 % de ces dépôts, c'est-à-dire environ 170 milliards de barils (28 milliards de mètres cubes), sont économiquement exploitables, mais la majorité des réserves sont seulement récupérables par des techniques in situ. Les réserves prouvées du Canada, en incluant les réserves conventionnelles, totalisent 173 milliards de barils, ce qui place le pays en troisième place au monde après le Venezuela (297 milliards de barils) et l'Arabie saoudite (265 milliards de barils). Toutefois, une étude indépendante publiée en 2015 établit les réserves prouvées à 48 milliards de barils. En 2012, la production de bitume brut à partir des sables bitumineux a été en moyenne de 1,9 million de barils par jour (bbl/j), soit un total annuel de 112 000 000 m3. D'abord prévue pour atteindre les 4 millions de barils par jour en 2022, elle a connu un ralentissement. Elle dépasse légèrement les trois millions de barils par jour en 2019 et ne devrait atteindre 4 millions de barils par jour qu'en 2030. L'augmentation rapide de la production est encouragée tant par le gouvernement de la province que par celui du Canada. Les forts impacts environnementaux de l'exploitation de ce pétrole « sale » suscitent de nombreuses critiques, et son acheminement par oléoduc aux ports pétroliers du Texas ou de la Colombie-Britannique se heurte à des obstacles, ce qui entraîne une décote plus ou moins prononcée de ce pétrole sur les marchés. (fr)
- As areias betuminosas do Athabasca são um imenso depósito de areias e argila impregnadas de betume - uma forma semissólida de petróleo cru mais pesado e de menor valor comercial. Localizado no nordeste da província de Alberta, principalmente na região de Fort McMurray, é o segundo maior depósito de areias betuminosas do mundo, sendo superado somente pela , na Venezuela. A denominação do depósito refere-se ao Rio Athabasca, que cruza a região. O betume ali encontrado já era usado pelos povos nativos Cree e , para a impermeabilização de suas canoas. A exploração comercial das areias betuminosas no local começou em 1967, quando a empresa Great Canadian Oil Sands (subsidiária canadense da Sun Oil Company, dos Estados Unidos, hoje independente e renomeada Suncor Energy) construiu sua primeira mina. O volume calculado de petróleo contido nessas areias, mineradas por grandes escavadeiras, é da ordem de 1,7 trilhões de barris (270 bilhões de metros cúbicos). A presença dos hidrocarbonetos na área é explicada por migração através de falhas geológicas profundas que atingem o interior da terra (manto). Os hidrocarbonetos alojaram-se em reservatórios arenosos situados a baixa profundidade (ou mesmo semiexpostos), onde ocorreu intenso retrabalhamento por bactérias, em ambiente mais oxidante, o que tornou o petróleo original mais pesado e concentrado em metais como níquel, vanádio, cobalto, cromo, arsênio, cádmio, etc. (pt)
- Атабаска (англ. Athabasca) — месторождение битуминозных (нефтяных) песков в Канаде (провинция Альберта), которое содержит в себе сырую нефть, кварцевый песок, глинозём и воду. Открыто в 1778 году, освоение началось в 1967 году. Залежи находятся к северу и к северо-востоку от города Эдмонтон. Площадь месторождения — 25,6 тыс. км². Начальные запасы оцениваются в 20,6 млрд тонн. Из трёх месторождений в Альберте месторождение Атабаска самое большое; есть также месторождения в Пис-Ривер и Колд-Лейк. Общая площадь нефтеносных песков Альберты — 141 000 км². Месторождение разрабатывают различные компании, из них крупные Suncor Energy, Shell, Chevron, ConocoPhillips, , , и другие. Часть месторождения, содержащая примерно 10 %-18 % запасов, расположенная к северу от города Форт Мак-Муррей, может разрабатываться открытым (карьерным) способом — пески залегают на глубинах около 50-70 метров. Эта часть в начале 2010-х обеспечивала 55 % производства нефти с месторождения. При переработке битуминозных песков получают битум, нефть (9 млн тонн в 1988), серу, кокс, топливный газ. Битум из песков Атабаски имеет следующие свойства: плотность 0,97 г/см³, вязкость 3⋅10−3 м²/с (40 °C); содержание S — 3,80 %, N — 0,6 %, Fe — 0,044 %, V — 0,02 %, Ni — 0,006 %. Месторождение нефтеносных песков названо в честь реки Атабаска, которая течёт по его центру: следы тяжёлой нефти можно найти в устье этой реки. (ru)
- Нафтоно́сні піски́ Атаба́ски — великі родовища бітумінозних і нафтоносних пісків розташовані на півночі провінції Альберта в Канаді, які містять у собі сиру нафту, кварцовий пісок, глинозем і воду. З трьох родовищ в Альберті, родовище Атабаски найбільше; є також родовища в Піс-Ривер і . Загальна площа нафтоносних пісків Альберти оцінена в 141 000 км². Родовище нафтоносних пісків отримало назву від річки Атабаска, яка тече чи не прямо по його центру: сліди важкої нафти можна знайти просто в гирлі цієї річки. Уперше нафтоносні піски описано європейцями тут у 1788 році; їх поклади находяться на північ і на північний схід від міста Едмонтон, яке вирізняється як одним із двох найбільших центрів розселення українців у Канаді. Це також історична батьківщина індіанців племен крі і , які традиційно пересуваються річкою на каное. (uk)
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- نفط أثاباسكا الرملي هو نفط رملي موجود على شكل توضعات من الأسفلت (بيتومين) والنفط الثقيل في شمالي شرق مقاطعة ألبرتا الكندية، وخاصة في منطقة فورت ماكموراي. يتكون النفط الرملي من مزيج من النفط الأسفلتي الثقيل مع الرمل والغضار والماء، ويعد نفط أثاباسكا الرملي الأكبر من نوعه في العالم. وبذلك تكون كندا ثالث دولة في العالم من حيث الترتيب من حيث الاحتياطات النفطية المؤكدة بعد فنزويلا والسعودية. تبلغ الطاقة الإنتاجية من نفط أثاباسكا الرملي حوالي 1.3 مليون برميل يومياً؛ في حين أن المخزون الاحتياطي يصل إلى 133 ألف مليون برميل. (ar)
- Athabaské ropné písky (Ropné písky Athabasca, Athabasca Oil Sands, řidčeji Dehtové písky Athabasca nebo Kanadské ropné písky) jsou rozsáhlá ložiska nekonvenční ropy ve formě ropných živic (též dehtových písků), která se nacházejí v širším okolí města Fort McMurray kanadské provincie Alberta. Tyto ropné břidlice („ropné písky“) obsahují směs surových živic (napůl pevnou, napůl kapalnou formu surové ropy), křemenného písku, jílů a vody. Ložisko v Athabasca je největší ze tří ložisek: další se nazývají Cold Lake a Peace River, které má ještě několik dislokovaných ložisek v okolí. Dohromady zahrnují střídmě obydlené, tajgou a mokřady porostlé území, o rozloze okolo 141 000 km² s několika tisíci původních obyvatel, tzv. prvních národů (v podstatě indiánů). (cs)
- Die Athabasca-Ölsande sind eine Ölsandlagerstätte im Bezirk Wood Buffalo in der Provinz Alberta im Westen Kanadas. Namensgeber ist der Athabasca River, größte Stadt der Region ist Fort McMurray. Die Lagerstätte Athabasca ist die mit Abstand größte der drei Ölsandlagerstätten in Alberta. (de)
- The Athabasca oil sands, also known as the Athabasca tar sands, are large deposits of bitumen or extremely heavy crude oil that constitute unconventional resources, located in northeastern Alberta, Canada – roughly centred on the boomtown of Fort McMurray. These oil sands, hosted primarily in the McMurray Formation, consist of a mixture of crude bitumen (a semi-solid rock-like form of crude oil), silica sand, clay minerals, and water. The Athabasca deposit is the largest known reservoir of crude bitumen in the world and the largest of three major oil sands deposits in Alberta, along with the nearby Peace River and Cold Lake deposits (the latter stretching into Saskatchewan). (en)
- Las arenas de petróleo o de alquitrán de Athabasca (Athabasca Oil Sands en inglés; coloquialmente, Athabasca tar sands, aunque no hay Alquitrán, "tar" en ellas), también conocidas como arenas bituminosas de Athabasca, son un gran depósito de bitumen rico en crudo, situado en el norte de Alberta, Canadá -centrado aproximadamente alrededor de la de . Estas arenas bituminosas, ubicadas en la son una combinación de minerales arcillosos, arena de sílice, agua, y bitumen crudo (una forma semi-sólida de crudo). El depósito de Athabasca es el mayor depósito de bitumen crudo en el mundo y el mayor de los tres depósitos de arena petrolífera en Alberta, junto con los cercanos depósitos de río de la Paz y . Juntos, estos depósitos de arena de petróleo quedan bajo 141.000 km² de bosque boreal escasam (es)
- Les sables bitumineux de l'Athabasca sont d'importants gisements de bitume ou de pétrole brut lourd situés dans le nord-est de l'Alberta au Canada, couvrant 142 200 km2 de forêt boréale, de tourbières et de zones humides peu peuplées, soit environ 21 % du territoire de la province. Le gisement le plus important est celui de l'Athabasca, situé autour de Fort McMurray, où la couche de bitume est exploitable à ciel ouvert. Des gisements plus profonds se trouvent à Rivière-la-Paix et à Cold Lake. (fr)
- As areias betuminosas do Athabasca são um imenso depósito de areias e argila impregnadas de betume - uma forma semissólida de petróleo cru mais pesado e de menor valor comercial. Localizado no nordeste da província de Alberta, principalmente na região de Fort McMurray, é o segundo maior depósito de areias betuminosas do mundo, sendo superado somente pela , na Venezuela. A denominação do depósito refere-se ao Rio Athabasca, que cruza a região. O betume ali encontrado já era usado pelos povos nativos Cree e , para a impermeabilização de suas canoas. A exploração comercial das areias betuminosas no local começou em 1967, quando a empresa Great Canadian Oil Sands (subsidiária canadense da Sun Oil Company, dos Estados Unidos, hoje independente e renomeada Suncor Energy) construiu sua primeira m (pt)
- Атабаска (англ. Athabasca) — месторождение битуминозных (нефтяных) песков в Канаде (провинция Альберта), которое содержит в себе сырую нефть, кварцевый песок, глинозём и воду. Открыто в 1778 году, освоение началось в 1967 году. Залежи находятся к северу и к северо-востоку от города Эдмонтон. Площадь месторождения — 25,6 тыс. км². Начальные запасы оцениваются в 20,6 млрд тонн. Из трёх месторождений в Альберте месторождение Атабаска самое большое; есть также месторождения в Пис-Ривер и Колд-Лейк. Общая площадь нефтеносных песков Альберты — 141 000 км². (ru)
- Нафтоно́сні піски́ Атаба́ски — великі родовища бітумінозних і нафтоносних пісків розташовані на півночі провінції Альберта в Канаді, які містять у собі сиру нафту, кварцовий пісок, глинозем і воду. З трьох родовищ в Альберті, родовище Атабаски найбільше; є також родовища в Піс-Ривер і . Загальна площа нафтоносних пісків Альберти оцінена в 141 000 км². (uk)
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