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Bell System adalah suatu sistem perusahaan, yang dipimpin oleh dan kemudian dilanjutkan oleh AT&T. Perusahaan ini menyediakan layanan telepon ke sebagian besar wilayah di Kanada dan Amerika Serikat dari tahun 1877 hingga 1984, dengan sistem monopoli pada tahun yang bervariasi. Pada tanggal 31 Desember 1983, sistem ini dibagi menjadi perusahaan-perusahaan independen oleh . Setelah menerima paten untuk penemuan telepon pada 7 Maret 1876, Alexander Graham Bell membentuk Bell Telephone Company pada 1877, yang pada 1885 menjadi AT&T.

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dbo:abstract كان نظام بيل (بالإنجليزية: Bell System)‏ عبارة عن نظام لشركات الاتصالات بقيادة ‏ ولاحقًا من قبل شركة الهاتف والتلغراف الأمريكية (AT&T) والتي سيطرت على صناعة خدمات الهاتف في أمريكا الشمالية لأكثر من مائة عام منذ إنشائها في عام 1877 حتى تفكيكها بموجب قانون مكافحة الاحتكار في عام 1983 حيث احتكرا هذا النظام احتكارًا رأسيا لمنتجات وخدمات الاتصالات السلكية واللاسلكية في معظم مناطق الولايات المتحدة وكندا. في وقت ‏ في أوائل الثمانينيات كان يملك أصولا بقيمة 150 مليار دولار (ما يعادل 390 مليار دولار في عام 2021) ويعمل به أكثر من مليون شخص. منذ عقد العشرينيات من القرن الماضي كان المنظمون الأمريكيون لمكافحة الاحتكار يراقبون ويتهمون نظام بيل بإساءة استخدام سلطته الاحتكارية، ورفعوا عدة دعاوى قضائية على مدى عقود، حتى عام 1974 عندما رفعت ‏ بوزارة العدل الأمريكية دعوى قضائية ضد النظام متهمة إياه بانتهاك قانون شيرمان. في عام 1982 توقعت شركة AT&T خسارتها للقضية فوافقت على صلح برعاية وزارة العدل والتي حسمت الدعوى وأمرتها بتقسيم نفسها إلى سبع «شركات بيل إقليمية». أدى هذا إلى إنهاء وجود التكتل في عام 1984. وأصبحت الشركات الجديدة هذه شركات مستقلة والعديد منها اليوم شركات عملاقة مستقلة. (ar) The Bell System was a system of telecommunication companies, led by the Bell Telephone Company and later by the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T), that dominated the telephone services industry in North America for over one hundred years from its creation in 1877 until its antitrust breakup in 1983. The system of companies was often colloquially called Ma Bell (as in "Mother Bell"), as it held a vertical monopoly over telecommunication products and services in most areas of the United States and Canada. At the time of the breakup of the Bell System in the early 1980s, it had assets of 150billion(equivalentto150 billion (equivalent to 150billion(equivalentto390 billion in 2021) and employed over one million people. Ever since the 1910s, American antitrust regulators had been observing and accusing the Bell System of abusing its monopoly power, and had brought legal action multiple times over the decades, until in 1974 the Antitrust Division of the U.S. Department of Justice brought a lawsuit against Bell claiming violations of the Sherman Act. In 1982, anticipating that it could not win, AT&T agreed to a Justice Department-mandated consent decree that settled the lawsuit and ordered it to break itself up into seven "Regional Bell Operating Companies" (known as "The Baby Bells"). This ended the existence of the conglomerate in 1984. These Baby Bells became independent companies and several of them are today very large corporations in their own right. (en) Bell System adalah suatu sistem perusahaan, yang dipimpin oleh dan kemudian dilanjutkan oleh AT&T. Perusahaan ini menyediakan layanan telepon ke sebagian besar wilayah di Kanada dan Amerika Serikat dari tahun 1877 hingga 1984, dengan sistem monopoli pada tahun yang bervariasi. Pada tanggal 31 Desember 1983, sistem ini dibagi menjadi perusahaan-perusahaan independen oleh . Setelah menerima paten untuk penemuan telepon pada 7 Maret 1876, Alexander Graham Bell membentuk Bell Telephone Company pada 1877, yang pada 1885 menjadi AT&T. (in) 벨 시스템(Bell System)은 (Bell Telephone Company)와 AT&T가 이끄는 회사 시스템으로, 1877년부터 1984년까지 독점으로 여러 번 미국과 캐나다에 전화 서비스를 제공해왔었다. 1983년 12월 31일자로 이 시스템은 독과점과 관련하여 미국 법무부의 명령에 따라 독립 회사로 나뉘었다. 미국의 일반 대중은 자국의 대부분 지역에서 전화 서비스에 대해 거의 독점적인 영향력을 행사했으므로 구 대기업 용어가 포함된 '마 벨'(Ma Bell,"Mother Bell"과 같이)을 사용하여 종종 이 대기업의 모든 측면을 언급하는데 이 명칭을 사용했다. 많은 자회사 및 전화 회사를 지칭하기 위해 여전히 많은 사람들이 사용하고 있다. 마벨(Ma Bell)은 이제는 때때로 벨 시스템 녹음의 다양한 여성 목소리(Mary Moore, Jane Barbe 및 Pat Fleet, AT & T의 현재 음성)를 지칭하기 위해 사용되기도 한다. (ko) ベルシステム(英語: Bell System)またはベル系(ベルけい)とは、AT&T(およびその前身のベル電話会社)が北米の電話サービス業界を支配していた企業構造のことであり、1877年に設立されてから1980年代初頭に反トラスト法により解体されるまでの約100年間、その状態が継続していた。このシステムが、アメリカ合衆国とカナダのほとんどの地域で、電気通信用の製品からサービスまでを垂直的に独占していたため、俗にMa Bell(マーベル、Mother Bellの略)と呼ばれていた。1980年代初頭のベルシステム解体時には、1500億ドル(2019年の価値換算で3700億ドル相当)の資産を持ち、100万人以上の従業員を抱えていた。 1910年代から、アメリカの反トラスト規制当局は、ベルシステムが独占力を乱用していることを監視し、非難しており、数十年の間に何度も法的措置をとっていた。1974年にアメリカ合衆国司法省の反トラスト部門がシャーマン法違反でAT&Tに対する訴訟を起こした。1982年、AT&Tは勝訴の見込みがないことを見越して、司法省が命じたに同意した。これは、AT&Tの地域通信部門を7つの地域ベル電話会社(通称「ベビーベル」)に分割することを命じるものだった。1984年1月1日に分割が実行され、巨大通信コングロマリットは消滅した。ベビーベル各社は、長距離通信部門のみとなったAT&Tとは独立した企業となり、そのうちのいくつかは現在では非常に大きな企業となっている。2005年、ベビーベルの1社であるSBCコミュニケーションズ(旧サウスウェスタン・ベル)は、AT&Tを買収してAT&T Inc.に改称した。 (ja) Bell System, ursprungligen American Bell Telephone Company och senare AT&T, ett samlingsnamn för telefonverksamhet i USA, men också ett samlingsbegrepp för företagsgruppen AT&T, Bell Labs, Western Electric och Bell-bolagen. Bell System, där AT&T var moderbolag, var den helt dominerande teleoperatören i Nordamerika fram till 1984 då den tvingades att delas upp i enskilda, oberoende bolag. (sv) 贝尔系统(英語:Bell System)是一个先由贝尔电话公司而后由美国电报电话公司所领导的公司系统。该系统于1877年创建并在1980年代初期消亡;在其存在的百余年历史里,贝尔系统一直是北美地区电信服务行业领域里的主导者。贝尔系统常常被俗称为“贝尔老妈(Ma Bell)”,因为它在美国及加拿大的大部分地区几乎垄断了电信服务。当贝尔系统在1980年代初期解体的时候,拥有1,500亿美元(相当于2019年的3,700亿美元)的公司资产,以及超过100万名的公司雇员。 早在1970年代初期,美国的反垄断监管机构就怀疑贝尔系统滥用其垄断权。1974年,美国司法部以贝尔系统违反《1890年谢尔曼反垄断法》为由发起对其的诉讼。1982年,自觉难以胜诉的贝尔系统与美国司法部达成妥协,同意其的内容以解决这起诉讼。美国司法部下令将贝尔系统拆分成七家“”;这些公司被俗称为“贝尔宝宝(Baby Bells)”,都于1984年成立。随着贝尔宝宝们的纷纷成立,贝尔系统正式宣布结业。这些贝尔宝宝都是独立公司,其中不乏大型公司,例如:美国电报电话公司、威讯通讯和世纪互联。 (zh)
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dbp:name Bell System (en)
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rdfs:comment Bell System adalah suatu sistem perusahaan, yang dipimpin oleh dan kemudian dilanjutkan oleh AT&T. Perusahaan ini menyediakan layanan telepon ke sebagian besar wilayah di Kanada dan Amerika Serikat dari tahun 1877 hingga 1984, dengan sistem monopoli pada tahun yang bervariasi. Pada tanggal 31 Desember 1983, sistem ini dibagi menjadi perusahaan-perusahaan independen oleh . Setelah menerima paten untuk penemuan telepon pada 7 Maret 1876, Alexander Graham Bell membentuk Bell Telephone Company pada 1877, yang pada 1885 menjadi AT&T. (in) 벨 시스템(Bell System)은 (Bell Telephone Company)와 AT&T가 이끄는 회사 시스템으로, 1877년부터 1984년까지 독점으로 여러 번 미국과 캐나다에 전화 서비스를 제공해왔었다. 1983년 12월 31일자로 이 시스템은 독과점과 관련하여 미국 법무부의 명령에 따라 독립 회사로 나뉘었다. 미국의 일반 대중은 자국의 대부분 지역에서 전화 서비스에 대해 거의 독점적인 영향력을 행사했으므로 구 대기업 용어가 포함된 '마 벨'(Ma Bell,"Mother Bell"과 같이)을 사용하여 종종 이 대기업의 모든 측면을 언급하는데 이 명칭을 사용했다. 많은 자회사 및 전화 회사를 지칭하기 위해 여전히 많은 사람들이 사용하고 있다. 마벨(Ma Bell)은 이제는 때때로 벨 시스템 녹음의 다양한 여성 목소리(Mary Moore, Jane Barbe 및 Pat Fleet, AT & T의 현재 음성)를 지칭하기 위해 사용되기도 한다. (ko) Bell System, ursprungligen American Bell Telephone Company och senare AT&T, ett samlingsnamn för telefonverksamhet i USA, men också ett samlingsbegrepp för företagsgruppen AT&T, Bell Labs, Western Electric och Bell-bolagen. Bell System, där AT&T var moderbolag, var den helt dominerande teleoperatören i Nordamerika fram till 1984 då den tvingades att delas upp i enskilda, oberoende bolag. (sv) 贝尔系统(英語:Bell System)是一个先由贝尔电话公司而后由美国电报电话公司所领导的公司系统。该系统于1877年创建并在1980年代初期消亡;在其存在的百余年历史里,贝尔系统一直是北美地区电信服务行业领域里的主导者。贝尔系统常常被俗称为“贝尔老妈(Ma Bell)”,因为它在美国及加拿大的大部分地区几乎垄断了电信服务。当贝尔系统在1980年代初期解体的时候,拥有1,500亿美元(相当于2019年的3,700亿美元)的公司资产,以及超过100万名的公司雇员。 早在1970年代初期,美国的反垄断监管机构就怀疑贝尔系统滥用其垄断权。1974年,美国司法部以贝尔系统违反《1890年谢尔曼反垄断法》为由发起对其的诉讼。1982年,自觉难以胜诉的贝尔系统与美国司法部达成妥协,同意其的内容以解决这起诉讼。美国司法部下令将贝尔系统拆分成七家“”;这些公司被俗称为“贝尔宝宝(Baby Bells)”,都于1984年成立。随着贝尔宝宝们的纷纷成立,贝尔系统正式宣布结业。这些贝尔宝宝都是独立公司,其中不乏大型公司,例如:美国电报电话公司、威讯通讯和世纪互联。 (zh) كان نظام بيل (بالإنجليزية: Bell System)‏ عبارة عن نظام لشركات الاتصالات بقيادة ‏ ولاحقًا من قبل شركة الهاتف والتلغراف الأمريكية (AT&T) والتي سيطرت على صناعة خدمات الهاتف في أمريكا الشمالية لأكثر من مائة عام منذ إنشائها في عام 1877 حتى تفكيكها بموجب قانون مكافحة الاحتكار في عام 1983 حيث احتكرا هذا النظام احتكارًا رأسيا لمنتجات وخدمات الاتصالات السلكية واللاسلكية في معظم مناطق الولايات المتحدة وكندا. في وقت ‏ في أوائل الثمانينيات كان يملك أصولا بقيمة 150 مليار دولار (ما يعادل 390 مليار دولار في عام 2021) ويعمل به أكثر من مليون شخص. (ar) The Bell System was a system of telecommunication companies, led by the Bell Telephone Company and later by the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T), that dominated the telephone services industry in North America for over one hundred years from its creation in 1877 until its antitrust breakup in 1983. The system of companies was often colloquially called Ma Bell (as in "Mother Bell"), as it held a vertical monopoly over telecommunication products and services in most areas of the United States and Canada. At the time of the breakup of the Bell System in the early 1980s, it had assets of 150billion(equivalentto150 billion (equivalent to 150billion(equivalentto390 billion in 2021) and employed over one million people. (en) ベルシステム(英語: Bell System)またはベル系(ベルけい)とは、AT&T(およびその前身のベル電話会社)が北米の電話サービス業界を支配していた企業構造のことであり、1877年に設立されてから1980年代初頭に反トラスト法により解体されるまでの約100年間、その状態が継続していた。このシステムが、アメリカ合衆国とカナダのほとんどの地域で、電気通信用の製品からサービスまでを垂直的に独占していたため、俗にMa Bell(マーベル、Mother Bellの略)と呼ばれていた。1980年代初頭のベルシステム解体時には、1500億ドル(2019年の価値換算で3700億ドル相当)の資産を持ち、100万人以上の従業員を抱えていた。 (ja)
rdfs:label Bell System (en) نظام بيل (ar) Bell System (in) ベルシステム (ja) 벨 시스템 (ko) Bell System (sv) 贝尔系统 (zh)
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