Benandanti (original) (raw)
ベナンダンティ（伊: Benandanti、「善き歩行者」という意味）とは、16世紀から17世紀における、イタリアの北東部フリウーリ地方の農民たちの幻視伝統にかかわった人々のことである。 ベナンダンティは、寝ている間に自身の体から抜け出し、次の季節によい作物が実るのを保証するために邪悪な魔女と戦おうとするのだ、とされた。1575年から1675年の間、近世の魔女裁判の真っただ中に、ベナンダンティのメンバーは異端や魔女としてローマの異端審問において告発された。彼らの信仰は悪魔崇拝と同一視された。
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| dbo:abstract | The benandanti ("Good Walkers") were members of an agrarian visionary tradition in the Friuli district of Northeastern Italy during the 16th and 17th centuries. The benandanti claimed to travel out of their bodies while asleep to struggle against malevolent witches (malandanti) in order to ensure good crops for the season to come. Between 1575 and 1675, in the midst of the Early Modern witch trials, a number of benandanti were accused of being heretics or witches under the Roman Inquisition. According to Early Modern records, benandanti were believed to have been born with a caul on their head, which gave them the ability to take part in nocturnal visionary traditions that occurred on specific Thursdays during the year. During these visions, it was believed that their spirits rode upon various animals into the sky and off to places in the countryside. Here they would take part in various games and other activities with other benandanti, and battle malevolent witches who threatened both their crops and their communities using sticks of sorghum. When not taking part in these visionary journeys, benandanti were also believed to have magical powers that could be used for healing. In 1575, the benandanti first came to the attention of the Friulian Church authorities when a village priest, Don Bartolomeo Sgabarizza, began investigating the claims made by the benandante Paolo Gasparotto. Although Sgabarizza soon abandoned his investigations, in 1580 the case was reopened by the inquisitor Fra' Felice de Montefalco, who interrogated not only Gasparotto but also a variety of other local benandanti and spirit mediums, ultimately condemning some of them for the crime of heresy. Under pressure by the Inquisition, these nocturnal spirit travels (which often included sleep paralysis) were assimilated to the diabolised stereotype of the witches' Sabbath, leading to the extinction of the benandanti cult. The Inquisition's denunciation of the visionary tradition led to the term "benandante" becoming synonymous with the term "stregha" (meaning "witch") in Friulian folklore right through to the 20th century. The first historian to study the benandanti tradition was the Italian Carlo Ginzburg, who began an examination of the surviving trial records from the period in the early 1960s, culminating in the publication of his book The Night Battles: Witchcraft and Agrarian Cults in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries (1966, English translation 1983). In Ginzburg's interpretation of the evidence, the benandanti was a "fertility cult" whose members were "defenders of harvests and the fertility of fields". He furthermore argued that it was only one surviving part of a much wider European tradition of visionary experiences that had its origins in the pre-Christian period, identifying similarities with Livonian werewolf beliefs. Various historians have alternately built on or challenged aspects of Ginzburg's interpretation. (en) Benandantiak, italieraz "ibiltari onak", XVI. eta XVII. mendeen artean Friuliko lurraldean zehar zabaldutako kultu Kristau landatar baten partaideak ziren. Haien oinarria lurraren emankortasuna bermatzea zen. Benandantien oinarrizko helburua zorginen gaiztakerien aurka egitea zen, maiz Malandanti izena jasotzen zutenak. Honekin, Benandanti goitizenak beste zentzu bat hartzen zuen: "Ona egiten dutenak". Benandantien tradizioak lehenengo aldiz eta sakonen aztertu zituen historialariak izan zen. Italiar historialariak geratzen ziren garaiko erregistroak ikertu zituen 1960ko hamarkadaren hasieran, "Gaueko guduak: sorginkeria eta nekazari-kultuak XVI. eta XVII. mendetan" liburuan aurrerago argitaratu zituenak. Ginzburgek egindako interpretapenaren ustez, Benandantiek "lurraren emankortasunarekiko kultua" jarraitzen zuten eta "uzten zein nekazal eremuaren emankortasunaren defendatzaile" gisa identifikatzen zuten bere burua. Are gehiago, haren ustez kultu honek osatzen zuen talde txiki bat soilik, europar tradizio aurrekristauan oinarritutako sinesmen talde handiagoaren barne, garaiarako nagusiki galduta. Antzekotasunak aurkitu zituen garai berean Livonian garatu zen gizotsoen sinesmenean. (eu) Los benandanti (en italiano "los buenos caminantes"), eran miembros de un culto cristiano campesino basado en la fertilidad de la tierra difundido en la región italiana del Friuli entre los siglos XVI y XVII. El objetivo fundamental de los benandanti (etimológicamente 'los que hacen el bien') era combatir a los brujos y a las brujas (a veces denominados malandanti) para impedir que hicieran el mal. Un benandante declaró en un juicio que él iba «a favor de Cristo», mientras que los brujos y las brujas iban «a favor del diablo». El primer historiador que estudió la tradición benandanti fue el italiano Carlo Ginzburg, quien comenzó un examen de los registros de prueba sobrevivientes del período de principios de la década de 1960, que culminó con la publicación de su libro Las batallas nocturnas: brujería y cultos agrarios en los siglos XVI y XVII (1966, traducción inglesa 1983). En la interpretación de Ginzburg de la evidencia, el benandante era un "culto a la fertilidad" cuyos miembros eran "defensores de las cosechas y de la fertilidad de los campos". Además, argumentó que era solo una parte sobreviviente de una tradición europea mucho más amplia de experiencias visionarias que tuvo sus orígenes en el período precristiano, identificando similitudes con las creencias del hombre lobo de Livonia. (es) Un benandante (celui qui va pour le bien) était un membre d'un culte agraire de la fertilité, dans la région du Frioul en Italie du Nord, pendant la Renaissance. Entre 1575 et 1675, les Benandanti furent accusés d'hérésie par l'Inquisition romaine. Les Benandanti affirmaient voyager en esprit pendant leur sommeil afin de lutter contre les mauvais sorciers dans le but de protéger les récoltes de la saison à venir. Selon l'historien Carlo Ginzburg, il se fit « sous la pression inconsciente des inquisiteurs, une transformation lente et progressive des croyances populaires qui finalement se cristallisèrent d'elles-mêmes dans le modèle préexistant du sabbat diabolique ». Cette transformation entraîna l'extinction du culte des Benandanti. (fr) ベナンダンティ（伊: Benandanti、「善き歩行者」という意味）とは、16世紀から17世紀における、イタリアの北東部フリウーリ地方の農民たちの幻視伝統にかかわった人々のことである。 ベナンダンティは、寝ている間に自身の体から抜け出し、次の季節によい作物が実るのを保証するために邪悪な魔女と戦おうとするのだ、とされた。1575年から1675年の間、近世の魔女裁判の真っただ中に、ベナンダンティのメンバーは異端や魔女としてローマの異端審問において告発された。彼らの信仰は悪魔崇拝と同一視された。 (ja) Secondo Carlo Ginzburg, i benandanti (alla lettera significante "buoni camminatori") furono gli appartenenti ad un culto pagano-sciamanico contadino basato sulla fertilità della terra diffuso in Friuli, intorno al XVI-XVII secolo. Si trattava di piccole congreghe che si adoperavano per la protezione dei villaggi e del raccolto dei campi dall'intervento malefico delle streghe. Quello dei benandanti era un culto agrario che discendeva da antiche tradizioni pagane contadine diffuse in tutto il Centro-Nord Europa, sia presso popolazioni germaniche (si veda, in particolare, la figura mitica della Frau Holle), slave (vedi, in particolare i , come erano chiamati in area dalmatico-illirica i "combattenti in spirito") o ungheresi (vedi in particolare i Táltos sciamanici), e che arrivò nelle regioni nord-orientali dell'Italia, in Friuli estendendosi fino a Vicenza, Verona, Istria e Dalmazia. (it) Os benandanti (vocabulário italiano), traduzido como “andarilhos do bem”, eram um grupo de feiticeiros praticantes de um culto de fertilidade ao longo dos séculos XVI a XVIII. Atuantes em Friul, muitos viviam em Brazzano, Iassico, Cormons, Gouzia e Cividale. Ganharam notoriedade pela primeira vez na inquisição de Aquilea, parte da inquisição romana com jurisdição no território em 1575. O culto realizado por esses homens foi genuinamente popular e, com o passar dos anos e sob pressão dos inquisidores, se transformou e assumiu lineamentos da feitiçaria tradicional. Por conta dessa defasagem - imagem proposta pelos juízes e pelos acusados, que ocorreram ao longo de épocas; a partir da conclusão de cultos verdadeiramente populares, os processos desse grupo resultaram em um testemunho para a recuperação do pensamento camponês desses séculos. Ao longo da consolidação dos benandanti em feiticeiros, suas reuniões noturnas transformaram-se no que foi denominado sabá diabólico, “com a sua sequela de tempestades e destruições”. (pt) Benandanti (i ental benandante; av bene 'väl' och andante 'gående' (av andare 'gå')) var en ritualistisk sekt i Italien som var föremål för många förföljelser från inkvisitionen i Norditalien under 1600-talet, då dess medlemmar anklagades för såväl kätteri som häxeri. Sektens centrum låg i norra Italien, särskilt i trakterna kring distriktet Friuli. Inkvisitionen hörde för första gången talas om sällskapet år 1575, då en man, Paolo Gasparutto, ställdes inför rätta anklagad för kätteri. Förhöret med Gasparutto beskriver Benandanti för första gången. (sv) |
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| rdfs:comment | ベナンダンティ（伊: Benandanti、「善き歩行者」という意味）とは、16世紀から17世紀における、イタリアの北東部フリウーリ地方の農民たちの幻視伝統にかかわった人々のことである。 ベナンダンティは、寝ている間に自身の体から抜け出し、次の季節によい作物が実るのを保証するために邪悪な魔女と戦おうとするのだ、とされた。1575年から1675年の間、近世の魔女裁判の真っただ中に、ベナンダンティのメンバーは異端や魔女としてローマの異端審問において告発された。彼らの信仰は悪魔崇拝と同一視された。 (ja) Benandanti (i ental benandante; av bene 'väl' och andante 'gående' (av andare 'gå')) var en ritualistisk sekt i Italien som var föremål för många förföljelser från inkvisitionen i Norditalien under 1600-talet, då dess medlemmar anklagades för såväl kätteri som häxeri. Sektens centrum låg i norra Italien, särskilt i trakterna kring distriktet Friuli. Inkvisitionen hörde för första gången talas om sällskapet år 1575, då en man, Paolo Gasparutto, ställdes inför rätta anklagad för kätteri. Förhöret med Gasparutto beskriver Benandanti för första gången. (sv) The benandanti ("Good Walkers") were members of an agrarian visionary tradition in the Friuli district of Northeastern Italy during the 16th and 17th centuries. The benandanti claimed to travel out of their bodies while asleep to struggle against malevolent witches (malandanti) in order to ensure good crops for the season to come. Between 1575 and 1675, in the midst of the Early Modern witch trials, a number of benandanti were accused of being heretics or witches under the Roman Inquisition. (en) Los benandanti (en italiano "los buenos caminantes"), eran miembros de un culto cristiano campesino basado en la fertilidad de la tierra difundido en la región italiana del Friuli entre los siglos XVI y XVII. El objetivo fundamental de los benandanti (etimológicamente 'los que hacen el bien') era combatir a los brujos y a las brujas (a veces denominados malandanti) para impedir que hicieran el mal. Un benandante declaró en un juicio que él iba «a favor de Cristo», mientras que los brujos y las brujas iban «a favor del diablo». (es) Benandantiak, italieraz "ibiltari onak", XVI. eta XVII. mendeen artean Friuliko lurraldean zehar zabaldutako kultu Kristau landatar baten partaideak ziren. Haien oinarria lurraren emankortasuna bermatzea zen. Benandantien oinarrizko helburua zorginen gaiztakerien aurka egitea zen, maiz Malandanti izena jasotzen zutenak. Honekin, Benandanti goitizenak beste zentzu bat hartzen zuen: "Ona egiten dutenak". (eu) Un benandante (celui qui va pour le bien) était un membre d'un culte agraire de la fertilité, dans la région du Frioul en Italie du Nord, pendant la Renaissance. Entre 1575 et 1675, les Benandanti furent accusés d'hérésie par l'Inquisition romaine. Les Benandanti affirmaient voyager en esprit pendant leur sommeil afin de lutter contre les mauvais sorciers dans le but de protéger les récoltes de la saison à venir. (fr) Secondo Carlo Ginzburg, i benandanti (alla lettera significante "buoni camminatori") furono gli appartenenti ad un culto pagano-sciamanico contadino basato sulla fertilità della terra diffuso in Friuli, intorno al XVI-XVII secolo. (it) Os benandanti (vocabulário italiano), traduzido como “andarilhos do bem”, eram um grupo de feiticeiros praticantes de um culto de fertilidade ao longo dos séculos XVI a XVIII. Atuantes em Friul, muitos viviam em Brazzano, Iassico, Cormons, Gouzia e Cividale. Ganharam notoriedade pela primeira vez na inquisição de Aquilea, parte da inquisição romana com jurisdição no território em 1575. Ao longo da consolidação dos benandanti em feiticeiros, suas reuniões noturnas transformaram-se no que foi denominado sabá diabólico, “com a sua sequela de tempestades e destruições”. (pt) |
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