Boulton Paul Defiant (original) (raw)
El Boulton Paul Defiant (Desafiador en anglès) era un avió interceptor anglès que va servir en la Royal Air Force (RAF), en el temps de la Segona Guerra Mundial, i es distingia dels altres avions de caça per l'estructura peculiar del seu armament, amb la seva torreta de quatre metralladores. Això, que en principi havia de fer-lo més efectiu, a la fi va actuar en contra seu. El Defiant en la pràctica es va demostrar més vulnerable als caces de la Luftwaffe com el Messerschmitt Bf 109, que eren més àgils i que ràpidament el van aprendre a atacar des del davant, o per sota, a on el seu armament era inoperant.
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| dbo:abstract | El Boulton Paul Defiant (Desafiador en anglès) era un avió interceptor anglès que va servir en la Royal Air Force (RAF), en el temps de la Segona Guerra Mundial, i es distingia dels altres avions de caça per l'estructura peculiar del seu armament, amb la seva torreta de quatre metralladores. Això, que en principi havia de fer-lo més efectiu, a la fi va actuar en contra seu. El Defiant en la pràctica es va demostrar més vulnerable als caces de la Luftwaffe com el Messerschmitt Bf 109, que eren més àgils i que ràpidament el van aprendre a atacar des del davant, o per sota, a on el seu armament era inoperant. (ca) Boulton Paul Defiant byl britský dvoumístný jednomotorový celokovový stíhací letoun, nasazený na počátku druhé světové války (květen 1940–1942) do bojů proti Luftwaffe. Šlo o poslední bojově nasazený věžový stíhací letoun v britském letectvu. (cs) Die Boulton Paul Defiant war ein zweisitziges Jagdflugzeug der Royal Air Force, das ab 1937 von der britischen Flugzeugbaugesellschaft Boulton Paul Aircraft Ltd gebaut wurde. Der Tiefdecker kam anfangs des Zweiten Weltkrieges in Frankreich und der Luftschlacht um England zum Einsatz. (de) The Boulton Paul Defiant is a British interceptor aircraft that served with the Royal Air Force (RAF) during World War II. The Defiant was designed and built by Boulton Paul Aircraft as a "turret fighter", without any fixed forward-firing guns, also found in the Blackburn Roc of the Royal Navy. In combat, the Defiant was found to be effective at destroying bombers, the role it was designed for, but was vulnerable to the Luftwaffe's more manoeuvrable, single-seat Messerschmitt Bf 109 fighters. The Defiant had been designed to destroy unescorted bombers by means of beam or ventral attacks and therefore lacked forward-firing armament, that proved to be a great weakness in daylight combat with fighters. It did, however, find success when it was converted to a night fighter. It eventually equipped thirteen squadrons in this role, compared to just two squadrons as a day-fighter, though this was mainly due to slow initial production. In mid-1942 it was replaced by better performing night-fighters, the Bristol Beaufighter and de Havilland Mosquito. The Defiant continued to find use in gunnery training, target towing, electronic countermeasures and air-sea rescue. Among RAF pilots it had the nickname "Daffy". (en) El Boulton Paul P.82 Defiant (‘desafiante’ en inglés) fue un avión usado por la Royal Air Force en la Segunda Guerra Mundial, era un avión de caza basado en una nueva concepción táctica, que proponía cazas con una torreta de mando asistido artillada con múltiples ametralladoras. (es) Le Boulton Paul Defiant était un avion militaire britannique construit par Boulton Paul Aircraft Ltd dans son usine de Wolverhampton. Il a servi comme chasseur lourd et chasseur nocturne dans la Royal Air Force au début de la Seconde Guerre mondiale. (fr) 볼튼 폴 디파이언트는 제 2차 세계대전 당시의 영국 공군 전투기이다. 폭격기 요격용으로 개발된 점이 있기에, 요격기로도 볼 수 있다. 이 기종은 호커 허리케인, 슈퍼마린 스핏파이어보다 먼저 나왔으면서도 동일한 엔진을 가주고 있으며, 특이하게도 전방에 고정기총 없이 후방에 포탑이 달린 전투기라는 것이다. 그러나, 이 점은 훗날 치명적인 단점이 되는데 그이유는 바로 전방 공격 무기가 없다는 점이다. 거기에 회전포탑도 프로펠러 등의 문제로 인해 전방을 공격할 수 없다. 또한 최고속도가 481km/h이 되는데 그치는데, 이것은 상대였던 Bf 109 E형에도 못미치는 것이다. 다만 야간 요격전이나 폭격기 후방사수 훈련기로서는 쓸만했다고 한다. (ko) ボールトンポール デファイアント (Boulton Paul Defiant) は第二次世界大戦前にイギリスで開発された、ボールトンポール社製の単発レシプロ複座戦闘機である。前方固定機銃を一切持たず、武装は機体上部の多連装旋回銃塔のみという異色の戦闘機として知られる。デファイアントとは「挑戦的な」などの意味。初飛行は1937年8月11日。総生産数は1065機。 (ja) Il Boulton Paul P.82 Defiant (in lingua inglese Ardito) era un caccia monomotore biposto ad ala bassa prodotto dall'azienda britannica Boulton Paul Aircraft Ltd. tra la fine degli anni trenta e l'inizio degli anni quaranta e che venne impiegato principalmente dalla Royal Air Force durante la seconda guerra mondiale. Di aspetto simile allo Hawker Hurricane, fu il primo tentativo da parte della RAF di mettere in linea un caccia pesante. Era un ibrido, progettato e realizzato seguendo una concezione tattica radicalmente diversa da quella tradizionale: un caccia biposto monomotore con tutto l'armamento offensivo (4 mitragliatrici Browning M1919) concentrato in una torretta dorsale. Considerato in genere un insuccesso, in realtà la macchina era perfettamente adeguata alla specifica, che tuttavia designava un ruolo troppo specializzato, da cui le esigenze di impiego spesso lo allontanarono. In teoria, avrebbe dovuto ingaggiare gli aerei nemici come una nave da guerra combatte in mare, scaricando i suoi calibri mentre naviga parallelamente alla formazione nemica. In servizio dal maggio 1940, inizialmente registrò qualche successo, ma ben presto si rivelò una macchina del tutto inadatta al combattimento puro, sia per carenza di prestazioni, sia per l'impossibilità di attaccare e difendersi adeguatamente.Contro i caccia della Luftwaffe si rivelò così inefficace e subì perdite così alte che - dopo pochi mesi - fu ritirato dal servizio.Fu relegato al ruolo meno impegnativo di caccia notturno e - in seguito - di traino di bersagli. Ne furono prodotti 1.064 esemplari. (it) De Boulton Paul Defiant was een jachtvliegtuig van de Britse vliegtuigfabriek . Alle vuurkracht was in een koepel aan de achterzijde van het toestel geconcentreerd. Het eenmotorige toestel werd eind 1939, kort na het begin van de Tweede Wereldoorlog, operationeel. Het toestel werd aangedreven door dezelfde motor als de Hawker Hurricane en de Supermarine Spitfire. De eerste gevechtsmissie van de Defiant was op 12 mei 1940. Boven Nederland werd een Junkers Ju 88 neergeschoten. De volgende dag claimden de Defiants overwinningen op vier Stuka's. Diezelfde dag werden de Defiants aangevallen door Messerschmitt Bf 109s. De Spitfires die de Defiants tijdens die vlucht escorteerden konden niet verhinderen dat vijf van de zes Defiants werden neergeschoten. De Defiant werd aanvankelijk met succes ingezet als dagjager boven Duinkerke. Duitse piloten werden verrast door het het achterwaarts vurend geschut. Het duurde echter niet lang totdat de Duitse jagers begrepen dat het toestel erg kwetsbaar was wanneer het frontaal werd aangevallen. De Defiant werd later in de oorlog ingezet als nachtjager om Duitse bommenwerpers te bestrijden. Toen in 1942 nieuwere en beter uitgeruste nachtjagers, zoals de Bristol Beaufighter, in dienst werden genomen kwam er een einde aan de loopbaan van de Defiant. Een aantal toestellen werd omgebouwd tot reddingsvliegtuig of ingezet voor het slepen van schietschijven. Het aantal gebouwde Defiants bedroeg ongeveer 1060. (nl) Boulton Paul Defiant – brytyjski samolot myśliwski (przeznaczony również do działań nocnych) opracowany w 1937 roku przez wytwórnię w Norwich i produkowany w zakładach w Wolverhampton. (pl) O Boulton Paul Defiant foi uma aeronave britânica que serviu na Real Força Aérea (RAF) durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial. O Defiant foi desenhado e construído pela como um , um conceito aeronáutico britânico no qual uma aeronave era equipada com um dispositivo giratório armado com canhões ar-ar, não tendo qualquer canhão a apontar para a frente do avião, um conceito implementado também no . (pt) Boulton Paul Defiant var ett tvåsitsigt brittiskt tungt jaktflygplan som byggdes av Boulton Paul Aircraft Ltd. Flygplanet kallades informellt "Daffy" av sina piloter. Under 1930-talet utvecklades en entusiasm för jaktplan med kulsprutetorn varvid de fasta framåtriktade kulsprutorna ersattes med ett vridbart torn med flera vapen. De två främsta argumenten för konstruktionen var: * att den minskade pilotens arbetsbelastning och * den åstadkom ett avsevärt större skjutfält. Det brittiska svaret på idén var Defiant, som tillfördes förband i december 1939. När planet i maj 1940 hamnade i luftstrid under Slaget om Storbritannien var flygplanstypen till att börja med förhållandevis framgångsrik som ett resultat av nyheten. Tyska piloter lärde sig snart hur de skulle utnyttja sin större snabbhet och lättrörlighet och anföll Defiant framifrån och underifrån dit planets kulsprutor inte kunde riktas. Defiant flyttades därför till nattjaktuppdrag och senare degraderades den till målbogserare. Sammanlagt tillverkades 1 073 Defiant. (sv) «Болтон Пол Дефайент» (англ. Boulton Paul Defiant) — британський двомісний винищувач-перехоплювач розробки компанії , що перебував на озброєнні Королівських ВПС Великої Британії за часів Другої світової війни. Особливістю конструкції літака було те, що все авіаційне озброєння — 4 × 7,69-мм кулеметів — були зосереджені в обертовій турелі, розміщеної за кабіною пілота. В ході бойових дій було виявлено, що «Дефайент» є досить ефективним у переслідуванні та знищенні бомбардувальників, але він був уразливий для більш маневрених одномісних винищувачів Люфтваффе Bf 109. Відсутність озброєння, спрямованого вперед, виявилася значною слабкістю в денному бою, і потенціал літака був реалізований лише після переведення його на ведення бойових дій вночі. Поступово «Дефайент» був замінений у ролі нічного винищувача більш сучасними та ефективнішими Bristol Beaufighter і de Havilland Mosquito. У подальшому літак використовувався як навчальний та буксирувальник мішеней, постановці радіоелектронних завад та для порятунку на морі. Серед пілотів Королівських ПС мав прізвисько «Даффі». (uk) 无畏式战斗机（英語：Defiant）是英国皇家空军於二战初期使用的一種战斗机。该机由设计制造，英国飞行员替它取了“Daffy”的外号（愚笨、瘋癲之意）。 无畏战斗机在不列颠之战曾有不俗表现。基於航空科技在二、三十年代发展迅速，当时英国皇家空军認為，多引擎和多炮塔設計的重型轰炸机的速度火力可以超過战斗机，並独自闯入敌方领空進行轰炸，如維克斯公司的威靈頓轟炸機，但又擔心其潜在最大对手德国空军，也運用此一戰術，因此想出在战斗机上安装“动力炮塔”以為反制。无畏战斗机因此產生。布莱克本公司的大鹏式舰载战斗机亦是。 設計上，該機以其背上动力炮塔的四挺7.62毫米机抢，从下方或侧方攻击並摧毁敵人轰炸机，不似從前必須先冒着對方強大火力，将机头对准敌机飛行。這理論其實來自一战中的。 但实战證明，背着笨重炮塔的无畏戰鬥機根本无法和德國灵活的Bf 109戰鬥機对抗。德國人很快熟悉了英國皇家空軍的战术，且視之為輕易的猎物。英国因此轉用对付夜间来袭的德国轰炸机，而它也表現不錯，直到被火力更强速度更快的新戰機取代。如布里斯托尔的式和德哈维兰的蚊式。 (zh) Болтон Пол Дифайэнт (англ. Boulton Paul Defiant) — британский двухместный истребитель периода Второй мировой войны. (ru) |
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| rdfs:comment | El Boulton Paul Defiant (Desafiador en anglès) era un avió interceptor anglès que va servir en la Royal Air Force (RAF), en el temps de la Segona Guerra Mundial, i es distingia dels altres avions de caça per l'estructura peculiar del seu armament, amb la seva torreta de quatre metralladores. Això, que en principi havia de fer-lo més efectiu, a la fi va actuar en contra seu. El Defiant en la pràctica es va demostrar més vulnerable als caces de la Luftwaffe com el Messerschmitt Bf 109, que eren més àgils i que ràpidament el van aprendre a atacar des del davant, o per sota, a on el seu armament era inoperant. (ca) Boulton Paul Defiant byl britský dvoumístný jednomotorový celokovový stíhací letoun, nasazený na počátku druhé světové války (květen 1940–1942) do bojů proti Luftwaffe. Šlo o poslední bojově nasazený věžový stíhací letoun v britském letectvu. (cs) Die Boulton Paul Defiant war ein zweisitziges Jagdflugzeug der Royal Air Force, das ab 1937 von der britischen Flugzeugbaugesellschaft Boulton Paul Aircraft Ltd gebaut wurde. Der Tiefdecker kam anfangs des Zweiten Weltkrieges in Frankreich und der Luftschlacht um England zum Einsatz. (de) El Boulton Paul P.82 Defiant (‘desafiante’ en inglés) fue un avión usado por la Royal Air Force en la Segunda Guerra Mundial, era un avión de caza basado en una nueva concepción táctica, que proponía cazas con una torreta de mando asistido artillada con múltiples ametralladoras. (es) Le Boulton Paul Defiant était un avion militaire britannique construit par Boulton Paul Aircraft Ltd dans son usine de Wolverhampton. Il a servi comme chasseur lourd et chasseur nocturne dans la Royal Air Force au début de la Seconde Guerre mondiale. (fr) 볼튼 폴 디파이언트는 제 2차 세계대전 당시의 영국 공군 전투기이다. 폭격기 요격용으로 개발된 점이 있기에, 요격기로도 볼 수 있다. 이 기종은 호커 허리케인, 슈퍼마린 스핏파이어보다 먼저 나왔으면서도 동일한 엔진을 가주고 있으며, 특이하게도 전방에 고정기총 없이 후방에 포탑이 달린 전투기라는 것이다. 그러나, 이 점은 훗날 치명적인 단점이 되는데 그이유는 바로 전방 공격 무기가 없다는 점이다. 거기에 회전포탑도 프로펠러 등의 문제로 인해 전방을 공격할 수 없다. 또한 최고속도가 481km/h이 되는데 그치는데, 이것은 상대였던 Bf 109 E형에도 못미치는 것이다. 다만 야간 요격전이나 폭격기 후방사수 훈련기로서는 쓸만했다고 한다. (ko) ボールトンポール デファイアント (Boulton Paul Defiant) は第二次世界大戦前にイギリスで開発された、ボールトンポール社製の単発レシプロ複座戦闘機である。前方固定機銃を一切持たず、武装は機体上部の多連装旋回銃塔のみという異色の戦闘機として知られる。デファイアントとは「挑戦的な」などの意味。初飛行は1937年8月11日。総生産数は1065機。 (ja) Boulton Paul Defiant – brytyjski samolot myśliwski (przeznaczony również do działań nocnych) opracowany w 1937 roku przez wytwórnię w Norwich i produkowany w zakładach w Wolverhampton. (pl) O Boulton Paul Defiant foi uma aeronave britânica que serviu na Real Força Aérea (RAF) durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial. O Defiant foi desenhado e construído pela como um , um conceito aeronáutico britânico no qual uma aeronave era equipada com um dispositivo giratório armado com canhões ar-ar, não tendo qualquer canhão a apontar para a frente do avião, um conceito implementado também no . (pt) 无畏式战斗机（英語：Defiant）是英国皇家空军於二战初期使用的一種战斗机。该机由设计制造，英国飞行员替它取了“Daffy”的外号（愚笨、瘋癲之意）。 无畏战斗机在不列颠之战曾有不俗表现。基於航空科技在二、三十年代发展迅速，当时英国皇家空军認為，多引擎和多炮塔設計的重型轰炸机的速度火力可以超過战斗机，並独自闯入敌方领空進行轰炸，如維克斯公司的威靈頓轟炸機，但又擔心其潜在最大对手德国空军，也運用此一戰術，因此想出在战斗机上安装“动力炮塔”以為反制。无畏战斗机因此產生。布莱克本公司的大鹏式舰载战斗机亦是。 設計上，該機以其背上动力炮塔的四挺7.62毫米机抢，从下方或侧方攻击並摧毁敵人轰炸机，不似從前必須先冒着對方強大火力，将机头对准敌机飛行。這理論其實來自一战中的。 但实战證明，背着笨重炮塔的无畏戰鬥機根本无法和德國灵活的Bf 109戰鬥機对抗。德國人很快熟悉了英國皇家空軍的战术，且視之為輕易的猎物。英国因此轉用对付夜间来袭的德国轰炸机，而它也表現不錯，直到被火力更强速度更快的新戰機取代。如布里斯托尔的式和德哈维兰的蚊式。 (zh) Болтон Пол Дифайэнт (англ. Boulton Paul Defiant) — британский двухместный истребитель периода Второй мировой войны. (ru) The Boulton Paul Defiant is a British interceptor aircraft that served with the Royal Air Force (RAF) during World War II. The Defiant was designed and built by Boulton Paul Aircraft as a "turret fighter", without any fixed forward-firing guns, also found in the Blackburn Roc of the Royal Navy. The Defiant continued to find use in gunnery training, target towing, electronic countermeasures and air-sea rescue. Among RAF pilots it had the nickname "Daffy". (en) Il Boulton Paul P.82 Defiant (in lingua inglese Ardito) era un caccia monomotore biposto ad ala bassa prodotto dall'azienda britannica Boulton Paul Aircraft Ltd. tra la fine degli anni trenta e l'inizio degli anni quaranta e che venne impiegato principalmente dalla Royal Air Force durante la seconda guerra mondiale. (it) De Boulton Paul Defiant was een jachtvliegtuig van de Britse vliegtuigfabriek . Alle vuurkracht was in een koepel aan de achterzijde van het toestel geconcentreerd. Het eenmotorige toestel werd eind 1939, kort na het begin van de Tweede Wereldoorlog, operationeel. Het toestel werd aangedreven door dezelfde motor als de Hawker Hurricane en de Supermarine Spitfire. Het aantal gebouwde Defiants bedroeg ongeveer 1060. (nl) Boulton Paul Defiant var ett tvåsitsigt brittiskt tungt jaktflygplan som byggdes av Boulton Paul Aircraft Ltd. Flygplanet kallades informellt "Daffy" av sina piloter. Under 1930-talet utvecklades en entusiasm för jaktplan med kulsprutetorn varvid de fasta framåtriktade kulsprutorna ersattes med ett vridbart torn med flera vapen. De två främsta argumenten för konstruktionen var: * att den minskade pilotens arbetsbelastning och * den åstadkom ett avsevärt större skjutfält. Det brittiska svaret på idén var Defiant, som tillfördes förband i december 1939. (sv) «Болтон Пол Дефайент» (англ. Boulton Paul Defiant) — британський двомісний винищувач-перехоплювач розробки компанії , що перебував на озброєнні Королівських ВПС Великої Британії за часів Другої світової війни. (uk) |
| rdfs:label | Boulton Paul Defiant (en) Boulton Paul Defiant (ca) Boulton Paul Defiant (cs) Boulton Paul Defiant (de) Boulton-Paul Defiant (es) Boulton Paul Defiant (fr) Boulton Paul P.82 Defiant (it) ボールトンポール デファイアント (ja) 볼턴 폴 디파이언트 (ko) Boulton Paul Defiant (nl) Boulton Paul Defiant (pl) Boulton Paul Defiant (ru) Boulton Paul Defiant (pt) Boulton Paul Defiant (sv) 无畏战斗机 (zh) Boulton Paul Defiant (uk) |
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