Chera dynasty (original) (raw)
- La dinastia Txera (tàmil: சேரர் - anglès: Chera) fou una dinastia dràvida que va governar al sud de l'Índia abans de l' de la cultura tàmil (300 aC i 250 dC) fins al segle xii. (ca)
- التشرائيون أو الچرائيون (بالتاملية: சேரர் وبالملبارية: ചേര) هي سلالة حكمت أجزاءً من جنوب الهند؛ استمر حكمهم من القرن الثالث قبل الميلاد إلى القرن الثاني عشر الميلادي ليكونوا أكثر السلالات الحاكمة التاريخية في الهند من حيث طول فترة حكمهم. (ar)
- Čérové (tamilsky சேரர்) byli příslušníci tamilské královské dynastie, která od starověku až někdy do 12. století ovládala část území na jihu Indického poloostrova v oblastech dnešního Tamilnádu a především Kéraly. Hlavní město království Čérů bylo na Malabárském pobřeží. Spolu s Čóly a tvořili tři tradiční, mezi sebou neustále soupeřící královské dynastie drávidského jihu. (cs)
- Die Chera-Dynastie war eine der großen tamilischen Herrscherfamilien, welche die Südwestküste Indiens und Teile des heutigen Tamil Nadu von der Antike bis zum 15. Jahrhundert kontrollierte. Die anderen beiden waren die Cholas und die Pandyas. Diese drei Dynastien begannen ihre Herrschaft bereits vor der dritten Sangam-Periode (300 v. Chr.) und regierten unabhängig voneinander bis ins indische Mittelalter, teilweise auch darüber hinaus. (de)
- The Chera dynasty (or Cēra), IPA: [t͡ʃeːɾɐ], was one of the South dynasties in and before the Sangam period history of the state of Kerala and the Kongu Nadu region of Western Tamil Nadu in southern India. Together with the Tamil dynasties of Cholas of Uraiyur (Tiruchirappalli) and the Pandyas of Madurai, the early Cheras were known as one of the three major powers (muventar) of ancient Tamilakam in the early centuries of the Common Era. They are credited as the creators of land of Kerala as they have unified various regions of the western coast and western ghats to form the early Kerala empire. The Chera country was geographically well placed to profit from maritime trade via the extensive Indian Ocean networks. Exchange of spices, especially black pepper, with Middle Eastern and Graeco-Roman merchants are attested in several sources. The Cheras of the early historical period (c. second century BCE – c. third century CE) are known to have had their original centre at Kuttanad in Kerala, and harbours at Muchiri (Muziris) and Thondi (Tyndis) on the Indian Ocean coast (Kerala) and Kongunadu. They governed the area of Malabar Coast between Alappuzha in the south to Kasaragod in the north. At the time af reign of Cheras, their empire was extented to the eastern parts of today's Tamilnadu also.This also included the Palakkad Gap, Coimbatore, Dharapuram, Erode, Salem, and Kolli Hills. The region around Coimbatore was ruled by the Cheras during the Sangam period between c. 1st and the 4th centuries CE and it served as the eastern entrance to the Palakkad Gap, the principal trade route between the Malabar Coast and Tamil Nadu. However the southern region of the present-day Kerala state (The coastal belt between Thiruvananthapuram and southern Alappuzha) was under Ay dynasty, who was more related to the Pandya dynasty of Madurai. The early historic pre-Pallava polities are often described as a "kinship-based redistributive economies" largely shaped by "pastoral-cum-agrarian subsistence" and "predatory politics". Old Tamil Brahmi cave label inscriptions, describe Ilam Kadungo, son of Perum Kadungo, and the grandson of Ko Athan Cheral of the Irumporai clan. Inscribed portrait coins with Brahmi legends give a number of Chera names, with the Chera symbols of the bow and the arrow depicted in the reverse. The anthologies of early Tamil texts are a major source of information about the early Cheras. Cenguttuvan, or the good Chera, is famous for the traditions surrounding Kannaki, the principal female character of the Sangam epic poem Cilappatikaram. After the end of the early historical period, around the 3rd-5th century CE, there seems to be a period where the Cheras' power declined considerably. Cheras of the Kongu country are known to have controlled western Tamil Nadu in the early medieval period. Present-day central Kerala and Kongu Cheras detached around 8th-9th century AD to form the Chera Perumal kingdom and Kongu chera kingdom(c. 9th- 12th century AD). The exact nature of the relationships between the various branches of Chera rulers is somewhat unclear.The Nambutiris asked for a regent of the Chera king from Punthura and were granted the prime minister hailing from Punthura. Hence the Zamorin holds the title 'Punthurakkon' (King from Punthura).After this, the present Kerala parts and Kongunadu became autonomous. Some of the major dynasties of medieval south India - Chalukya, Pallava, Pandya, Rashtrakuta, and Chola - seems to have conquered the Kongu Chera country. Kongu Cheras appear to have been absorbed into the Pandya political system by 10th/11th century AD. Even after the dissolution of the Perumal kingdom, royal inscriptions and temple grants, especially from outside Kerala proper, continued to refer the country and the people as the "Cheras or Keralas". The rulers of Venad (the Venad Cheras or the "Kulasekharas"), based out of the port of Kollam in south Kerala, claimed their ancestry from the Perumals. Cheranad was also the name of an erstwhile province in the kingdom of Zamorin of Calicut, which had included parts of present-day Tirurangadi and Tirur Taluks of Malappuram district in it. Later it became a Taluk of Malabar District, when Malabar came under the British Raj. The headquarters of Cheranad Taluk was the town of Tirurangadi. Later the Taluk was merged with Eranad Taluk. In the modern period the rulers of Cochin and Travancore (in Kerala) also claimed the title "Chera". (en)
- Dinastía Chēra (Cēra, también llamada Kērala Putra) era una antigua dinastía en el subcontinente de la India, gobernando sobre un área correspondiente a hoy en día el oeste de Tamil Nadu y Kerala central. Junto con las Chōlas y Pāndyas, formó los tres principales contendientes reinos de la Edad de Hierro del sur de la India en los primeros siglos de la era común. (es)
- Les Chera est une des trois dynasties tamoules de l'antiquité indienne, les deux autres étant les Chola qui règnent sur la côte de Coromandel et les Pândya occupant la pointe sud de l'inde actuelle, qui dominent une grande partie de l'histoire du sud de l'Inde et qui sont en conflit quasi perpétuel pour assurer leur prédominance. Ses rois appartenaient à la tribu des Vânavar, peut-être le Vanara ou peuple des singes du Rāmāyana. Les Chera règnent sur la côte de Malabar dans une région qui correspond à l'État moderne du Kerala, dont le nom provient de Keralaputra ou fils des Chera. Ils sont cités dans les inscriptions d'Ashoka et correspondent aux Caelobothras de Ptolémée. Les Chera établissent leur capitale à Vanchi, que l'on situe généralement à Karur, près de Coïmbatore dans le Tamil Nadu. Certains cependant la voient plutôt dans la région de Kochi. Vingt-cinq rois Chera sont connus avec des détails de leur règne. On sait en particulier qu'ils luttent contre la piraterie et qu'ils favorisaient le commerce, en particulier des épices, de l'ivoire, du bois de construction et des gemmes vers le Moyen-Orient et l'Europe méridionale, un commerce qui était une grande source de richesse pour la région. En même temps que les marchandises s'échangent des systèmes de croyances : le pays Chera accueille le bouddhisme et le jaïnisme dès le IIIe ou le IIe siècle av. J.-C., et il voit des Juifs s'y installer très tôt, peut-être à la suite de la destruction du temple de Jérusalem et c'est là que la tradition fait prendre pays à Thomas venu répandre l'enseignement du Christ. Au cours de l'Histoire, plusieurs branches des Chera régnent sur le pays, telle celle fondée par le roi Udiyanjeral vers 130, celles des Ay et des Nannana qui règnent respectivement sur le sud et le nord de la côte. On sait cependant peu de choses des premiers rois Chera. L'un d'eux, Senguttuvan, qui régna au IIe siècle, noua des relations avec les royaumes de Ceylan, ce qui est décrit par le Silappadhikaram, un ouvrage écrit par son frère Ilango Adigal. Vers 800, la branche - aussi appelée Kulashekhara - domine toute la côte et ce jusqu'au règne de son dernier roi Ramâvarma Kulashekhara. On retrouve une branche de Chera, appelée alors Zamorin, à la tête de Calicut au XVe siècle. Cette dernière, commerçant traditionnellement avec les Arabes, lutte contre les Portugais alliés aux râjas de Kochi au cours du XVIe siècle. (fr)
- 체라국(말라얄람어: സെരാർനാട്ടു 체라낫, 타밀어: சேரர்நாடு 체라나두), 또는 체라(말라얄람어: ചേര, 타밀어: சேரர்)는 기원전 3세기부터 서기 1102년까지 케랄라 지역을 중심으로 서부 타밀라캄을 다스린 말라얄리계 왕국이다. 케랄라푸트라(Keralaputras)라는 이름으로도 알려져 있다. 상감 시대 체라의 수도는 반치 무투르(카루르)였으머, 타밀나두의 서남부를 중심으로 존재하였다. 체라의 지배 전반에 걸쳐 교역이 계속되어 타밀라캄에 부를 가져왔는데, 체라 지역의 상아, 원목, 진주와 보석들을 이집트, 로마, 그리스, 페니키아, 아랍, 메소포타미아와 페르시아 등에 수출하는 등 다양한 국가들과 무역을 실시하였다. (ko)
- I Chera (Tamil: சேரர்) furono una delle antiche dinastie tamil che si insediarono e governarono nell'India meridionale fin quasi al quindicesimo secolo. I primi Chera governarono su Coimbatore, Salem e Karur nel Sud del subcontinente indiano, in una regione che oggi fa parte del moderno Stato federato del Tamil Nadu. Le altre due grandi dinastie tamil furono i Chola per la regione orientale lungo la Costa del Coromandel e i Pandya nella regione centro meridionale della penisola. Queste dinastie iniziato prima del periodo Sangam (300 a.C. - 200 d.C.) durante il quale la lingua, l'arte e la letteratura Tamil fiorì. L'impero Chera copriva al suo apice una superficie di circa 3 milioni di kmq ed era il più vasto del suo tempo. (it)
- Ćera – starożytna dynastia i jej państwo założone w po II w. na Wybrzeżu Malabarskim, obejmujące obszar obecnego okręgu malabarskiego w stanie Kerala, z i Koczinem. Jej mieszkańcy zostali określeni jako Keralaputra („synowie Kerali”) w inskrypcji na steli Asioki. Samodzielne królestwo ze stolicą w Karur istniało do X w., podlegała następnie: Ćolom, Widźajanagarowi, władcom Bijapuru i Majsuru. (pl)
- 哲罗王朝(泰米尔语:சேரர்,古译名为鸡罗)约前4世纪-12世纪间长期存在于印度南方的一个泰米尔人古国。 (zh)
- Чера (там. சேரர்) — дравидийская тамильская династия, правившая в Южной Индии в период с I по XII век. В ранний период государство Чера охватывало значительную часть территории Кералы, , округа Салем, Дхармапури и южную часть округов Нагапаттинам и Тируварур. Столицей династии был город в современном керальском округе Идукки. Во II веке столица была перенесена в Карур (Карурванчи). Период правления первой династии Чера подошёл к концу в III веке. На смену ей пришла вторая династия, правившая с IX по XII век. Столица государства в этот период переместилась в портовый город . Правители династии Чера часто вступали в военные конфликты с соседними тамильскими государствами Пандья и Чола. В период правления династии наступил расцвет торговли специями, слоновой костью и драгоценными камнями. Оживлённая торговля осуществлялась с Месопотамией, Египтом, Грецией, Римом, Финикией и Аравией. Археологические свидетельства тому были найдены на Малабарском побережье, в основном в виде греческих, римских и арабских монет. Музирис упоминается в трудах древних авторов, в частности, в древнегреческой лоции «Перипл Эритрейского моря», где он описывается как речной порт, возможно, в районе современного . Правители династии Чера поклонялись Богине-матери Коттаве, аналогу Деви в современном индуизме. В период правления династии в регионе также были распространены традиции буддизма и джайнизма. Около 800 года наступил период возрождения династии с приходом к власти Кулашекхары, правившего из Кодунгаллура и положившего начало второй династии Чера. Правители Чера последовавшего за этим периода были индуистами и правили под духовным руководством брахманов. Брахманская община Кералы в то время состояла из 32 общин, четыре из которых были представлены двумя брахманами в совете при дворе царя Черы. Династия прекратила своё существование в 1102 году, после того как царь Чола захватил и разрушил столицу государства Чера. Последний из Кулашекхаров, Рама Кулашекхара, перенёс столицу государства в Коллам и правил оттуда. Он успешно отразил атаку правителей Чола, но не смог остаться у власти из-за вражды с брахманами. Под его руководством осталась лишь южная часть Кералы — государство, называвшееся Венад. Остатки второй династии Чера положили начало династии Траванкора. (ru)
- Держава Чера (சேரர்; приблизно 250-ті до н. е. — 1110-ті роки) — дравідійська держава на півдні Індостану зі столицею в Карур, яка вела тривалі війни за панування над півднем й центром сучасної Індії. У IX ст. була підкорена державою Чола. (uk)
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- Early Cheras * Vanchi * Muziris Medieval Chera dynasty * Karur Chera Perumals * Mahodayapuram (en)
- Arunattarmalai, Velayudhampalayam *Ko Athan Chel Irumporai * Perum Kadungon [Irumporai] * Ilam Kadungo [Irumporai] (en)
- Kingdom of Cochin (en)
- Travancore (en)
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- Irumporai Cheras from Pugalur inscription (en)
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- La dinastia Txera (tàmil: சேரர் - anglès: Chera) fou una dinastia dràvida que va governar al sud de l'Índia abans de l' de la cultura tàmil (300 aC i 250 dC) fins al segle xii. (ca)
- التشرائيون أو الچرائيون (بالتاملية: சேரர் وبالملبارية: ചേര) هي سلالة حكمت أجزاءً من جنوب الهند؛ استمر حكمهم من القرن الثالث قبل الميلاد إلى القرن الثاني عشر الميلادي ليكونوا أكثر السلالات الحاكمة التاريخية في الهند من حيث طول فترة حكمهم. (ar)
- Čérové (tamilsky சேரர்) byli příslušníci tamilské královské dynastie, která od starověku až někdy do 12. století ovládala část území na jihu Indického poloostrova v oblastech dnešního Tamilnádu a především Kéraly. Hlavní město království Čérů bylo na Malabárském pobřeží. Spolu s Čóly a tvořili tři tradiční, mezi sebou neustále soupeřící královské dynastie drávidského jihu. (cs)
- Die Chera-Dynastie war eine der großen tamilischen Herrscherfamilien, welche die Südwestküste Indiens und Teile des heutigen Tamil Nadu von der Antike bis zum 15. Jahrhundert kontrollierte. Die anderen beiden waren die Cholas und die Pandyas. Diese drei Dynastien begannen ihre Herrschaft bereits vor der dritten Sangam-Periode (300 v. Chr.) und regierten unabhängig voneinander bis ins indische Mittelalter, teilweise auch darüber hinaus. (de)
- Dinastía Chēra (Cēra, también llamada Kērala Putra) era una antigua dinastía en el subcontinente de la India, gobernando sobre un área correspondiente a hoy en día el oeste de Tamil Nadu y Kerala central. Junto con las Chōlas y Pāndyas, formó los tres principales contendientes reinos de la Edad de Hierro del sur de la India en los primeros siglos de la era común. (es)
- 체라국(말라얄람어: സെരാർനാട്ടു 체라낫, 타밀어: சேரர்நாடு 체라나두), 또는 체라(말라얄람어: ചേര, 타밀어: சேரர்)는 기원전 3세기부터 서기 1102년까지 케랄라 지역을 중심으로 서부 타밀라캄을 다스린 말라얄리계 왕국이다. 케랄라푸트라(Keralaputras)라는 이름으로도 알려져 있다. 상감 시대 체라의 수도는 반치 무투르(카루르)였으머, 타밀나두의 서남부를 중심으로 존재하였다. 체라의 지배 전반에 걸쳐 교역이 계속되어 타밀라캄에 부를 가져왔는데, 체라 지역의 상아, 원목, 진주와 보석들을 이집트, 로마, 그리스, 페니키아, 아랍, 메소포타미아와 페르시아 등에 수출하는 등 다양한 국가들과 무역을 실시하였다. (ko)
- I Chera (Tamil: சேரர்) furono una delle antiche dinastie tamil che si insediarono e governarono nell'India meridionale fin quasi al quindicesimo secolo. I primi Chera governarono su Coimbatore, Salem e Karur nel Sud del subcontinente indiano, in una regione che oggi fa parte del moderno Stato federato del Tamil Nadu. Le altre due grandi dinastie tamil furono i Chola per la regione orientale lungo la Costa del Coromandel e i Pandya nella regione centro meridionale della penisola. Queste dinastie iniziato prima del periodo Sangam (300 a.C. - 200 d.C.) durante il quale la lingua, l'arte e la letteratura Tamil fiorì. L'impero Chera copriva al suo apice una superficie di circa 3 milioni di kmq ed era il più vasto del suo tempo. (it)
- Ćera – starożytna dynastia i jej państwo założone w po II w. na Wybrzeżu Malabarskim, obejmujące obszar obecnego okręgu malabarskiego w stanie Kerala, z i Koczinem. Jej mieszkańcy zostali określeni jako Keralaputra („synowie Kerali”) w inskrypcji na steli Asioki. Samodzielne królestwo ze stolicą w Karur istniało do X w., podlegała następnie: Ćolom, Widźajanagarowi, władcom Bijapuru i Majsuru. (pl)
- 哲罗王朝(泰米尔语:சேரர்,古译名为鸡罗)约前4世纪-12世纪间长期存在于印度南方的一个泰米尔人古国。 (zh)
- Держава Чера (சேரர்; приблизно 250-ті до н. е. — 1110-ті роки) — дравідійська держава на півдні Індостану зі столицею в Карур, яка вела тривалі війни за панування над півднем й центром сучасної Індії. У IX ст. була підкорена державою Чола. (uk)
- The Chera dynasty (or Cēra), IPA: [t͡ʃeːɾɐ], was one of the South dynasties in and before the Sangam period history of the state of Kerala and the Kongu Nadu region of Western Tamil Nadu in southern India. Together with the Tamil dynasties of Cholas of Uraiyur (Tiruchirappalli) and the Pandyas of Madurai, the early Cheras were known as one of the three major powers (muventar) of ancient Tamilakam in the early centuries of the Common Era. They are credited as the creators of land of Kerala as they have unified various regions of the western coast and western ghats to form the early Kerala empire. (en)
- Les Chera est une des trois dynasties tamoules de l'antiquité indienne, les deux autres étant les Chola qui règnent sur la côte de Coromandel et les Pândya occupant la pointe sud de l'inde actuelle, qui dominent une grande partie de l'histoire du sud de l'Inde et qui sont en conflit quasi perpétuel pour assurer leur prédominance. Ses rois appartenaient à la tribu des Vânavar, peut-être le Vanara ou peuple des singes du Rāmāyana. Les Chera règnent sur la côte de Malabar dans une région qui correspond à l'État moderne du Kerala, dont le nom provient de Keralaputra ou fils des Chera. Ils sont cités dans les inscriptions d'Ashoka et correspondent aux Caelobothras de Ptolémée. (fr)
- Чера (там. சேரர்) — дравидийская тамильская династия, правившая в Южной Индии в период с I по XII век. В ранний период государство Чера охватывало значительную часть территории Кералы, , округа Салем, Дхармапури и южную часть округов Нагапаттинам и Тируварур. Столицей династии был город в современном керальском округе Идукки. Во II веке столица была перенесена в Карур (Карурванчи). Период правления первой династии Чера подошёл к концу в III веке. На смену ей пришла вторая династия, правившая с IX по XII век. Столица государства в этот период переместилась в портовый город . (ru)
- freebase:Chera dynasty
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- dbr:List_of_state_leaders_in_the_3rd_century
- dbr:Perum_Cheral_Irumporai
- dbr:Political_history_of_medieval_Karnataka