Noam Chomsky (original) (raw)
- أفرام نعوم تُشُومِسْكِي (Avram Noam Chomsky) (بالعبرية: נֹעַם نُوعَم) (ولد في 7 ديسمبر 1928 فيلادلفيا، بنسلفانيا) هو أستاذ لسانيات وفيلسوف أمريكي وأيضًا عالمٌ إدراكيٍ وعالمُ منطقٍ ومؤرخ وناقد وناشط سياسي. يعمل تشومسكي أستاذًا فخريًا في اللسانيات في قسم اللسانيات والفلسفة في معهد ماساتشوستس للتكنولوجيا التي عمل فيها لأكثر من 50 عام. كذلك كتب تشومسكي عن الحروب والسياسة ووسائل الإعلام وهو مؤلِّف لأكثر من 100 كتاب. وفقاً لقائمة الإحالات في الفن والعلوم الإنسانية لعام 1992، فقد استُشْهِدَ بتشومسكي مرجِعًا أكثر من أي عالم حي في الفترة الممتدة من 1980 حتى 1992، كما صُنف في المرتبة الثامنة لأكثر المراجع التي يُستشهَد بها على الإطلاق في قائمةٍ تضم الكتاب المقدس وكارل ماركس وغيرهم. كذلك وُصف تشومسكي بالشخصية الثقافية البارزة، إذ صُوِّت له بوَسم «أبرز مثقفي العالم» في استطلاع للرأي عام 2005. ويوصف تشومسكي أيضاً بأنه «أب علم اللسانيات الحديث» كذلك يُعد شخصية رئيسية في الفلسفة التحليلية. أثر عمله على مجالات عديدة كعلوم الحاسب والرياضيات وعلم النفس. كذلك يعود إليه تأسيس نظرية النحو التوليدي، والتي كثيراً ما تُعتبر أهم إسهام في مجال في القرن العشرين. وأيضًا كذلك فضل تأسيس ما أصبح يُعرف بـ «» ونظرية النحو الكلي . وبعد نشر كتابه الأول في اللسانيات أصبح تشومسكي ناقد بارز في الحرب الفيتنامية ومنذ ذلك الوقت استمر في نشر كتبه النقدية في السياسة. اشتهر بنقده للسياسة الخارجية للولايات المتحدة ورأسمالية الدولة ووسائل الإعلام الإخبارية العامة. وشمل كتاب «صناعة الإذعان: الاقتصاد السياسي لوسائل الإعلام الجماهيرية» (1988) على انتقاداته لوسائل الإعلام، والذي تشارك في كتابته مع إدوارد هيرمان وهو عبارة عن تحليل يبلور نظرية لنموذج البروباغندا لدراسة وسائل الإعلام. ويصف تشومسكي آراءه بأنها «تقليدية لاسلطوية إلى حد ما تعود أصولها لعصر التنوير والليبرالية الكلاسيكية» بعض الأحيان يتم تعريفه مع النقابية اللاسلطوية والاشتراكية التحررية. كما يُعتبر كذلك منظراً رئيسياً في السياسة الأمريكية. (ar)
- Avram Noam Chomsky (* 7. prosince 1928 Philadelphia) je americký filozof, kognitivní vědec, lingvista, logik, společenský kritik a aktivista židovského původu, tvůrce tzv. Chomského hierarchické klasifikace formálních jazyků, emeritní profesor lingvistiky na Massachusettském technologickém institutu (MIT), a také levicově orientovaný politický aktivista – anarchista, známý svým kritickým vztahem ke globalizaci a jejím dopadům, k válečným konfliktům, k zahraniční politice USA, Izraele a dalších vlád. Podle Top global intellectuals of 2005 (internetového hlasování z roku 2005) a časopisů Prospect magazine a byl zvolen nejvlivnějším globálním intelektuálem. Chomsky je autorem teorie generativní gramatiky, která je některými považována za největší přínos na poli teoretické lingvistiky 20. století. Ovlivnil též filozofii jazyka a mysli (viz , Fodor). Rovněž pomohl podnítit kognitivní revoluci v psychologii díky své revizi Skinnerova verbálního chování, ve které zpochybnil behavioristický přístup ke studiu chování a jazyku, převažující v 50. letech minulého století. Jeho naturalistický přístup ke studiu jazyka ovlivnil filozofii jazyka a mysli. Ve svém článku z roku 1956 popsal klasifikaci formálních jazyků podle jejich generativní schopnosti, která nese jeho jméno – Chomského hierarchie. Dle Chomského je vývoj řeči vymezen geneticky – došel k závěru, že existuje jakási univerzální gramatika, která je vrozená a nikoli naučená během života – člověk se rodí se základní gramatickou šablonou, do které snadno zapadne jakýkoli světový jazyk. Chomského teorie jsou ale napadány, protože postrádají vědecké důkazy. Dle Indexu humanitních citací (Arts and Humanities Citation Index) z roku 1992 byl Chomsky jako pramen citován častěji než jakýkoliv jiný žijící badatel mezi lety 1980–1992, a byl osmý nejcitovanější vědec vůbec. Od jeho kritiky války ve Vietnamu v 60. letech minulého století se stal ještě známějším – hlavně mezinárodně – díky své mediální kritice a politice. Obecně je považován za klíčovou intelektuální osobnost levého křídla politiky Spojených států. Je široce znám pro svou politickou aktivitu a kritiku zahraniční politiky USA a jiných vlád a také pro popsání modelu propagandy. (cs)
- Avram Noam Chomsky (Filadèlfia, 7 de desembre del 1928) és un científic, lingüista, filòsof i professor estatunidenc, emèrit de lingüística, a l'Institut de Tecnologia de Massachusetts (MIT). A Chomsky, se li atribueix la creació de la teoria de la gramàtica generativa, sovint considerada la contribució més significativa en el camp de la lingüística teòrica del segle xx. També va ajudar en l'impuls de la revolució cognitiva en psicologia amb la seva revisió de l'obra Verbal Behavior de Burrhus Freferic Skinner, que va qüestionar l'apropament conductista a l'estudi de la ment i del llenguatge predominant en els anys 1950. La seva visió naturalista en l'estudi del llenguatge també ha influit en la filosofia del llenguatge i la filosofia de la ment (vegeu , Jerry Fodor). A Chomsky, també li és atribuït l'establiment de l'anomenada «jerarquia de Chomsky», una classificació dels llenguatges formals en termes del seu poder generatiu. A més del seu treball lingüístic, Chomsky és àmpliament conegut pel seu activisme polític, i per la seva crítica a la política exterior dels Estats Units d'Amèrica (EUA) i d'altres governs. Chomsky es descriu a ell mateix com un socialista llibertari, un simpatitzant de l'anarcosindicalisme, i sovint és considerat una peça clau intel·lectual en la branca esquerrana de la política dels EUA. Segons l'Arts and Humanities Citation Index («Índex de cites d'arts i d'humanitats»), entre 1980 i 1992, Chomsky fou citat com una font amb més freqüència que cap altre autor, i fou la vuitena font més citada de totes. (ca)
- Ο Νόαμ Τσόμσκι (αγγλ.: Avram Noam Chomsky, γενν. 7 Δεκεμβρίου 1928) είναι Αμερικανός καθηγητής στο Τμήμα Γλωσσολογίας και Φιλοσοφίας του Τεχνολογικού Ινστιτούτου της Μασαχουσέτης (MIT). Έχει συγγράψει πλήθος βιβλίων και άρθρων, ενώ έχει δώσει και εκτενείς διαλέξεις επάνω σε ένα ευρύτατο φάσμα θεμάτων τα οποία περιλαμβάνουν τη γλωσσολογία, τη φιλοσοφία και την ιστορία της διανόησης. Επίσης, ο Τσόμσκι έχει πλούσιο ιστορικό πολιτικού ακτιβισμού από τη δεκαετία του '60 κι έπειτα, με πληθώρα βιβλίων τα οποία επικρίνουν κυρίως την εξωτερική πολιτική των ΗΠΑ, ενώ με δήλωσή του τοποθέτησε ιδεολογικά τον εαυτό του στον αναρχικό χώρο, αν και κατά καιρούς έχουν σχολιαστεί οι φιλελεύθερες καταβολές της πολιτικής του σκέψης. Σπούδασε στο Πανεπιστήμιο της Πενσυλβάνια, απ' όπου αποφοίτησε με πτυχίο φιλοσοφίας το 1949 και με μεταπτυχιακό στη γλωσσολογία το 1951. Η συνεργασία του εκεί με τον διάσημο γλωσσολόγο έθεσε τις βάσεις για τις μετέπειτα θεωρίες του στη γλωσσολογία και την πολιτική του σκέψη. Ο Τσόμσκι είναι ο εισηγητής της λεγόμενης «γενετικής-μετασχηματιστικής γραμματικής», κυρίως με το ριζοσπαστικό γλωσσολογικό του σύγγραμμα Συντακτικές Δομές του 1957. Η γενετική θεωρία για τη γλώσσα, παρά τις αλλεπάλληλες εξελίξεις και αναθεωρήσεις της, χαρακτηρίζεται από κάποιες σταθερές παραδοχές όπως η ακόλουθη: η ικανότητα του ανθρώπου να παράγει και να κατανοεί ασύλληπτο για τον ανθρώπινο νου αριθμό προτάσεων είναι έμφυτη και μας οδηγεί βάσιμα στην υπόθεση για την ύπαρξη γλωσσικών καθολικών, γενικευμένων δομών και περιορισμών στους οποίους υπακούν όλες οι φυσικές γλώσσες, παρά την παρατηρούμενη τεράστια τυπολογική ποικιλία τους. Η ύπαρξη μιας εγγενούς «Καθολικής Γραμματικής» καθιστά το παιδί ικανό να μαθαίνει τη μητρική του γλώσσα σε ελάχιστο χρονικό διάστημα, παρά την αποσπασματικότητα των δεδομένων τα οποία προσλαμβάνει ο άνθρωπος κατά τα πρώτα χρόνια της ζωής του. Ο Τσόμσκι αμφισβήτησε τη συμπεριφοριστική θεωρία για την γλωσσική κατάκτηση και προώθησε ένα τυπικό/φορμαλιστικό πρότυπο περιγραφής και ανάλυσης της γλώσσας, ιδιαίτερα στο επίπεδο της σύνταξης. Ο τρόπος με τον οποίο ο Τσόμσκι απέδωσε φορμαλιστικά την γλωσσική ικανότητα εξηγεί επαρκώς τη λεγόμενη "γλωσσική δημιουργικότητα", κεντρική ιδιότητα των φυσικών γλωσσών: με ένα πεπερασμένο αριθμό κανόνων και ένα ορισμένο σύνολο γλωσσικών μονάδων (φωνολογικών και λεξικών), οι άνθρωποι είναι ικανοί να παραγάγουν και να αντιληφθούν άπειρο πλήθος προτάσεων, συμπεριλαμβανομένων προτάσεων που ποτέ ξανά δεν έχουν παραχθεί. Ο Τσόμσκι αναφέρει ότι τα παιδιά δεν γεννιούνται «tabula rasa» (κενό χαρτί) αλλά είναι γενετικά προδιατεθειμένα, ώστε να μπορούν να δομήσουν την απόκτηση της γλώσσας. Σύμφωνα με αυτόν υπάρχει ένας έμφυτος μηχανισμός κατάκτησης της γλώσσας που βοηθά τα παιδιά στο να κατακτήσουν και να αποκτήσουν την γλώσσα τους. (el)
- Avram Noam CHOMSKY ([ˈævɹəm noʊ̯m ˈtʃɑmski]; Esperantigite ĈOMSKIO; naskiĝis la 7-an de decembro 1928) estas usona lingvisto, kognosciencisto, filozofo, politika aktivulo, aŭtoro, kaj prelegisto. Li estas Institucia Profesoro emerita kaj profesoro emerita pri lingvoscienco ĉe la Masaĉuseca Instituto de Teknologio. Chomsky estas bone konata en la akademia kaj scienca komunumo kiel la patro de la moderna lingvoscienco. Ekde la 1960-aj jaroj, li konatiĝas pli vaste kiel politika malsamkredanto, anarĥiisto, kaj liberecana socialista intelektulo. Dum la 1950-aj jaroj, Chomsky ekevoluigis sian teorion pri generativa gramatiko, kiu profunde influis la lingvosciencon. Li establis la Hierarĥion Chomsky, enklasigsistemon de formalaj lingvoj laŭ ilia generativa potenco. Lia recenzo en 1959 de Verbal Behavior (Parola Konduto) de B. F. Skinner defiis la kondutismajn metodojn al studoj de konduto en lingvo dominaj tiuepoke, kaj kontribuis al la kognitiva revolucio en psikologio. Lia natureca metodo en la lingvostudado influis la filozofiojn de lingvo kaj menso. Ekde sia kontraŭo al la Vjetnama Milito, Chomsky establis sin kiel elstaran kritikanton de usona politiko, kaj internacia kaj enlanda. Li estas mempriskribita adepto de liberecisma socialismo, kiun li konsideras, “la ĝusta kaj natura plivastigo de klasika liberalismo en la epoko de progresinta industria socio.” Laŭ la Arta kaj Hom-Scienca Indekso de Citaĵoj, en 1992, Chomsky estis pli citita ol iu ajn alia vivanta klerulo inter 1980 kaj 1992, kaj estis la oka plej citita klerulo el ĉiuj. (eo)
- Avram Noam Chomsky (Filadelfia, 7 de diciembre de 1928) es un lingüista, filósofo, politólogo y activista estadounidense de origen judío. Es profesor emérito de lingüística en el Instituto Tecnológico de Massachusetts (MIT) y una de las figuras más destacadas de la lingüística del siglo XX, gracias a sus trabajos en teoría lingüística y ciencia cognitiva. También es reconocido por su activismo político, caracterizado por una fuerte crítica del capitalismo contemporáneo y de la política exterior de los Estados Unidos. Se le considera de pensamiento socialista libertario. El New York Times lo ha señalado como «el más importante de los pensadores contemporáneos». Propuso la gramática generativa, disciplina que situó la sintaxis en el centro de la investigación lingüística. Con este paradigma, cambiaron la perspectiva, los programas y métodos de investigación en el estudio del lenguaje. Su lingüística es una teoría de la adquisición individual del lenguaje e intenta explicar las estructuras y principios más profundos del mismo. Postuló un aspecto bien definido de innatismo en la adquisición del lenguaje y la autonomía de la gramática (sobre los otros sistemas cognitivos), así como la existencia de un «órgano del lenguaje» y de una gramática universal. Se opuso con dureza al empirismo filosófico y científico y al funcionalismo, en favor del racionalismo cartesiano. Todas estas ideas chocaban frontalmente con las tradicionales de las ciencias humanas, lo que concitó múltiples adhesiones, críticas y polémicas que le han acabado convirtiendo en uno de los autores más citados. Sus 3.874 citas en el "Arts and Humanities Citation Index" entre 1980 y 1992 le convierten en la persona viva más citada en ese período y la octava más citada de toda la historia, justo por detrás de Sigmund Freud y por delante del filósofo Georg Hegel. Destaca su contribución al establecimiento de las ciencias cognitivas a partir de su crítica del conductismo de Skinner y de las gramáticas de estados finitos, poniendo en tela de juicio el método basado en el comportamiento del estudio de la mente y el lenguaje que dominaba en los años cincuenta. Su enfoque naturalista en el estudio del lenguaje ha influido en la filosofía del lenguaje y de la mente (ver a y a Fodor). Es el descubridor de la jerarquía de Chomsky, una clasificación de lenguajes formales de gran importancia en teoría de la computación. También es conocido por su activismo político y por sus críticas a la política exterior de Estados Unidos y de otros países, como Israel. Chomsky, que desvincula completamente su actividad científica de su activismo político, se describe a sí mismo como simpatizante del anarcosindicalismo (es miembro del sindicato IWW). Chomsky es considerado una figura influyente en su país de origen y en el mundo. (es)
- Avram Noam Chomsky [ˈævɹəm ˈnoʊəm ˈtʃɑmski] (* 7. Dezember 1928 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA) ist emeritierter Professor für Linguistik am Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), einer der weltweit bekanntesten Intellektuellen und seit den 1960er Jahren einer der prominentesten Kritiker der US-amerikanischen Politik. Chomsky gehört zu den bekanntesten Linguisten der Gegenwart. Er übte durch die Verbindung der Wissenschaftsdisziplinen Linguistik, Kognitionswissenschaften und Informatik besonders in der zweiten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts starken Einfluss auf deren Entwicklung aus. Seine Beiträge zur allgemeinen Sprachwissenschaft sowie seine Modelle der generativen Transformationsgrammatik veränderten den bis dahin vorherrschenden US-amerikanischen Strukturalismus. Seine Kritik am Behaviorismus förderte den Aufstieg der Kognitionswissenschaft. Chomsky war ab den 1960er und 1970er Jahren oft im politischen und wissenschaftlichen Diskurs in den Massenmedien präsent. Seit seiner Kritik am Vietnamkrieg trat er immer wieder als scharfer Kritiker der US-amerikanischen Außen- und Wirtschaftspolitik in Erscheinung und wurde als Kapitalismus- und Globalisierungskritiker weltweit bekannt. Zu seinen bedeutendsten medientheoretischen Arbeiten gehörte die Entwicklung der Theorie des Propagandamodells zusammen mit Edward S. Herman. Er bezeichnet sich als libertären Sozialisten mit Sympathien für den Anarchosyndikalismus, ist Mitglied der Industrial Workers of the World, der Internationalen Organisation für eine Partizipatorische Gesellschaft (IOPC) und Ratsmitglied der Progressiven Internationalen (PI). Dem Arts and Humanities Citation Index von 1992 zufolge ist Chomsky im Zeitraum zwischen 1980 und 1992 die am häufigsten zitierte lebende Person der Welt gewesen. (de)
- Avram Noam Chomsky (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Ameriketako Estatu Batuak, 1928ko abenduaren 7a) hizkuntzalaria, filosofoa, zientzialari kognitiboa, historialaria, gizarte kritikaria eta aktibista politikoa da. Massachusettsko Teknologia Institutuko hizkuntzalaritza eta filosofia irakasle emeritua da, eta XX. mendeko hizkuntzalari garrantzitsuenetako bat. 1957ko Syntactic Structures lanarekin, gramatika sortzailearen lehen teorialaria izan zen; hizkuntzalaritza eskola horrek sintaxia hizkuntzen ikerkuntzaren erdigunean kokatu zuen, eta jakintza horretara erabateko iraultza ekarri. Chomskyren hizkuntzalaritzak norbanakoak hizkuntzaz jabetzeko duen bideari buruzko teoria berri bat aurkeztu du, eta hizkuntzaren sakoneko egitura eta oinarriei azalpena bilatu nahi die. Hizkuntzaren ikuspegi innatista batez (hizkuntza gizakiaren jaiotzezko gaitasuna da), gramatika giza sistema kognitibo bereizitzat du. Halaber, «hizkuntzaren organo» baten eta gramatika unibertsal baten existentzia aldezten du. Horregatik eta giza zientziei egindako beste ekarpen askorengatik, XX. mendeko zientzialari ospetsuenetako bat da. Bere ekarpen zientifikoez gainera, Chomsky oso ezaguna izan da ekintzaile politiko gisa Vietnamgo gerraz geroztik. AEBen kanpo politika —hala nola Israelgo estatuari buruzkoa— ohiko jomuga ditu mundu osoan argitaratzen diren artikulu eta saiakera-liburuetan. Chomskyk bere pentsamoldea tradizio liberal erradikalaren baitan kokatzen du, sozialismo libertarioaren barruan. Anarkosindikalismoaz interesa agertu du, bereziki Espainiako Gerra Zibileko kolektibizazioetan garatutakoaz. IWW sindikatu iraultzaileko kide da. Egoera politikoaz egiten dituen analisi zorrotzek eragin nabarmena dute mundu osoko ezkerreko mugimenduetan. (eu)
- Noam Chomsky (/ˈnəʊm ˈtʃɒmski/ ), né le 7 décembre 1928 à Philadelphie, est un linguiste américain. Professeur émérite de linguistique depuis 2002 au Massachusetts Institute of Technology, où il a enseigné depuis 1955, il fonde la linguistique générative. Il s'est fait connaître du grand public, à la fois dans son pays et à l'étranger, par son parcours d'intellectuel engagé de tendance socialiste libertaire et anarchiste. Chomsky commence à développer sa théorie de la grammaire générative et transformationnelle dans les années 1950 en cherchant à dépasser aussi bien l'approche structuraliste, distributionnaliste que comportementaliste dans l'étude du langage naturel. Visant à rendre compte des structures innées de la « faculté de langage », cette théorie est souvent décrite comme la contribution la plus importante dans le domaine de la linguistique théorique du XXe siècle et on a parfois parlé de « révolution chomskienne ». Pour répondre aux critiques développées dans les années 1970 envers son premier modèle, Chomsky a proposé au début des années 1980 une nouvelle version de sa théorie fondée sur une approche modulaire. Il a ensuite jeté les bases, au cours des années 1990, de ce qu'il a appelé le « programme minimaliste ». Les recherches de Chomsky ont joué un rôle crucial dans ce que l'on appelle la « révolution cognitive ». Sa critique du Verbal Behavior (« comportement verbal ») de Burrhus Frederic Skinner en 1959 a remis en question l'approche comportementale de l'étude de l'esprit et du langage, qui dominait dans les années 1950. Son approche naturaliste de l'étude du langage a également rencontré un grand écho en philosophie du langage et de l'esprit. Il a également établi la hiérarchie de Chomsky, moyen de classification des langages formels en fonction de leur pouvoir de génération. En parallèle à sa carrière scientifique, Chomsky mène une intense activité militante depuis le milieu des années 1960 lorsqu'il prend publiquement position contre la guerre du Viêt Nam. Sympathisant du mouvement anarcho-syndicaliste et membre du syndicat IWW, il donne une multitude de conférences un peu partout dans le monde et publie de nombreux livres et articles dans lesquels il fait part de ses analyses historiques, sociales et politiques. Ses critiques portent tout particulièrement sur la politique étrangère des États-Unis et le fonctionnement des médias de masse. En 1992, d'après l'Arts and Humanities Citation Index, Chomsky est plus souvent cité qu'aucun autre universitaire vivant pendant la période 1980–92. Il occupe la huitième position dans la liste des auteurs les plus cités. Il est considéré comme une figure intellectuelle majeure du monde contemporain, à la fois controversée et admirée. (fr)
- Avram Noam Chomsky (born December 7, 1928) is an American public intellectual: a linguist, philosopher, cognitive scientist, historian, social critic, and political activist. Sometimes called "the father of modern linguistics", Chomsky is also a major figure in analytic philosophy and one of the founders of the field of cognitive science. He is a Laureate Professor of Linguistics at the University of Arizona and an Institute Professor Emeritus at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), and is the author of more than 150 books on topics such as linguistics, war, politics, and mass media. Ideologically, he aligns with anarcho-syndicalism and libertarian socialism. Born to Ashkenazi Jewish immigrants in Philadelphia, Chomsky developed an early interest in anarchism from alternative bookstores in New York City. He studied at the University of Pennsylvania. During his postgraduate work in the Harvard Society of Fellows, Chomsky developed the theory of transformational grammar for which he earned his doctorate in 1955. That year he began teaching at MIT, and in 1957 emerged as a significant figure in linguistics with his landmark work Syntactic Structures, which played a major role in remodeling the study of language. From 1958 to 1959 Chomsky was a National Science Foundation fellow at the Institute for Advanced Study. He created or co-created the universal grammar theory, the generative grammar theory, the Chomsky hierarchy, and the minimalist program. Chomsky also played a pivotal role in the decline of linguistic behaviorism, and was particularly critical of the work of B. F. Skinner. An outspoken opponent of U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War, which he saw as an act of American imperialism, in 1967 Chomsky rose to national attention for his anti-war essay "The Responsibility of Intellectuals". Becoming associated with the New Left, he was arrested multiple times for his activism and placed on President Richard Nixon's list of political opponents. While expanding his work in linguistics over subsequent decades, he also became involved in the linguistics wars. In collaboration with Edward S. Herman, Chomsky later articulated the propaganda model of media criticism in Manufacturing Consent, and worked to expose the Indonesian occupation of East Timor. His defense of unconditional freedom of speech, including that of Holocaust denial, generated significant controversy in the Faurisson affair of the 1980s. Since retiring from active teaching at MIT, he has continued his vocal political activism, including opposing the 2003 invasion of Iraq and supporting the Occupy movement. Chomsky began teaching at the University of Arizona in 2017. One of the most cited scholars alive, Chomsky has influenced a broad array of academic fields. He is widely recognized as having helped to spark the cognitive revolution in the human sciences, contributing to the development of a new cognitivistic framework for the study of language and the mind. In addition to his continued scholarship, he remains a leading critic of U.S. foreign policy, contemporary state capitalism, U.S. involvement and Israel's role in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, and mainstream news media. Chomsky and his ideas are highly influential in the anti-capitalist and anti-imperialist movements. (en)
- Teangeolaí, fealsamh, gníomhaí polaitiúil, údar agus léachtóir as Philadelphia, S.A.M. é Noam Chomsky (a rugadh ar an 7 Nollaig 1928). Tá an chuid is mó dá shaol caite aige ar an Massachusetts Institute of Technology, i gCambridge, Massachusetts, S.A.M. Cé go bhfuil mórchuid a ama sna hochtóidí agus sna nóchaidí caite aige ag scríobh ar pholaitíocht (go deimhin, thosaigh sé ag scríobh ar pholaitíocht i rith Chogadh Vítneam), bhain sé a chlú amach i 1955 lena leabhar , a chuir tús le scoil nua teangeolaíochta: . (ga)
- Avram Noam Chomsky (lahir 7 Desember 1928) adalah seorang profesor linguistik dari Institut Teknologi Massachusetts. Salah satu reputasi Chomsky di bidang linguistik terpahat lewat teorinya tentang tata bahasa generatif. Kepakarannya di bidang linguistik ini mengantarkannya merambah ke studi politik. Chomsky telah menulis lebih dari 30 buku politik, dengan beragam tema. Sejak 1965 hingga kini, dia menjelma menjadi salah satu tokoh intelektual yang paling kritis terhadap kebijakan luar negeri Amerika Serikat. Buku-buku bertema politiknya kerap dianggap terlalu radikal untuk diresensi atau ditampilkan media AS. Selama lima dasawarsa ini, Chomsky menjalin kontrak secara langsung dengan lebih dari 60 penerbit di seluruh dunia dan menulis lebih dari 30 buku bertema politik. Baris-baris kalimat dalam tulisannya muncul di lebih dari 100 buku, mulai dari karya ilmiah tentang linguistik, politik, hingga kumpulan kuliah, wawancara dan esai. Teori Chomsky 1. * Gramatika adalah sebuah model (deskripsi sistematik) dari segala kemampuan linguistik seorang penutur sejati sebuah bahasa yang memungkinkan dirinya berbicara dan memahami bahasanya dengan fasih. 2. * Gramatika bahasa adalah sebuah model dari kompetensi linguistik dari seorang penutur sejati yang fasih. Kompetensi adalah pengetahuan seorang penutur dan pendengar sejati ihwal bahasanya, sedangkan performansi adalah pemakaian bahasa secara aktual dalam suasana konkret. 3. * Linguistik bagi Chomsky adalah terutama berkaitan dengan kompetensi yang terdiri atas dua jenis: kompetensi pragmatik dan kompetensi gramatikal. Yang disebut pertama ini berurusan dengan informasi non-linguistik seperti pengetahuan latar kepercayaan perorangan dalam menginterpretasi kalimat. 4. * Kompetensi gramatikal memayungi tiga kompetensi yaitu sintaktik, semantik dan fonologis. Grammar tata bahasa terdiri atas komponen yang saling berkaitan, yaitu komponen sintaksis, semantik dan fonologis. 5. * Dengan intuisi yang dimilikinya, seorang penutur sejati dapat memberikan penilaian apakah sebuah ujaran itu gramatikal dalam bahasanya. (in)
- Avram Noam Chomsky (in inglese: [noʊm ˈtʃɒmski]; in ebraico: [ˈnoʔam ˈχomski]; Filadelfia, 7 dicembre 1928) è un filosofo, linguista, accademico, scienziato cognitivista, teorico della comunicazione, attivista politico e saggista statunitense. Docente emerito di linguistica al Massachusetts Institute of Technology, è riconosciuto come il fondatore della grammatica generativo-trasformazionale, spesso indicata come il più rilevante contributo alla linguistica teorica del XX secolo. Parallelamente a ciò, Chomsky è particolarmente noto per il suo attivismo ed impegno politico, d'ispirazione socialista libertaria. La costante e aspra critica nei confronti della politica estera di diversi paesi, in particolar modo degli Stati Uniti, così come l'analisi del ruolo dei mass media nelle democrazie occidentali, lo hanno reso uno degli intellettuali più celebri e seguiti della sinistra radicale statunitense e mondiale. (it)
- 에이브럼 노엄 촘스키(영어: Avram Noam Chomsky 에이브럼 놈 촘스키[*], IPA: [ˌnoʊm ˈtʃɒmski], 1928년 12월 7일 ~ )는 미국의 언어학자, 철학자, 인지 과학자, 역사가, 사회비평가, 정치운동가, 아나키스트, 저술가이며, 좌파 학자이다. 현대 언어학의 아버지로 묘사되기도 한다. 현재 매사추세츠 공과대학교의 명예교수이며, 애리조나 대학교의 교수이다. 촘스키는 변형생성문법 이론을 만들어낸 학자로 유명하여 20세기에 가장 중요한 공헌을 한 언어학자로 존경받고 있다. 그는 철학 분야에서 1950년대에 주류였던 B. F. 스키너의 언어행동을 연구 행동주의자들을 비판하여 인식의 혁명을 불러일으킨 인지과학의 선구자이기도 하다. 그의 자연주의적인 언어학의 접근은 정신과 언어의 철학에 많은 영향을 주었다. 또한 촘스키는 1956년에 형식언어를 생성하는 형식 문법의 부류들 사이의 위계인 촘스키 위계를 만들었다. 그는 예술 및 인문학 인용 색인(A&HCI)에 의하면 1980년부터 1992년 사이에 촘스키는 생존해 있는 학자들 중에서 가장 많이 인용되는 학자이고, 역대 인물 중 여덟 번째로 자주 인용되는 학자로 기록되어 있다. 1960년대 베트남 전쟁부터 촘스키는 미디어 비평과 정치적 행동으로 인해 널리 알려지게 된다. 그의 정치적 행동과 비평은 특히 미국의 제국주의 정책에 대한 비판과 인권옹호에 초점이 맞추어져 있다. (ko)
- エイヴラム・ノーム・チョムスキー(Avram Noam Chomsky、1928年12月7日 - )は、アメリカ合衆国の哲学者、言語哲学者、言語学者、認知科学者、論理学者。マサチューセッツ工科大学の言語学および言語哲学の研究所教授 (Institute Professor) 兼名誉教授。妻は言語学者・教育学者のキャロル・チョムスキー。 (ja)
- Avram Noam Chomsky (Philadelphia (Pennsylvania), 7 december 1928) is een Amerikaans taalkundige, filosoof, mediacriticus en politiek activist. Chomsky is emeritus hoogleraar taalkunde aan het Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Als grondlegger van de generatieve taalkunde is hij de invloedrijkste taalwetenschapper van de 20e eeuw. Tussen 1980 en 1992 was hij de meest geciteerde auteur in wetenschappelijke tijdschriften op zeven na: Marx, Lenin, Shakespeare, Aristoteles, de Bijbel, Plato en Freud. (nl)
- Noam Chomsky (ur. 7 grudnia 1928 w Filadelfii) – amerykański językoznawca, filozof, działacz polityczny. Profesor językoznawstwa w Massachusetts Institute of Technology (katedra językoznawstwa i filozofii), współtwórca (wraz z Morrisem Halle) gramatyki transformacyjno-generatywnej, wniósł wkład w rozwój psycholingwistyki, informatyki (w zakresie teorii języków programowania, lingwistyki komputerowej). Laureat Nagrody Kioto w dziedzinie nauk podstawowych z 1988 roku. Jeden z najczęściej cytowanych naukowców na świecie. Język jest według Chomsky’ego nieskończonym zbiorem zdań, generowanych za pomocą skończonej liczby reguł i słów, cechą szczególną rodzaju ludzkiego. Opracował tzw. hierarchię Chomsky’ego – klasyfikację gramatyk języków formalnych. (pl)
- Avram Noam Chomsky, född 7 december 1928 i Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, är en amerikansk professor emeritus i lingvistik vid MIT. Förutom sin roll som ledande språkvetare är Chomsky även aktiv inom samhällsdebatten. Chomsky har beskrivits som "den moderna lingvistikens fader". Hans arbete har även influerat områden som analytisk filosofi, kognitionsvetenskap, artificiell intelligens, datalogi, logik, matematik och psykologi. Chomsky har bland annat skapat , som är en klassificering av formella språk. Hans arbete inom generativ lingvistik bidrog starkt till behaviorismens nedgång och ledde till främjandet av kognitiva vetenskaper. I sin doktorsavhandling från 1955 och senare i den mer kända Syntactic Structures från 1957 introducerade han sin teori att delar av den mänskliga grammatiken är nedärvda i hjärnan (den så kallade generativa grammatiken). Hans teorier har haft stort inflytande på lingvistiken, även om inte alla forskare stödjer dem. Vid sidan av sitt arbete inom språkvetenskap är Chomsky känd för sina vänsterradikala åsikter och kritik mot USA:s utrikespolitik. Han beskriver sig själv som frihetlig socialist och förespråkare av syndikalism. Tillsammans med Edward Herman utvecklade han i boken Manufacturing Consent en modell över hur medierna tjänar samhällets maktelit, propagandamodellen. Han var även aktiv sionist på 1940-talet; dock var han motståndare till upprättandet av staten Israel, men har aldrig ansett att den bör upphöra att existera. Noam Chomsky promoverades absens till hedersdoktor till Carl von Linnés minne vid Uppsala universitets Linnépromotion den 26 maj 2007. (sv)
- Avram Noam Chomsky (Filadélfia, 7 de dezembro de 1928) é um linguista, filósofo, sociólogo, cientista cognitivo, comentarista e ativista político norte-americano, reverenciado em âmbito acadêmico como "o pai da linguística moderna", também é uma das mais renomadas figuras no campo da filosofia analítica. Chomsky é Professor Emérito em Linguística no Instituto de Tecnologia de Massachusetts, e teve seu nome associado à criação da gramática gerativa transformacional. É também o autor de trabalhos fundamentais sobre as propriedades matemáticas das linguagens formais, tendo seu nome associado à chamada Hierarquia de Chomsky. Seus trabalhos, combinando uma abordagem matemática dos fenômenos da linguagem com uma crítica ao behaviorismo, nos quais a linguagem é conceitualizada como uma propriedade inata do cérebro/mente humanos, contribuem decisivamente para a formação da psicologia cognitiva, no domínio das ciências humanas. Além da sua investigação e ensino no âmbito da linguística, Chomsky é também conhecido pelas suas posições políticas de esquerda e pela sua crítica à política externa dos Estados Unidos. Chomsky descreve-se como um socialista libertário. Identifica-se com aquilo que é modernamente compreendido como "anarcossindicalismo", havendo também quem o associe ao anarcocomunismo ou ao comunismo de conselhos. (pt)
- Аврам Ноам (Наум) Хомский (часто транскрибируется как Хомски или Чомски, англ. Avram Noam Chomsky [ˈnoʊm ˈtʃɒmski]; 7 декабря 1928, Филадельфия, штат Пенсильвания, США) — американский лингвист, политический публицист, философ и теоретик. Профессор лингвистики Массачусетского технологического института, автор классификации формальных языков, называемой иерархией Хомского. Его работы о порождающих грамматиках внесли значительный вклад в упадок бихевиоризма и содействовали развитию когнитивных наук. Помимо лингвистических работ, Хомский широко известен своими радикально-левыми политическими взглядами, а также критикой внешней политики правительства США. Сам Хомский называет себя либертарным социалистом и сторонником анархо-синдикализма. «Нью-Йорк Таймс Бук Ревью» однажды написала: «Если судить по энергии, размаху, новизне и влиянию его идей, Ноам Хомский — возможно, самый важный из живущих сегодня интеллектуалов» (впрочем, как Хомский с иронией отметил, далее в этой статье выражается недовольство тем, что его политические работы, которые часто обвиняют «Нью-Йорк Таймс» в искажении фактов, «сводят с ума бесхитростностью»). По данным Arts and Humanities Citation Index, между 1980 и 1992 годами Хомский был самым цитируемым из живущих учёных и восьмым по частоте использования источником для цитат вообще. (ru)
- 艾弗拉姆·诺姆·乔姆斯基(英語:Avram Noam Chomsky,1928年12月7日-),美国语言学家、哲学家、认识科学家、史学家、和政治活动家,有时被誉为现代语言学之父。乔姆斯基是分析哲學领域的重要人物、认知科学领域的创始人,也是亚利桑那大学语言学系的荣誉教授和麻省理工学院语言学系的荣誉退休教授,他著有150多本书,內容涵蓋语言学、战争、政治及大众传媒。意识形态方面,他是无政府工团主义和自由意志社會主義的坚定支持者。 乔姆斯基出生于費城的一个犹太移民家庭,早年在纽约市的另类书店被无政府主义吸引。他本科就读于宾夕法尼亚大学,硕士期间曾在工作,并提出了转换-生成文法理论,以该理论于1955年获得博士学位。他自1955年起开始在麻省理工学院任教,并于1957年以里程碑级作品《》成为语言学界的重要人物,该作品在重塑语言研究方面起到了重要作用,1958年至1959年间任美国国家科学基金会普林斯顿高等研究院的研究员。他创立或与他人合作创立了普遍文法理论、生成文法理论、最簡方案模型和乔姆斯基谱系。乔姆斯基成功促使语言行为主义步向衰落,並曾着力批评伯尔赫斯·弗雷德里克·斯金纳的研究。 1967年,乔姆斯基因其反战文章〈〉而成为全国关注的焦点,他在文中直言不讳地反对,并批评称这是帝国主义的行径。此后他与新左翼建立了联系,因为他激进的反战活动多次被捕并被列入理查德·尼克松总统的中。之后的几十年里,他在继续进行自己的语言学工作的同时,卷入了语言学的战争中。他曾与经济学家合作,出版了研究媒体宣傳模式的《製造共識》一书,并致力于揭露印度尼西亚占领东帝汶时期的行径。他为无条件言論自由及为纳粹大屠杀否认论的辩护在20世纪80年代中引起了巨大的争议。自麻省理工学院的教学工作退休后,他继续从事声势浩大的政治活动,如反对入侵伊拉克,支持占领运动。自2017年起乔姆斯基开始在亚利桑那大学任教。 作为在世的、被引用次数最多的学者之一,乔姆斯基影响了一系列学术领域。他被广泛认为帮助引发了人文科學的認知革命,为研究语言和心灵的新認知主義框架的发展做出了贡献。除了学术方面的贡献外,他今日仍是美国外交政策、新自由主義、当代国家资本主义、以巴冲突和主流新聞媒體的主要评论者。乔姆斯基和他的思想在反資本主義和反帝國主義运动中具有很大的影响力。 (zh)
- Авра́м Ноа́м Чо́мскі (також передається як Хо́мський, англ. Avram Noam Chomsky; нар. 7 грудня, 1928, Філадельфія, Пенсільванія) — американець українсько-єврейського походження, лінгвіст, філософ та політичний активіст, аналітик, літератор, професор мовознавства Масачусетського технологічного інституту (МТІ) у відставці. Чомскі добре відомий академічній та науковій спільноті як один із засновників сучасної лінгвістики та визначна постать в аналітичній філософії. З 1960-х років стає широко відомим політичним дисидентом і анархістом. Чомскі є автором понад 100 книг. 1988 — Кіотська премія (аналог Нобелівської премії), 1999 – медаль Б. Франкліна (США). Виправдовував путінську агресію проти України та загарбання Криму, а також режим Башара Асада в Сирії. Вважає, що після повномасштабного вторгнення Росії в Україну 24 лютого 2022 року США мали б змусити Україну до виконання путінських вимог: нейтральний статус, особливий статус окремих територій, визнання Криму російським. Український опір може призвести до ядерної війни, наполягає він. (uk)
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- (en)
- Guggenheim Fellowship (en)
- Member of the National Academy of Sciences (en)
- Benjamin Franklin Medal in Computer and Cognitive Science (en)
- Sydney Peace Prize (en)
- APA Award for Distinguished Scientific Contributions to Psychology (en)
- Helmholtz Medal (en)
- Kyoto Prize in Basic Sciences (en)
- Nuclear Age Peace Foundation (en)
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- (en)
- https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/view-of-demonstrators-as-they-pass-the-lincoln-memorial-news-photo/152911351
- https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/view-of-demonstrators-during-the-march-on-the-pentagon-news-photo/108986037
- (en)
- Mikhail Bakunin, Alex Carey, William Chomsky, John Dewey, Zellig Harris, Wilhelm von Humboldt, David Hume, Karl Korsch, Peter Kropotkin, Karl Liebknecht, Rosa Luxemburg, John Locke, Dwight Macdonald, Paul Mattick, John Stuart Mill, George Orwell, Anton Pannekoek, Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, Rudolf Rocker, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Bertrand Russell, Diego Abad de Santillán, Adam Smith (en)
- J. L. Austin, William Chomsky, C. West Churchman, René Descartes, Galileo, Nelson Goodman, Morris Halle, Zellig Harris, Wilhelm von Humboldt, David Hume, Roman Jakobson, Immanuel Kant, George Armitage Miller, Pāṇini, Hilary Putnam, W. V. O. Quine, Bertrand Russell, Ferdinand de Saussure, Marcel-Paul Schützenberger, Alan Turing, Ludwig Wittgenstein (en)
- What started as purely linguistic research ... has led, through involvement in political causes and an identification with an older philosophic tradition, to no less than an attempt to formulate an overall theory of man. The roots of this are manifest in the linguistic theory ... The discovery of cognitive structures common to the human race but only to humans , leads quite easily to thinking of unalienable human attributes. (en)
- [I]t does not require very far-reaching, specialized knowledge to perceive that the United States was invading South Vietnam. And, in fact, to take apart the system of illusions and deception which functions to prevent understanding of contemporary reality [is] not a task that requires extraordinary skill or understanding. It requires the kind of normal skepticism and willingness to apply one's analytical skills that almost all people have and that they can exercise. (en)
- [Chomsky's] voice is heard in academia beyond linguistics and philosophy: from computer science to neuroscience, from anthropology to education, mathematics and literary criticism. If we include Chomsky's political activism then the boundaries become quite blurred, and it comes as no surprise that Chomsky is increasingly seen as enemy number one by those who inhabit that wide sphere of reactionary discourse and action. (en)
- Israel uses sophisticated attack jets and naval vessels to bomb densely-crowded refugee camps, schools, apartment blocks, mosques, and slums to attack a [Palestinian] population that has no air force, no air defense, no navy, no heavy weapons, no artillery units, no mechanized armor, no command in control, no army… and calls it a war. It is not a war, it is murder. (en)
- The second major area to which Chomsky has contributed—and surely the best known in terms of the number of people in his audience and the ease of understanding what he writes and says—is his work on sociopolitical analysis; political, social, and economic history; and critical assessment of current political circumstance. In Chomsky's view, although those in power might—and do—try to obscure their intentions and to defend their actions in ways that make them acceptable to citizens, it is easy for anyone who is willing to be critical and consider the facts to discern what they are up to. (en)
- Chomsky criticizing Israel, 2012 (en)
- Chomsky on the Vietnam War (en)
- Edward Marcotte on the significance of Chomsky's linguistic theory (en)
- James McGilvray, 2014 (en)
- Sperlich, 2006 (en)
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- Teangeolaí, fealsamh, gníomhaí polaitiúil, údar agus léachtóir as Philadelphia, S.A.M. é Noam Chomsky (a rugadh ar an 7 Nollaig 1928). Tá an chuid is mó dá shaol caite aige ar an Massachusetts Institute of Technology, i gCambridge, Massachusetts, S.A.M. Cé go bhfuil mórchuid a ama sna hochtóidí agus sna nóchaidí caite aige ag scríobh ar pholaitíocht (go deimhin, thosaigh sé ag scríobh ar pholaitíocht i rith Chogadh Vítneam), bhain sé a chlú amach i 1955 lena leabhar , a chuir tús le scoil nua teangeolaíochta: . (ga)
- エイヴラム・ノーム・チョムスキー(Avram Noam Chomsky、1928年12月7日 - )は、アメリカ合衆国の哲学者、言語哲学者、言語学者、認知科学者、論理学者。マサチューセッツ工科大学の言語学および言語哲学の研究所教授 (Institute Professor) 兼名誉教授。妻は言語学者・教育学者のキャロル・チョムスキー。 (ja)
- Avram Noam Chomsky (Philadelphia (Pennsylvania), 7 december 1928) is een Amerikaans taalkundige, filosoof, mediacriticus en politiek activist. Chomsky is emeritus hoogleraar taalkunde aan het Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Als grondlegger van de generatieve taalkunde is hij de invloedrijkste taalwetenschapper van de 20e eeuw. Tussen 1980 en 1992 was hij de meest geciteerde auteur in wetenschappelijke tijdschriften op zeven na: Marx, Lenin, Shakespeare, Aristoteles, de Bijbel, Plato en Freud. (nl)
- Noam Chomsky (ur. 7 grudnia 1928 w Filadelfii) – amerykański językoznawca, filozof, działacz polityczny. Profesor językoznawstwa w Massachusetts Institute of Technology (katedra językoznawstwa i filozofii), współtwórca (wraz z Morrisem Halle) gramatyki transformacyjno-generatywnej, wniósł wkład w rozwój psycholingwistyki, informatyki (w zakresie teorii języków programowania, lingwistyki komputerowej). Laureat Nagrody Kioto w dziedzinie nauk podstawowych z 1988 roku. Jeden z najczęściej cytowanych naukowców na świecie. Język jest według Chomsky’ego nieskończonym zbiorem zdań, generowanych za pomocą skończonej liczby reguł i słów, cechą szczególną rodzaju ludzkiego. Opracował tzw. hierarchię Chomsky’ego – klasyfikację gramatyk języków formalnych. (pl)
- أفرام نعوم تُشُومِسْكِي (Avram Noam Chomsky) (بالعبرية: נֹעַם نُوعَم) (ولد في 7 ديسمبر 1928 فيلادلفيا، بنسلفانيا) هو أستاذ لسانيات وفيلسوف أمريكي وأيضًا عالمٌ إدراكيٍ وعالمُ منطقٍ ومؤرخ وناقد وناشط سياسي. يعمل تشومسكي أستاذًا فخريًا في اللسانيات في قسم اللسانيات والفلسفة في معهد ماساتشوستس للتكنولوجيا التي عمل فيها لأكثر من 50 عام. كذلك كتب تشومسكي عن الحروب والسياسة ووسائل الإعلام وهو مؤلِّف لأكثر من 100 كتاب. وفقاً لقائمة الإحالات في الفن والعلوم الإنسانية لعام 1992، فقد استُشْهِدَ بتشومسكي مرجِعًا أكثر من أي عالم حي في الفترة الممتدة من 1980 حتى 1992، كما صُنف في المرتبة الثامنة لأكثر المراجع التي يُستشهَد بها على الإطلاق في قائمةٍ تضم الكتاب المقدس وكارل ماركس وغيرهم. كذلك وُصف تشومسكي بالشخصية الثقافية البارزة، إذ صُوِّت له بوَسم «أبرز مثقفي العالم» في استطلاع للرأي عام 2005. (ar)
- Avram Noam Chomsky (Filadèlfia, 7 de desembre del 1928) és un científic, lingüista, filòsof i professor estatunidenc, emèrit de lingüística, a l'Institut de Tecnologia de Massachusetts (MIT). A Chomsky, se li atribueix la creació de la teoria de la gramàtica generativa, sovint considerada la contribució més significativa en el camp de la lingüística teòrica del segle xx. També va ajudar en l'impuls de la revolució cognitiva en psicologia amb la seva revisió de l'obra Verbal Behavior de Burrhus Freferic Skinner, que va qüestionar l'apropament conductista a l'estudi de la ment i del llenguatge predominant en els anys 1950. La seva visió naturalista en l'estudi del llenguatge també ha influit en la filosofia del llenguatge i la filosofia de la ment (vegeu , Jerry Fodor). A Chomsky, també li é (ca)
- Avram Noam Chomsky (* 7. prosince 1928 Philadelphia) je americký filozof, kognitivní vědec, lingvista, logik, společenský kritik a aktivista židovského původu, tvůrce tzv. Chomského hierarchické klasifikace formálních jazyků, emeritní profesor lingvistiky na Massachusettském technologickém institutu (MIT), a také levicově orientovaný politický aktivista – anarchista, známý svým kritickým vztahem ke globalizaci a jejím dopadům, k válečným konfliktům, k zahraniční politice USA, Izraele a dalších vlád. Podle Top global intellectuals of 2005 (internetového hlasování z roku 2005) a časopisů Prospect magazine a byl zvolen nejvlivnějším globálním intelektuálem. (cs)
- Ο Νόαμ Τσόμσκι (αγγλ.: Avram Noam Chomsky, γενν. 7 Δεκεμβρίου 1928) είναι Αμερικανός καθηγητής στο Τμήμα Γλωσσολογίας και Φιλοσοφίας του Τεχνολογικού Ινστιτούτου της Μασαχουσέτης (MIT). Έχει συγγράψει πλήθος βιβλίων και άρθρων, ενώ έχει δώσει και εκτενείς διαλέξεις επάνω σε ένα ευρύτατο φάσμα θεμάτων τα οποία περιλαμβάνουν τη γλωσσολογία, τη φιλοσοφία και την ιστορία της διανόησης. Επίσης, ο Τσόμσκι έχει πλούσιο ιστορικό πολιτικού ακτιβισμού από τη δεκαετία του '60 κι έπειτα, με πληθώρα βιβλίων τα οποία επικρίνουν κυρίως την εξωτερική πολιτική των ΗΠΑ, ενώ με δήλωσή του τοποθέτησε ιδεολογικά τον εαυτό του στον αναρχικό χώρο, αν και κατά καιρούς έχουν σχολιαστεί οι φιλελεύθερες καταβολές της πολιτικής του σκέψης. Σπούδασε στο Πανεπιστήμιο της Πενσυλβάνια, απ' όπου αποφοίτησε με πτυχίο φιλοσ (el)
- Avram Noam CHOMSKY ([ˈævɹəm noʊ̯m ˈtʃɑmski]; Esperantigite ĈOMSKIO; naskiĝis la 7-an de decembro 1928) estas usona lingvisto, kognosciencisto, filozofo, politika aktivulo, aŭtoro, kaj prelegisto. Li estas Institucia Profesoro emerita kaj profesoro emerita pri lingvoscienco ĉe la Masaĉuseca Instituto de Teknologio. Chomsky estas bone konata en la akademia kaj scienca komunumo kiel la patro de la moderna lingvoscienco. Ekde la 1960-aj jaroj, li konatiĝas pli vaste kiel politika malsamkredanto, anarĥiisto, kaj liberecana socialista intelektulo. (eo)
- Avram Noam Chomsky [ˈævɹəm ˈnoʊəm ˈtʃɑmski] (* 7. Dezember 1928 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA) ist emeritierter Professor für Linguistik am Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), einer der weltweit bekanntesten Intellektuellen und seit den 1960er Jahren einer der prominentesten Kritiker der US-amerikanischen Politik. Dem Arts and Humanities Citation Index von 1992 zufolge ist Chomsky im Zeitraum zwischen 1980 und 1992 die am häufigsten zitierte lebende Person der Welt gewesen. (de)
- Avram Noam Chomsky (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Ameriketako Estatu Batuak, 1928ko abenduaren 7a) hizkuntzalaria, filosofoa, zientzialari kognitiboa, historialaria, gizarte kritikaria eta aktibista politikoa da. Massachusettsko Teknologia Institutuko hizkuntzalaritza eta filosofia irakasle emeritua da, eta XX. mendeko hizkuntzalari garrantzitsuenetako bat. 1957ko Syntactic Structures lanarekin, gramatika sortzailearen lehen teorialaria izan zen; hizkuntzalaritza eskola horrek sintaxia hizkuntzen ikerkuntzaren erdigunean kokatu zuen, eta jakintza horretara erabateko iraultza ekarri. (eu)
- Avram Noam Chomsky (Filadelfia, 7 de diciembre de 1928) es un lingüista, filósofo, politólogo y activista estadounidense de origen judío. Es profesor emérito de lingüística en el Instituto Tecnológico de Massachusetts (MIT) y una de las figuras más destacadas de la lingüística del siglo XX, gracias a sus trabajos en teoría lingüística y ciencia cognitiva. También es reconocido por su activismo político, caracterizado por una fuerte crítica del capitalismo contemporáneo y de la política exterior de los Estados Unidos. Se le considera de pensamiento socialista libertario. El New York Times lo ha señalado como «el más importante de los pensadores contemporáneos». (es)
- Avram Noam Chomsky (born December 7, 1928) is an American public intellectual: a linguist, philosopher, cognitive scientist, historian, social critic, and political activist. Sometimes called "the father of modern linguistics", Chomsky is also a major figure in analytic philosophy and one of the founders of the field of cognitive science. He is a Laureate Professor of Linguistics at the University of Arizona and an Institute Professor Emeritus at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), and is the author of more than 150 books on topics such as linguistics, war, politics, and mass media. Ideologically, he aligns with anarcho-syndicalism and libertarian socialism. (en)
- Avram Noam Chomsky (lahir 7 Desember 1928) adalah seorang profesor linguistik dari Institut Teknologi Massachusetts. Salah satu reputasi Chomsky di bidang linguistik terpahat lewat teorinya tentang tata bahasa generatif. Selama lima dasawarsa ini, Chomsky menjalin kontrak secara langsung dengan lebih dari 60 penerbit di seluruh dunia dan menulis lebih dari 30 buku bertema politik. Baris-baris kalimat dalam tulisannya muncul di lebih dari 100 buku, mulai dari karya ilmiah tentang linguistik, politik, hingga kumpulan kuliah, wawancara dan esai. Teori Chomsky (in)
- Noam Chomsky (/ˈnəʊm ˈtʃɒmski/ ), né le 7 décembre 1928 à Philadelphie, est un linguiste américain. Professeur émérite de linguistique depuis 2002 au Massachusetts Institute of Technology, où il a enseigné depuis 1955, il fonde la linguistique générative. Il s'est fait connaître du grand public, à la fois dans son pays et à l'étranger, par son parcours d'intellectuel engagé de tendance socialiste libertaire et anarchiste. (fr)
- 에이브럼 노엄 촘스키(영어: Avram Noam Chomsky 에이브럼 놈 촘스키[*], IPA: [ˌnoʊm ˈtʃɒmski], 1928년 12월 7일 ~ )는 미국의 언어학자, 철학자, 인지 과학자, 역사가, 사회비평가, 정치운동가, 아나키스트, 저술가이며, 좌파 학자이다. 현대 언어학의 아버지로 묘사되기도 한다. 현재 매사추세츠 공과대학교의 명예교수이며, 애리조나 대학교의 교수이다. 촘스키는 변형생성문법 이론을 만들어낸 학자로 유명하여 20세기에 가장 중요한 공헌을 한 언어학자로 존경받고 있다. 그는 철학 분야에서 1950년대에 주류였던 B. F. 스키너의 언어행동을 연구 행동주의자들을 비판하여 인식의 혁명을 불러일으킨 인지과학의 선구자이기도 하다. 그의 자연주의적인 언어학의 접근은 정신과 언어의 철학에 많은 영향을 주었다. 또한 촘스키는 1956년에 형식언어를 생성하는 형식 문법의 부류들 사이의 위계인 촘스키 위계를 만들었다. 그는 예술 및 인문학 인용 색인(A&HCI)에 의하면 1980년부터 1992년 사이에 촘스키는 생존해 있는 학자들 중에서 가장 많이 인용되는 학자이고, 역대 인물 중 여덟 번째로 자주 인용되는 학자로 기록되어 있다. (ko)
- Avram Noam Chomsky (in inglese: [noʊm ˈtʃɒmski]; in ebraico: [ˈnoʔam ˈχomski]; Filadelfia, 7 dicembre 1928) è un filosofo, linguista, accademico, scienziato cognitivista, teorico della comunicazione, attivista politico e saggista statunitense. (it)
- Avram Noam Chomsky (Filadélfia, 7 de dezembro de 1928) é um linguista, filósofo, sociólogo, cientista cognitivo, comentarista e ativista político norte-americano, reverenciado em âmbito acadêmico como "o pai da linguística moderna", também é uma das mais renomadas figuras no campo da filosofia analítica. (pt)
- Аврам Ноам (Наум) Хомский (часто транскрибируется как Хомски или Чомски, англ. Avram Noam Chomsky [ˈnoʊm ˈtʃɒmski]; 7 декабря 1928, Филадельфия, штат Пенсильвания, США) — американский лингвист, политический публицист, философ и теоретик. Профессор лингвистики Массачусетского технологического института, автор классификации формальных языков, называемой иерархией Хомского. Его работы о порождающих грамматиках внесли значительный вклад в упадок бихевиоризма и содействовали развитию когнитивных наук. Помимо лингвистических работ, Хомский широко известен своими радикально-левыми политическими взглядами, а также критикой внешней политики правительства США. Сам Хомский называет себя либертарным социалистом и сторонником анархо-синдикализма. (ru)
- Авра́м Ноа́м Чо́мскі (також передається як Хо́мський, англ. Avram Noam Chomsky; нар. 7 грудня, 1928, Філадельфія, Пенсільванія) — американець українсько-єврейського походження, лінгвіст, філософ та політичний активіст, аналітик, літератор, професор мовознавства Масачусетського технологічного інституту (МТІ) у відставці. Чомскі добре відомий академічній та науковій спільноті як один із засновників сучасної лінгвістики та визначна постать в аналітичній філософії. З 1960-х років стає широко відомим політичним дисидентом і анархістом. Чомскі є автором понад 100 книг. 1988 — Кіотська премія (аналог Нобелівської премії), 1999 – медаль Б. Франкліна (США). (uk)
- Avram Noam Chomsky, född 7 december 1928 i Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, är en amerikansk professor emeritus i lingvistik vid MIT. Förutom sin roll som ledande språkvetare är Chomsky även aktiv inom samhällsdebatten. Noam Chomsky promoverades absens till hedersdoktor till Carl von Linnés minne vid Uppsala universitets Linnépromotion den 26 maj 2007. (sv)
- 艾弗拉姆·诺姆·乔姆斯基(英語:Avram Noam Chomsky,1928年12月7日-),美国语言学家、哲学家、认识科学家、史学家、和政治活动家,有时被誉为现代语言学之父。乔姆斯基是分析哲學领域的重要人物、认知科学领域的创始人,也是亚利桑那大学语言学系的荣誉教授和麻省理工学院语言学系的荣誉退休教授,他著有150多本书,內容涵蓋语言学、战争、政治及大众传媒。意识形态方面,他是无政府工团主义和自由意志社會主義的坚定支持者。 乔姆斯基出生于費城的一个犹太移民家庭,早年在纽约市的另类书店被无政府主义吸引。他本科就读于宾夕法尼亚大学,硕士期间曾在工作,并提出了转换-生成文法理论,以该理论于1955年获得博士学位。他自1955年起开始在麻省理工学院任教,并于1957年以里程碑级作品《》成为语言学界的重要人物,该作品在重塑语言研究方面起到了重要作用,1958年至1959年间任美国国家科学基金会普林斯顿高等研究院的研究员。他创立或与他人合作创立了普遍文法理论、生成文法理论、最簡方案模型和乔姆斯基谱系。乔姆斯基成功促使语言行为主义步向衰落,並曾着力批评伯尔赫斯·弗雷德里克·斯金纳的研究。 (zh)
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