Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard (original) (raw)
Élégie écrite dans un cimetière de campagne est un poème de Thomas Gray (1716-1771) publié en 1751. L'auteur a commencé à l'écrire peu après la mort de son ami Richard West. Plein de tristesse et probablement d'amertume face à la finitude de la vie humaine, il mène une réflexion stoïque assez sombre sur la mort, qui est incontournable dans l'univers des memento mori. Bien que Thomas Gray n'ait pas été un écrivain très prolifique, ce poème est l'un des plus célèbres du patrimoine anglais, et il est considéré comme une marque du début de la révolution romantique.
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| dbo:abstract | الرثاء المكتوب في ساحة الكنيسة الريفية هي قصيدة كتبها توماس غراي، اكتملت في عام 1750 ونُشرت لأول مرة في عام 1751. أصول القصيدة غير معروفة، لكنها مستوحاة جزئيًا من أفكار غراي بعد وفاة الشاعر ريتشارد ويست عام 1742. أُنجزت القصيدة في الأصل بعنوان ستانزاس كتب في كونتري تشيرش يارد، عندما كان غراي يعيش بالقرب من كنيسة أبرشية سانت جايلز في ستك بغس. تم إرسالها إلى صديقه هوراس والبول، الذي شاع القصيدة بين الأوساط الأدبية في لندن. أُجبر غراي في النهاية على نشر العمل في 15 فبراير 1751 لمنع ناشر مجلة من طباعة نسخة غير مرخصة من القصيدة. القصيدة مرثاة في الاسم ولكن ليس في الشكل، إنها تستخدم أسلوبًا مشابهًا لأسلوب القصائد المعاصرة، لكنها تجسد تأملًا في الموت وتذكرًا بعد الموت. تجادل القصيدة بأن الذكرى يمكن أن تكون جيدة وسيئة، والراوي يجد الراحة في التأمل في حياة ريفي غامض مدفون في باحة الكنيسة. نسختان من القصيدة، ستانزاس وإليجي، تقتربان من الموت بشكل مختلف. يحتوي الأول على استجابة رواقية للموت، لكن النسخة الأخيرة تحتوي على ضريح مرثى يعمل على قمع خوف الراوي من الموت. من خلال مناقشتها والتركيز على الغامض والمعروف، فإن القصيدة لها تداعيات سياسية محتملة، لكنها لا تقدم أي ادعاءات محددة بشأن السياسة لتكون أكثر عالمية في مقاربتها للحياة والموت. زُعم أنها «ربما لا تزال حتى اليوم أكثر القصائد الإنجليزية شهرةً وحبًا»، سرعان ما أصبحت المرثية شائعة. تمت طباعتها عدة مرات وبأشكال متنوعة، وترجمت إلى العديد من اللغات، وأشاد بها النقاد حتى بعد أن فقدت شعر غراي الآخر شعبيته. مال النقاد اللاحقون إلى التعليق على لغتها وجوانبها العالمية، لكن البعض شعر أن النهاية غير مقنعة - فشلت في حل الأسئلة التي أثارتها القصيدة - أو أن القصيدة لم تفعل ما يكفي لتقديم بيان سياسي من شأنه أن يساعد في مساعدة الريف الغامض. الفقراء الذين يشكلون صورتها المركزية. (ar) Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard is a poem by Thomas Gray, completed in 1750 and first published in 1751. The poem's origins are unknown, but it was partly inspired by Gray's thoughts following the death of the poet Richard West in 1742. Originally titled Stanzas Wrote in a Country Church-Yard, the poem was completed when Gray was living near the Church of St Giles, Stoke Poges. It was sent to his friend Horace Walpole, who popularised the poem among London literary circles. Gray was eventually forced to publish the work on 15 February 1751 in order to preempt a magazine publisher from printing an unlicensed copy of the poem. The poem is an elegy in name but not in form; it employs a style similar to that of contemporary odes, but it embodies a meditation on death, and remembrance after death. The poem argues that the remembrance can be good and bad, and the narrator finds comfort in pondering the lives of the obscure rustics buried in the churchyard. The two versions of the poem, Stanzas and Elegy, approach death differently; the first contains a stoic response to death, but the final version contains an epitaph which serves to repress the narrator's fear of dying. The Elegy quickly became popular. It was printed many times and in a variety of formats, translated into many languages, and praised by critics even after Gray's other poetry had fallen out of favour. But while many have continued to commend its language and universal aspects, some have felt that the ending is unconvincing – failing to resolve the questions raised by the poem in a way helpful to the obscure rustic poor who form its central image. Wikisource has original text related to this article:Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard (en) Élégie écrite dans un cimetière de campagne est un poème de Thomas Gray (1716-1771) publié en 1751. L'auteur a commencé à l'écrire peu après la mort de son ami Richard West. Plein de tristesse et probablement d'amertume face à la finitude de la vie humaine, il mène une réflexion stoïque assez sombre sur la mort, qui est incontournable dans l'univers des memento mori. Bien que Thomas Gray n'ait pas été un écrivain très prolifique, ce poème est l'un des plus célèbres du patrimoine anglais, et il est considéré comme une marque du début de la révolution romantique. (fr) Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard is het bekendste werk van de Engelse dichter Thomas Gray. Aangenomen wordt dat hij het gedicht schreef op de begraafplaats van Stoke Poges in Buckinghamshire, waar Gray zelf begraven ligt naast zijn moeder. Het gedicht behoort nog altijd tot de populairste en meest geciteerde gedichten in Engeland. Hij wordt, mede op basis van dit werk, wel gerekend tot de preromantische stroming van het sentimentalisme en een voorloper van de Romantiek. Gray wordt door de Elegy beschouwd als de vader van de kerkhofpoëzie. Het gedicht telt 128 tienlettergrepige regels en is opgebouwd uit 32 kwatrijnen. De laatste drie coupletten worden voorafgegaan door de aanduiding The Epitaph. Het werd voor het eerst gepubliceerd in 1750, al had Gray er al sinds 1742 aan gewerkt. Het gedicht is een bespiegeling over leven en dood. Niemand kan aan de dood ontsnappen, ook de rijken en de hogere standen niet, of mensen met veel kennis en ambitie ("The paths of glory lead but to the grave"). Het heeft dus geen zin neer te zien op de eenvoudige lieden die hier begraven liggen. Ook zij waren van belang voor hun omgeving en familie en onder hen bevonden zich mogelijkerwijs mensen met grote mogelijkheden, die zij op hun manier ook zullen hebben waargemaakt. Het gedicht toont de overgang van de neoklassieke naar de romantische dichtkunst. De gebruikte versvorm is typisch voor de neoklassieke Engelse poëzie. De belangstelling die Gray toont voor de arme bevolking wijst vooruit naar de romantiek, waarin een meer emotionele benadering van het onderwerp werd toegepast dan in de voorafgaande periode. Romanschrijver en dichter Thomas Hardy ontleende de titel van zijn roman Far from the Madding Crowd aan dit gedicht. (nl) L'Elegia scritta in un cimitero campestre o Elegia scritta in un cimitero di campagna è un'opera di Thomas Gray, completata nel 1750 e pubblicata per la prima volta nel 1751. L'origine del poema è sconosciuta, ma è molto probabile che sia stata ispirata dalla morte del poeta Richard West, avvenuta nel 1742. Gray completò la redazione dell'Elegia nel periodo in cui viveva vicino al cimitero di Stoke Poges. Una copia fu inviata al suo amico Horace Walpole, che la fece circolare nei circoli letterari di Londra. Gray fu costretto a mandare in stampa l'elegia il 15 febbraio 1751, per prevenire l'imminente uscita di una copia senza licenza della sua opera. Il poema ha il nome dell'elegia, ma non la forma: piuttosto riprende lo stile delle odi, consueto all'epoca, ma contiene una riflessione sulla morte e sul ricordo della persona dipartita. In questa opera Gray esplora il tema della morte ambientando il poema nel cimitero di Stoke Poges, nel Buckinghamshire, e descrive le atmosfere lugubri e cupe del luogo. Grazie a questo poemetto, l'autore afferma l'uguaglianza che ci deve essere fra gli uomini, sostenendo che anche nelle persone più povere erano presenti individualità che avrebbero meritato di emergere a livello politico e sociale, ma ciò non è stato possibile a causa delle disparità economiche nella società dell'epoca; l'autore, nel poema, elogia quindi la gente comune, i contadini, perché secondo lui la fama, il potere e la ricchezza materiale sono concetti illusori che non sopravvivono nell'uomo per l'eternità. Il tema dell'opera viene proposto anticipando le tendenze letterarie dell'età vittoriana, in cui gli scrittori porranno particolare attenzione al quotidiano e al comune, in contrapposizione all'eroico. Fu anche illustrata da William Blake. Ancor oggi è una delle poesie più citate della lingua inglese, ed è scritta in quartine di decasillabi a rime alternate.Si dice che prima della battaglia sulla piana di Abraham, dove morirà, il generale inglese James Wolfe recitò questa poesia ai suoi soldati, aggiungendo "Signori, avrei preferito scrivere questa poesia che conquistare il Quebec domani". Gray è riuscito a fondere forme tradizionali e dizione poetica con nuovi argomenti e modi d'espressione, diventando uno dei precursori del revival romantico. L'Elegia fu subito notata per la sua bellezza ed i poeti della scuola cimiteriale furono così chiamati per i loro componimenti, scritti sulla base della poesia di Gray e dei Pensieri notturni di Edward Young. In Italia molto note divennero la traduzione di Melchiorre Cesarotti (noto traduttore dei Canti di Ossian) in endecasillabi sciolti (1772), quella del Torelli in quartine (1776) e quella ritmica (ma meno letterale) in rime alternate e quartine (la struttura dell'originale) del musicologo Taddeo Wiel (1906) contenente la celebre formulazione del verso vessillo del romanticismo "And Melancholy marked him for her own" tradotto come "Melanconia lo volle a sé devoto", con cui Gray descrive sé stesso. Una delle più recenti e fedeli al testo è quella in quartine in versi liberi di D. Caminita (1976). Il verso dell'elegia «Paths of glory lead not but the grave» ("i sentieri di gloria non conducono che alla tomba") viene invece richiamato dal celebre regista Stanley Kubrick nel titolo del suo film Paths of glory (Orizzonti di gloria). (it) Elegia napisana na wiejskim cmentarzu (ang. Elegy written in a Country Churchyard) – wiersz osiemnastowiecznego angielskiego poety Thomasa Graya. Utwór ten, napisany w 1750 roku, jest jednym z najczęściej przedrukowywanych liryków oświeceniowych. Opublikowany został w 1751 roku. (pl) |
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| rdfs:comment | Élégie écrite dans un cimetière de campagne est un poème de Thomas Gray (1716-1771) publié en 1751. L'auteur a commencé à l'écrire peu après la mort de son ami Richard West. Plein de tristesse et probablement d'amertume face à la finitude de la vie humaine, il mène une réflexion stoïque assez sombre sur la mort, qui est incontournable dans l'univers des memento mori. Bien que Thomas Gray n'ait pas été un écrivain très prolifique, ce poème est l'un des plus célèbres du patrimoine anglais, et il est considéré comme une marque du début de la révolution romantique. (fr) Elegia napisana na wiejskim cmentarzu (ang. Elegy written in a Country Churchyard) – wiersz osiemnastowiecznego angielskiego poety Thomasa Graya. Utwór ten, napisany w 1750 roku, jest jednym z najczęściej przedrukowywanych liryków oświeceniowych. Opublikowany został w 1751 roku. (pl) الرثاء المكتوب في ساحة الكنيسة الريفية هي قصيدة كتبها توماس غراي، اكتملت في عام 1750 ونُشرت لأول مرة في عام 1751. أصول القصيدة غير معروفة، لكنها مستوحاة جزئيًا من أفكار غراي بعد وفاة الشاعر ريتشارد ويست عام 1742. أُنجزت القصيدة في الأصل بعنوان ستانزاس كتب في كونتري تشيرش يارد، عندما كان غراي يعيش بالقرب من كنيسة أبرشية سانت جايلز في ستك بغس. تم إرسالها إلى صديقه هوراس والبول، الذي شاع القصيدة بين الأوساط الأدبية في لندن. أُجبر غراي في النهاية على نشر العمل في 15 فبراير 1751 لمنع ناشر مجلة من طباعة نسخة غير مرخصة من القصيدة. (ar) Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard is a poem by Thomas Gray, completed in 1750 and first published in 1751. The poem's origins are unknown, but it was partly inspired by Gray's thoughts following the death of the poet Richard West in 1742. Originally titled Stanzas Wrote in a Country Church-Yard, the poem was completed when Gray was living near the Church of St Giles, Stoke Poges. It was sent to his friend Horace Walpole, who popularised the poem among London literary circles. Gray was eventually forced to publish the work on 15 February 1751 in order to preempt a magazine publisher from printing an unlicensed copy of the poem. (en) L'Elegia scritta in un cimitero campestre o Elegia scritta in un cimitero di campagna è un'opera di Thomas Gray, completata nel 1750 e pubblicata per la prima volta nel 1751. L'origine del poema è sconosciuta, ma è molto probabile che sia stata ispirata dalla morte del poeta Richard West, avvenuta nel 1742. Gray completò la redazione dell'Elegia nel periodo in cui viveva vicino al cimitero di Stoke Poges. Una copia fu inviata al suo amico Horace Walpole, che la fece circolare nei circoli letterari di Londra. Gray fu costretto a mandare in stampa l'elegia il 15 febbraio 1751, per prevenire l'imminente uscita di una copia senza licenza della sua opera. (it) Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard is het bekendste werk van de Engelse dichter Thomas Gray. Aangenomen wordt dat hij het gedicht schreef op de begraafplaats van Stoke Poges in Buckinghamshire, waar Gray zelf begraven ligt naast zijn moeder. Het gedicht behoort nog altijd tot de populairste en meest geciteerde gedichten in Engeland. Hij wordt, mede op basis van dit werk, wel gerekend tot de preromantische stroming van het sentimentalisme en een voorloper van de Romantiek. Gray wordt door de Elegy beschouwd als de vader van de kerkhofpoëzie. (nl) |
| rdfs:label | رثاء مكتوب في ساحة الكنيسة الريفية (ar) Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard (en) Élégie écrite dans un cimetière de campagne (fr) Elegia scritta in un cimitero campestre (it) Elegia napisana na wiejskim cmentarzu (pl) Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard (nl) |
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