English Poor Laws (original) (raw)
- Als Armengesetz werden in der Regel die gesetzlichen Bestimmungen zur Unterstützung der Armen in England bezeichnet, deren Grundlage 1601 Elisabeth I. durch das von ihr erlassene poor law gelegt hat. Das Armengesetz war in unterschiedlichen Formen und Ausprägungen bis zur Entstehung des Wohlfahrtsstaates zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts in Kraft. Es wird heute als einer der ersten sozialpolitischen Eingriffe des Staates überhaupt gewertet und damit als einer der Ausgangspunkte der heutigen Unterstützungssysteme. Nachdem bereits im 16. Jahrhundert einzelne Gemeinden Regelungen zur Behandlung der Armen aufstellten, war das Armengesetz die Grundlage für ein national einheitliches System der Unterstützung Bedürftiger in England. (de)
- Las Poor Laws ("Leyes de Pobres" o "Leyes de Asistencia Pública") fueron un sistema de ayuda a los pobres en Inglaterra y Gales que se desarrolló a partir de la Edad Media tardía y de las leyes Tudor, antes de ser codificado en 1587-1598. El sistema de las Poor Laws existió hasta el surgimiento del Estado de bienestar moderno después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial. La legislación inglesa sobre las Poor Laws puede ser rastreada hasta fecha tan temprana como 1536, cuando se aprobaron leyes para tratar con los "pobres impotentes", aunque existe legislación Tudor anterior sobre los problemas causados por los vagabundos y mendigos. La historia de las Poor Laws en Inglaterra y Gales se divide usualmente en dos estatutos: la Poor Law antigua aprobada durante el reinado de Isabel I y la Poor Law nueva aprobada en 1834, la cual, inspirándose en las teorías de Thomas Malthus, modificó significativamente, pero no para mejor, el sistema existente de alivio a la pobreza. El último estatuto alteró el sistema de Poor Law de uno que era administrado azarosamente a nivel de las parroquias locales a un sistema altamente centralizado que favorecía el desarrollo a gran escala de workhouses por parte de los Sindicatos de Poor Law. El sistema de Poor Law no fue formalmente abolido hasta la Ley de Asistencia Nacional de 1948, aunque parte del sistema se mantuvo en dicha ley hasta 1967. El sistema de Poor Law cayó en declive a inicios del siglo XX, debido a varios factores, tales como la introducción de reformas de beneficencia liberal y la disponibildiad de otras fuentes de asistencia de sociedades filantrópicas y sindicatos, así como las reformas paulatinas que evitaron el sistema de Poor Law. (es)
- The English Poor Laws were a system of poor relief in England and Wales that developed out of the codification of late-medieval and Tudor-era laws in 1587–1598. The system continued until the modern welfare state emerged after the Second World War. English Poor Law legislation can be traced back as far as 1536, when legislation was passed to deal with the impotent poor, although there were much earlier Plantagenet laws dealing with the problems caused by vagrants and beggars. The history of the Poor Law in England and Wales is usually divided between two statutes: the Old Poor Law passed during the reign of Elizabeth I (1558–1603) and the New Poor Law, passed in 1834, which significantly modified the system of poor relief. The New Poor Law altered the system from one which was administered haphazardly at a local parish level to a highly centralised system which encouraged the large-scale development of workhouses by poor law unions. The Poor Law system fell into decline at the beginning of the 20th century owing to factors such as the introduction of the Liberal welfare reforms and the availability of other sources of assistance from friendly societies and trade unions, as well as piecemeal reforms which bypassed the Poor Law system. The Poor Law system was not formally abolished until the National Assistance Act 1948, with parts of the law remaining on the books until 1967. (en)
- Les Poor Laws (« Lois sur les indigents ») se réfèrent à l'allocation d'une aide financière pour les plus pauvres en vigueur en Angleterre et dans le reste du Royaume-Uni entre le XVIe siècle et le XIXe siècle. Elles furent constituées par les nombreuses lois successives adoptées par le Parlement britannique. La longévité exceptionnelle (près de trois siècles) des Poor Laws renvoie en fait à des conceptions des systèmes sociaux qui ont beaucoup varié dans le temps. Il ne faut toutefois pas confondre l'État-providence et les Poor Laws puisque ces dernières étaient le fait non pas de l'État mais des civil parishes (paroisses civiles). (fr)
- Le Poor Laws erano un sistema assistenziale rivolto alle fasce più povere della popolazione, attuato in quello che è l'attuale Regno Unito (con formulazioni leggermente differenti tra Irlanda, Scozia e Inghilterra) nelle sue forme originarie a partire dal tardo medioevo, prima di ricevere una definitiva codificazione sul finire del XVI secolo. Tale strumento giuridico rimase in funzione sino alla fine della II Guerra Mondiale, quando dovettero essere implementate forme alternative di stato sociale. L'avvio dell'iter legislativo delle Poor Laws può essere datato a partire dal 1572, prendendo come riferimento preesistenti impianti legislativi di epoca Tudor, relativi all'assistenza di mendicanti e vagabondi. La storia delle Poor Laws in Inghilterra e Galles può essere schematicamente ripartita in due componenti: l'emanazione degli statuti definiti Old Poor Laws approvati durante il regno di Elisabetta I, e le New Poor Laws, approvate nel 1834, con modifiche significative che ammodernavano il precedente disegno di legge. In particolare veniva stabilita una centralizzazione sostanziale dell'assistenza, sottratta al controllo delle singole parrocchie e mirante alla creazione di workhouses da parte delle . Il sistema previsto dalle Poor Laws non fu formalmente abolito fino al 1948, con la promulgazione del . Tuttavia da tempo tale sistema di assistenza era entrato in declino, in seguito all'introduzione delle riforme liberali in materia di welfare, alla disponibilità di forme di assistenza alternative, quali società di mutuo soccorso e sindacati. (it)
- イングランドの救貧法(きゅうひんほう、Poor Laws)とは、近世〜現代のイングランドにおいて、貧民増加による社会不安を抑制するための法制をさす。1531年に救貧が始まり、エリザベス救貧法をはじめ幾度も改正が繰り返され、結果的に福祉国家イギリスの出発点となった。イングランド救貧法は近代的社会福祉制度の先駆として模範のひとつとされ、諸外国も福祉制度の導入にあたって参考にした。 (ja)
- As Poor Laws foram um sistema de ajuda social aos pobres em Inglaterra e Gales que se desenvolveu a partir da Idade Média tardia e das leis Tudor, antes de ser codificado em 1587-1598. O sistema das Poor Laws subsistiu até ao surgimento do Estado de bem-estar moderno depois da Segunda Guerra Mundial. A legislação inglesa sobre as Poor Laws pode ser datada tão cedo como 1536, quando se aprovaram leis para tratar dos "pobres impotentes", embora existisse anterior legislação dos Tudor sobre os problemas causados pelos vagabundos e mendigos. A história das Poor Laws em Inglaterra e Gales divide-se habitualmente em dois estatutos: a Antiga Poor Law, aprovada durante o reinado de Isabel I e a Nova Poor Law aprovada em 1834, a qual modificou significativamente o sistema existente de diminuição da pobreza. O último estatuto alterou o sistema de Poor Law, de um que era administrado de forma local a nível das paróquias para um sistema altamente centralizado que favorecia o desenvolvimento em grande escala de workhouses por parte dos Sindicatos da Poor Law. O sistema de Poor Law não foi formalmente abolido senão com a Lei de Assistência Nacional de 1948, embora parte do sistema se mantivesse em tal lei até 1967. O sistema da Poor Law caiu em desuso em inícios do século XX, devido a vários fatores, como a introdução de reformas de beneficência liberal e a disponibilidade de outras fontes de assistência de sociedades filantrópicas e sindicatos, bem como as reformas paulatinas que evitaram o sistema da Poor Law. (pt)
- Английские законы о бедных (англ. English Poor Laws) были системой помощи бедным людям, которая существовала в Англии и Уэльсе и были развитием поздне-средневековых законов и законов эпохи Тюдоров. Система законов о бедных существовала вплоть до появления современного «государства всеобщего благоденствия» после Второй мировой войны. Историю английского законодательства о бедных можно проследить до 1536 года, когда оно было введено для борьбы с нищими, хотя и до этого существовало гораздо более раннее законодательство Тюдоров для борьбы с проблемами, создаваемыми бродягами и попрошайками. В истории законов о бедных в Англии и Уэльсе принято различать Старый Закон о Бедных и Новый Закон о Бедных. Старый Закон о Бедных был принят во времена правления Елизаветы I. Новый Закон о Бедных, принятый в 1834 году, существенно изменил старую систему, заменив локальную хаотичную систему управления высоко централизованной системой, с упором на создание больших работных домов. Законы о бедных формально не отменялись до принятия в 1948 году Национального закона о помощи (National Assistance Act 1948), а некоторые части законов оставались в действующими вплоть до 1967 года. Система законов о бедных пришла в упадок в начале 20 века ввиду нескольких обстоятельств, таких как введение либеральных социальных реформ и доступности других источников поддержки от общественных организаций и профсоюзов, а также проведением частичных реформ в обход системы законов о бедных. (ru)
- Englands fattigvårdslagar var den fattigvård som i äldre tider förekom i England och Wales och utvecklades ur senmedeltidens och Tudorerans fattigvårdslagar, och stadgfästes 1587–1598. De sista resterna försvann genom tillväxten av den moderna välfärdsstaten efter andra världskriget. De sista resterna avskaffades genom National Assistance Act 1948, men delar av lagen kvarstod officiellt i lagböckerna till 1967. (sv)
- 《救贫法》(英語:English Poor Laws),台港作《濟贫法》,是英国历史上的一系列规章。英国济贫法制度的起源可以追溯到中世纪晚期处理乞丐和流浪者的法规,但直到都铎时期才将济贫法制度编入法典。因为海外扩张和贸易的增加,大量财富涌入英国,随之而来的是贫困人口激增,社会的不安定因素也愈演愈烈。传统的贫困人口救济主要依赖于教会,而面对如此大规模的贫困人口,教会缺少足够的财力来进行救济。这一时期,英国王室出台了一系列济贫法案,其中1601年的《伊丽莎白济贫法》最具有代表性。它承认解决贫困问题是政府应尽的责任,堪称世界上最早的社会保障法,标志着社会救济制度的建立。 (zh)
- http://de.scribd.com/doc/204061491/Dominik-Nagl-No-Part-of-the-Mother-Country-but-Distinct-Dominions-Rechtstransfer-Staatsbildung-und-Governance-in-England-Massachusetts-und-South-C
- http://www.econ.ucdavis.edu/faculty/gclark/papers/farm_wages_&_living_standards.pdf
- http://www.roydenhistory.co.uk/mikeroydenbooks/books/talesfromthepool/talesfromthepool.html
- https://books.google.com/books%3Fid=75y0AAAAIAAJ&q=Poverty+and+Policy+in+Tudor+and+Stuart+England&dq=Poverty+and+Policy+in+Tudor+and+Stuart+England
- https://books.google.com/books%3Fid=8DAFAQAAIAAJ&q=Women+Workers+and+the+Industrial+Revolution,+1750-1850&dq=Women+Workers+and+the+Industrial+Revolution,+1750-1850
- https://books.google.com/books%3Fid=9U7xwDAOXJ0C&pg=PA23&dq=Charity,+Self-interest+and+Welfare:+Reflections%23v=onepage&q=&f=false
- https://books.google.com/books%3Fid=FjiyAAAAIAAJ&q=The+Making+of+the+New+Poor+Law&dq=The+Making+of+the+New+Poor+Law
- https://books.google.com/books%3Fid=GHYgHAAACAAJ&dq=The+New+Poor+Law+in+the+Nineteenth+Century+fraser+intitle:new+intitle:poor+intitle:law&lr=&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&as_brr=0
- https://books.google.com/books%3Fid=ZmeB-7om2ZYC&pg=PP1&dq=The+English+Poor+Law,+1531-1782%23v=onepage&q=&f=false
- https://books.google.com/books%3Fid=brMIf8yPmJQC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Poverty+and+Welfare+in+England,+1700-1850%23v=onepage&q=&f=false
- https://books.google.com/books%3Fid=cw3WWvjG6MUC&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+Solidarities+of+Strangers:+The+English+Poor+Laws%23v=onepage&q=&f=false
- https://books.google.com/books%3Fid=dAGxAAAAIAAJ&q=The+English+Poor+Law,+1780-1930&dq=The+English+Poor+Law,+1780-1930
- https://books.google.com/books%3Fid=gCWFAAAAIAAJ&q=%22Household+and+Family+among+the+Poor%22&dq=%22Household+and+Family+among+the+Poor%22
- https://books.google.com/books%3Fid=jRhrkMoxq58C&dq=Governing+Rural+England:+Tradition+and+Transformation&printsec=frontcover&source=bl&ots=lQRb47MOyA&sig=SQsgcFfzDwXxtWV3VVaUOaPoov8&hl=en&ei=v9KLSv2dBY-sjAeb8uHkCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4%23v=onepage&q=&f=false
- https://books.google.com/books%3Fid=jeU8AAAAIAAJ&dq=The+Treatment+of+Poverty+in+Cambridgeshire,+1597-1834&printsec=frontcover&source=bl&ots=jBxFD_8sNv&sig=HXykz3Fcxx_39LSkJH2NGUTYOTI&hl=en&ei=pB-MSo7uIcyrjAe3luzkCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1%23v=onepage&q=&f=false
- https://books.google.com/books%3Fid=swlJwIZDwH4C&dq=An+Economic+History+of+the+English+Poor+Law,+1750-1850&printsec=frontcover&source=bl&ots=Fxt3FOA9kD&sig=8ZoW8OBEd8bW3ydQjRsxG2hGDX0&hl=en&ei=WtCLSrOuKYeG-Qbf48XQDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1%23v=onepage&q=&f=false
- https://books.google.com/books%3Fid=t0iFAAAAIAAJ&q=Poverty+and+Vagrancy+in+Tudor+England&dq=Poverty+and+Vagrancy+in+Tudor+England
- https://books.google.com/books%3Fid=wgxKAAAAMAAJ&dq=The+Old+Poor+Law,+1795-1834+marshall&source=gbs_book_other_versions_r&cad=2
- https://books.google.com/books%3Fid=yqG0AAAAIAAJ&q=hartwell++The+New+Poor+Law+in+an+Industrial+Area&dq=hartwell++The+New+Poor+Law+in+an+Industrial+Area
- http://www.econ.ucdavis.edu/faculty/gclark/papers/commons.pdf
- http://www.roydenhistory.co.uk/mrlhp/local/poorlaw/poorlaw.htm
- http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/picture-of-month/furtherReading.asp%3Fid=146&venue=2
- https://archive.org/details/agedpoorinengla00bootgoog
- https://archive.org/details/englishpoorlawpo00webbuoft
- https://archive.org/details/religionandtheri012275mbp
- https://archive.org/details/villagelabournew00hammuoft
- https://archive.today/20121208160259/http:/www.sciencedirect.com/science%3F_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WFJ-45M8TBT-R&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_rerunOrigin=scholar.google&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=2fcab6e871f4f514328d5d0def3eebcd
- https://web.archive.org/web/20100615224440/http:/eh.net/abstracts/archive/0171.php
- https://www.jstor.org/pss/2115861
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- https://www.jstor.org/pss/4285843
- http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documentsonline/workhouse.asp
- http://www.constitution.org/sech/sech_081.htm
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- Higginbotham has written several books on the workhouses. Wouldn't it be better to cite one of them instead of his self-published website? (en)
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- Als Armengesetz werden in der Regel die gesetzlichen Bestimmungen zur Unterstützung der Armen in England bezeichnet, deren Grundlage 1601 Elisabeth I. durch das von ihr erlassene poor law gelegt hat. Das Armengesetz war in unterschiedlichen Formen und Ausprägungen bis zur Entstehung des Wohlfahrtsstaates zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts in Kraft. Es wird heute als einer der ersten sozialpolitischen Eingriffe des Staates überhaupt gewertet und damit als einer der Ausgangspunkte der heutigen Unterstützungssysteme. Nachdem bereits im 16. Jahrhundert einzelne Gemeinden Regelungen zur Behandlung der Armen aufstellten, war das Armengesetz die Grundlage für ein national einheitliches System der Unterstützung Bedürftiger in England. (de)
- Les Poor Laws (« Lois sur les indigents ») se réfèrent à l'allocation d'une aide financière pour les plus pauvres en vigueur en Angleterre et dans le reste du Royaume-Uni entre le XVIe siècle et le XIXe siècle. Elles furent constituées par les nombreuses lois successives adoptées par le Parlement britannique. La longévité exceptionnelle (près de trois siècles) des Poor Laws renvoie en fait à des conceptions des systèmes sociaux qui ont beaucoup varié dans le temps. Il ne faut toutefois pas confondre l'État-providence et les Poor Laws puisque ces dernières étaient le fait non pas de l'État mais des civil parishes (paroisses civiles). (fr)
- イングランドの救貧法(きゅうひんほう、Poor Laws)とは、近世〜現代のイングランドにおいて、貧民増加による社会不安を抑制するための法制をさす。1531年に救貧が始まり、エリザベス救貧法をはじめ幾度も改正が繰り返され、結果的に福祉国家イギリスの出発点となった。イングランド救貧法は近代的社会福祉制度の先駆として模範のひとつとされ、諸外国も福祉制度の導入にあたって参考にした。 (ja)
- Englands fattigvårdslagar var den fattigvård som i äldre tider förekom i England och Wales och utvecklades ur senmedeltidens och Tudorerans fattigvårdslagar, och stadgfästes 1587–1598. De sista resterna försvann genom tillväxten av den moderna välfärdsstaten efter andra världskriget. De sista resterna avskaffades genom National Assistance Act 1948, men delar av lagen kvarstod officiellt i lagböckerna till 1967. (sv)
- 《救贫法》(英語:English Poor Laws),台港作《濟贫法》,是英国历史上的一系列规章。英国济贫法制度的起源可以追溯到中世纪晚期处理乞丐和流浪者的法规,但直到都铎时期才将济贫法制度编入法典。因为海外扩张和贸易的增加,大量财富涌入英国,随之而来的是贫困人口激增,社会的不安定因素也愈演愈烈。传统的贫困人口救济主要依赖于教会,而面对如此大规模的贫困人口,教会缺少足够的财力来进行救济。这一时期,英国王室出台了一系列济贫法案,其中1601年的《伊丽莎白济贫法》最具有代表性。它承认解决贫困问题是政府应尽的责任,堪称世界上最早的社会保障法,标志着社会救济制度的建立。 (zh)
- The English Poor Laws were a system of poor relief in England and Wales that developed out of the codification of late-medieval and Tudor-era laws in 1587–1598. The system continued until the modern welfare state emerged after the Second World War. (en)
- Las Poor Laws ("Leyes de Pobres" o "Leyes de Asistencia Pública") fueron un sistema de ayuda a los pobres en Inglaterra y Gales que se desarrolló a partir de la Edad Media tardía y de las leyes Tudor, antes de ser codificado en 1587-1598. El sistema de las Poor Laws existió hasta el surgimiento del Estado de bienestar moderno después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial. (es)
- Le Poor Laws erano un sistema assistenziale rivolto alle fasce più povere della popolazione, attuato in quello che è l'attuale Regno Unito (con formulazioni leggermente differenti tra Irlanda, Scozia e Inghilterra) nelle sue forme originarie a partire dal tardo medioevo, prima di ricevere una definitiva codificazione sul finire del XVI secolo. Tale strumento giuridico rimase in funzione sino alla fine della II Guerra Mondiale, quando dovettero essere implementate forme alternative di stato sociale. (it)
- As Poor Laws foram um sistema de ajuda social aos pobres em Inglaterra e Gales que se desenvolveu a partir da Idade Média tardia e das leis Tudor, antes de ser codificado em 1587-1598. O sistema das Poor Laws subsistiu até ao surgimento do Estado de bem-estar moderno depois da Segunda Guerra Mundial. (pt)
- Английские законы о бедных (англ. English Poor Laws) были системой помощи бедным людям, которая существовала в Англии и Уэльсе и были развитием поздне-средневековых законов и законов эпохи Тюдоров. Система законов о бедных существовала вплоть до появления современного «государства всеобщего благоденствия» после Второй мировой войны. (ru)
- English Poor Laws (en)
- Armengesetz (de)
- Poor Laws (es)
- Poor Laws (it)
- Poor Laws (fr)
- 救貧法 (ja)
- Poor Laws (pt)
- Английские законы о бедных (ru)
- Englands fattigvårdslagar (sv)
- 救貧法 (zh)
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