Workhouse (original) (raw)
En la Historia del Reino Unido una workhouse era un lugar donde la gente pobre que no tenía con qué subsistir podía ir a vivir y trabajar. También se utilizaba para los ancianos que trabajaban. El ejemplo más antiguo de una workhouse data de 1672 en Exeggutor, aunque no existen evidencias escritas de la presencia de estas instituciones anteriores a esa fecha. Algunos documentos escritos hablan de una workhouse en Abingdon hacia 1634.
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| dbo:abstract | دار العمل، في بريطانيا، كانت مرفقًا يوفر فرصة عمل ومحل إقامة لغير القادرين على إعالة أنفسهم ماديًّا. وفي اسكتلندا، عُرفت دُور العمل عادةً باسم (منازل الفقراء). ويعود استخدام هذا المصطلح لعام 1631، حيث صدر في بيان عن رئيس بلدية أبينغدون، الذي صرح قائلًا: لقد أنشأنا في مدينتنا دار عمل لمساعدة شديدى الفقر لإيجاد فرصة عمل. وتعود أصول فكرة إنشاء دور العمل إلى قانون الفقراء لعام 1388، الذي حاول التصدى لمشكلة نقص القوى العاملة بعد جائحة الموت الأسود وما خلفته في إنجلترا، ففي نهاية الأمر، أوجب على الحكومة تحمل مسؤلية دعم الفقراء. وعلى الرغم من ذلك، تفشت البطالة عقب نهاية الحروب النابليونية في عام 1815. ومع إدخال التكنولوجيا الحديثة لتحل محل المزراعيين، كان ذلك مؤشرًا على أنه بحلول أوائل ثلاثينيات القرن التاسع عشر، لن يستمر طويلًا النظام المعمول به لمساعدة الفقراء. وقد كان قانون الفقراء الجديد لعام 1834 يعمل جاهدًا على تغيير مسار الاتجاه الاقتصادى، وذلك من خلال منع أي محاولة لتقديم المساعدات لكل من يرفض الإلتحاق بدُور العمل. وكانت بعض السلطات تأمل في إدارة دور العمل بغرض الربح، عن طريق الإنتفاع من العمل المجاني لنزلائها. فقد كان معظمهم يعملون بلا مقابل في مهام مثل تكسير الحجارة، أو تكسير العظام لإنتاج الأسمدة. وبدخول القرن التاسع عشر، تحولت دور العمل إلى ملاجئ للمسنين والعجزة والمرضى بدلاً من الفقراء الأصحاء. وفي عام 1929 صدر تشريع يسمح للسلطات المحلية بتولي مسؤلية مشفى دور العمل إلى جانب المستشفيات البلدية. وعلى الرغم من إلغاء دور العمل رسميًا بموجب نفس التشريع من عام 1930، إلا أن العديد من تلك الدُور واصل العمل تحت مسمى جديد وهو «مؤسسات المساعدة العامة» وكانت خاضعة لسيطرة السلطات المحلية. وبصدور قانون المساعدة الوطنية عام 1948، اختفت آخر بقايا قانون الفقراء ودور العمل على حد سواء. (ar) Das Arbeitshaus stellte eines der wesentlichen Merkmale armenpolitischer Bemühungen seit der Mitte des 16. Jahrhunderts dar: Dort sollten von Armut betroffene Menschen, vor allem Bettler, aufgenommen und damit aus der Öffentlichkeit entfernt werden. Nicht selten gehörten deshalb verwahrloste Waisenkinder zu den Insassen, manchmal auch geistig Behinderte. Gleichzeitig nutzte man die Arbeitskraft dieser Menschen, indem sie sich der manufakturellen Produktionsweise, die unter anderem die Haupteinnahme des absolutistischen Staates bildete, zur Verfügung stellen mussten. Die Umwandlung herumziehender Armer in wirtschaftlich verwendbare Untertanen sollte durch Methoden der Arbeitserziehung erreicht werden. Der Utilitarismus des aufkommenden Industriezeitalters stellte dann das Arbeitshaus im 19. Jahrhundert unter den Leitsatz „Wer nicht arbeitet, soll auch nicht essen“, um so unter kapitalistischen Vorzeichen eine Fabrikdisziplin gesellschaftlich durchsetzen zu helfen. (de) En la Historia del Reino Unido una workhouse era un lugar donde la gente pobre que no tenía con qué subsistir podía ir a vivir y trabajar. También se utilizaba para los ancianos que trabajaban. El ejemplo más antiguo de una workhouse data de 1672 en Exeggutor, aunque no existen evidencias escritas de la presencia de estas instituciones anteriores a esa fecha. Algunos documentos escritos hablan de una workhouse en Abingdon hacia 1634. (es) Les workhouses (littéralement, « maisons de travail ») étaient des hospices du Royaume-Uni dont le rôle s'apparentait à de l'assistance sociale. Elles devaient permettre de subvenir aux besoins de toute personne dans l'incapacité d'y parvenir par elle-même, comme les personnes âgées, les handicapés, les « faibles d'esprit » (feeble-minded), les filles mères, etc. (fr) Di Inggris dan Wales, rumah kerja (bahasa Inggris: workhouse, juga dikenal dengan sebutan spike) adalah sebuah tempat di mana orang-orang yang tak mampu menghidupi diri mereka sendiri diberi akomodasi dan pekerjaan. Penggunaan terawal yang diketahui dari istilah tersebut bermula dari tahun 1631, dalam sebuah catatan dari wali kota Abingdon mengabarkan bahwa "kami telah mendirikan sebuah rumah kerja di borough kami untuk memberikan pekerjaan kepada kaum miskin". Asal muasal rumah kerja bermula pada , yang berupaya untuk menanggapi penipisan buruh setelah dengan membatasi gerakan buruh, dan membuat negara tersebut menjadi harus bertanggung jawab terhadap dukungan kepada kaum muskim. Namun, pengangguran massal terjadi setelah Perang Napoleon pada 1815 akibat pengenalan teknologi baru menggantikan sebagian para buruh tani, dan serangkaian panen buruh (in) In Britain, a workhouse (Welsh: tloty) was an institution where those unable to support themselves financially were offered accommodation and employment. (In Scotland, they were usually known as poorhouses.) The earliest known use of the term workhouse is from 1631, in an account by the mayor of Abingdon reporting that "we have erected wthn [sic] our borough a workhouse to set poorer people to work". The origins of the workhouse can be traced to the Statute of Cambridge 1388, which attempted to address the labour shortages following the Black Death in England by restricting the movement of labourers, and ultimately led to the state becoming responsible for the support of the poor. However, mass unemployment following the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815, the introduction of new technology to replace agricultural workers in particular, and a series of bad harvests, meant that by the early 1830s the established system of poor relief was proving to be unsustainable. The New Poor Law of 1834 attempted to reverse the economic trend by discouraging the provision of relief to anyone who refused to enter a workhouse. Some Poor Law authorities hoped to run workhouses at a profit by utilising the free labour of their inmates. Most were employed on tasks such as breaking stones, crushing bones to produce fertiliser, or picking oakum using a large metal nail known as a spike. As the 19th century wore on, workhouses increasingly became refuges for the elderly, infirm, and sick rather than the able-bodied poor, and in 1929 legislation was passed to allow local authorities to take over workhouse infirmaries as municipal hospitals. Although workhouses were formally abolished by the same legislation in 1930, many continued under their new appellation of Public Assistance Institutions under the control of local authorities. It was not until the introduction of the National Assistance Act 1948 that the last vestiges of the Poor Law finally disappeared, and with them the workhouses. (en) Il termine inglese workhouse (in gallese: tloty) era il nome designato per indicare una istituzione totale dove quanti non erano in grado di supportarsi finanziariamente trovavano alloggio ed impiego. Erano note anche col nome di . Il primo utilizzo del termine workhouse risale al 1631, in un rapporto del sindaco di Abingdon dove si dichiara di aver realizzato una struttura per consentire ai poveri di vivere e lavorare. Le origini delle workhouses possono essere fatte risalire allo , col quale si tentava di far fronte alla mancanza di lavoro a seguito della peste nera in Inghilterra, restringendo i movimenti dei lavoratori e lasciando che lo stato si occupasse del sostentamento dei più poveri. Ad ogni modo la disoccupazione di massa che seguì le guerre napoleoniche nel 1815, l'introduzione di nuove tecnologie per rimpiazzare i lavoratori agricoli in particolare e una serie di cattive annate di raccolto, costrinsero molti poveri a non sapere come provvedere alla loro esistenza. La tentò di invertire questa rotta economica scoraggiando il governo ad aiutare quanti si rifiutassero di entrare nelle workhouses. L'opposizione ad entrare in queste istituzioni aveva iniziato a diffondersi da quando alcune autorità locali avevano pensato di sfruttare il lavoro gratuito di coloro che vi lavoravano per propri fini. Molti erano impiegati come spaccapietre o nella trituratura delle ossa per la produzione di fertilizzante naturale, o ancora nella raccolta della stoppa. Col proseguire del XIX secolo, le workhouses divennero sempre più dei rifugi per persone anziane, inferme e malate piuttosto che per abili al lavoro di povere condizioni e nel 1929 venne varata una legge per la loro conversione in infermerie e ospedali municipali. Le workhouses vennero abolite formalmente solo nel 1930, ma de facto scomparvero solo con il passaggio del . (it) ワークハウス（英語: Workhouse）は救貧院の一種で、イングランドおよびウェールズにおいて自立して生活できない者を収容し仕事を与えていた施設である。口語的にはスパイク(Spike)としても知られている。'workhouse'という用語は、最も古い記録で1631年から用いられている。 ワークハウスの起源は、イングランドでの黒死病流行後の労働者不足に対処するため設けられた1388年の救貧法まで遡ることができる。この法律により労働者の移動は制限され、最終的には国が貧困支援の責任を負うこととなった。しかし、1815年ナポレオン戦争の終戦にともなう失業者の増加や、農業従事者の仕事を奪うこととなった新技術の導入、一連の不作などを背景に、1830年代初頭には当時の救貧制度では不十分であるとして1834年の新救貧法が制定された。この法案により、ワークハウスに入ることを拒んだものに対する救援を削ぐことで、景気の動向を好転させることを試みた。救貧に関連する組織の中にはワークハウスを運営し、収容者の労働力から利益を生み出そうとした者もいたが、収容者の多くは自由市場で競争するような技術もやる気もなかった。ほとんどの収容者は石を割ったり、骨を砕いて肥料を作ったり、スパイクと呼ばれる大きな金属の爪を用いて縄をほどいて槙肌を作る仕事などで雇われていた。これがワークハウスの別名の由来になったと言われている。 (ja) 구빈원(救貧院, workhouse)은 스스로를 부양할 수 없는 자들에게 거처와 일자리를 마련하는, 잉글랜드와 웨일즈에 있었던 시설이다. "구빈원"이라는 표현이 최초로 사용된 것은 1631년이다. (ko) Een werkhuis was in Nederland oorspronkelijk een instelling opgericht om armoede en bedelarij het hoofd te bieden door werkeloze mensen min of meer vrijwillig aan het werk te zetten. Andere - verplichte - vormen van werkhuizen bestonden vroeger ook, namelijk het rasphuis (voor criminelen van het mannelijke geslacht) en het spinhuis (voor criminelen van het vrouwelijk geslacht). Dat waren voorlopers van de huidige gevangenissen. Daarnaast bestonden ook armenhuizen. De inrichtingen werden door de plaatselijke overheid beheerd. Naast bedelaars, zwervers en criminelen werden er invaliden en weeskinderen in een werkhuis opgenomen. De bewoners werden gedwongen om te werken, met als doel om hen in nuttige burgers veranderen. In de 18e eeuw was men van mening dat het verblijf in een werkhuis vooral onaangenaam moest zijn. Pas later, in de 19e eeuw, kregen de werkhuizen het karakter van een gevangenis. Bedelen en landlopen waren dan ook inmiddels strafbaar geworden. Opname in een werkhuis gebeurde ook wel op verzoek van verwanten, of in geval van wezen op verzoek van de voogd. (nl) Работный (рабочий) дом (англ. workhouse), Дисциплинарный дом (нидерл. tuchthuis) — пенитенциарные и/или благотворительные учреждения, направленные на изоляцию и/или принуждение/стимуляцию к труду нуждающихся, мелких преступников и нищих. (ru) Arbetshus (engelska workhouse) var en anstalt där fattiga försörjdes och sattes i arbete. (sv) Na história britânica, uma workhouse era um lugar onde as pessoas pobres que não tinham com que subsistir podiam ir viver e trabalhar. O exemplo mais antigo de workhouse data de 1652 em Exeter, embora existam provas escritas da presença de instituições similares anteriores a essa data. Alguns documentos escritos referem uma workhouse em Abingdon por volta de 1631. (pt) 济贫院（workhouse）又称救济院、救贫院、贫民院、濟貧工廠，是为穷人提供工作和弱者提供生计的机构，起源于《伊丽莎白济贫法》（Elizabethan Poor Law）。 济贫院在英国和爱尔兰得到高度发展，在其他欧洲国家也有小规模的济贫院，如荷兰在全国范围只有三间大的济贫院，而1777年单英国柴郡就有31间。 (zh) |
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| dbo:wikiPageExternalLink | http://www.workhouses.org.uk http://research.historicengland.org.uk/redirect.aspx%3Fid=6604%7CRed%20House%20(formerly%20Framlingham%20Workhouse),%20Framlingham%20Castle,%20Suffolk http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documentsonline/workhouse.asp https://archive.org/details/labourmigrationi0000redf https://books.google.com/books%3Fid=I37aAAAAMAAJ https://books.google.com/books%3Fid=RFQSAAAAYAAJ http://www.victorians.co.uk/victorian-workhouses http://www.historyextra.com/workhouse https://archive.org/details/josephrogersmdre00roge |
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| dbp:alt | Design (en) |
| dbp:footer | Sampson Kempthorne's cruciform design for a workhouse accommodating 300 paupers (en) |
| dbp:image | Sampson Kempthorne workhouse design for 300 paupers, plan view.jpg (en) Sampson Kempthorne workhouse design for 300 paupers.jpg (en) |
| dbp:quote | From the Jewish point of view ... was the virtual impossibility of complying with the Jewish ritual requirements; the dietary laws could have been followed, if at all, only by virtual restriction to bread and water, and the observance of the Sabbath and Festivities was impossible. (en) First to the Poorhouse and then to the grave (en) Hush-a-bye baby, on the tree top, (en) When you grow old, your wages will stop, (en) When you have spent the little you made (en) It is beyond the omnipotence of Parliament to meet the conflicting claims of justice to the community; severity to the idle and viscious and mercy to those stricken down into penury by the vicissitudes of God ... There is grinding want among the honest poor; there is starvation, squalor, misery beyond description, children lack food and mothers work their eyes dim and their bodies to emaciation in the vain attempt to find the bare necessities of life, but the Poor Law authorities have no record of these struggles. (en) |
| dbp:quoted | true (en) |
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| dbp:source | Anonymous verse from Yorkshire (en) Philanthropist William Rathbone, 1850 (en) |
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| rdfs:comment | En la Historia del Reino Unido una workhouse era un lugar donde la gente pobre que no tenía con qué subsistir podía ir a vivir y trabajar. También se utilizaba para los ancianos que trabajaban. El ejemplo más antiguo de una workhouse data de 1672 en Exeggutor, aunque no existen evidencias escritas de la presencia de estas instituciones anteriores a esa fecha. Algunos documentos escritos hablan de una workhouse en Abingdon hacia 1634. (es) Les workhouses (littéralement, « maisons de travail ») étaient des hospices du Royaume-Uni dont le rôle s'apparentait à de l'assistance sociale. Elles devaient permettre de subvenir aux besoins de toute personne dans l'incapacité d'y parvenir par elle-même, comme les personnes âgées, les handicapés, les « faibles d'esprit » (feeble-minded), les filles mères, etc. (fr) ワークハウス（英語: Workhouse）は救貧院の一種で、イングランドおよびウェールズにおいて自立して生活できない者を収容し仕事を与えていた施設である。口語的にはスパイク(Spike)としても知られている。'workhouse'という用語は、最も古い記録で1631年から用いられている。 ワークハウスの起源は、イングランドでの黒死病流行後の労働者不足に対処するため設けられた1388年の救貧法まで遡ることができる。この法律により労働者の移動は制限され、最終的には国が貧困支援の責任を負うこととなった。しかし、1815年ナポレオン戦争の終戦にともなう失業者の増加や、農業従事者の仕事を奪うこととなった新技術の導入、一連の不作などを背景に、1830年代初頭には当時の救貧制度では不十分であるとして1834年の新救貧法が制定された。この法案により、ワークハウスに入ることを拒んだものに対する救援を削ぐことで、景気の動向を好転させることを試みた。救貧に関連する組織の中にはワークハウスを運営し、収容者の労働力から利益を生み出そうとした者もいたが、収容者の多くは自由市場で競争するような技術もやる気もなかった。ほとんどの収容者は石を割ったり、骨を砕いて肥料を作ったり、スパイクと呼ばれる大きな金属の爪を用いて縄をほどいて槙肌を作る仕事などで雇われていた。これがワークハウスの別名の由来になったと言われている。 (ja) 구빈원(救貧院, workhouse)은 스스로를 부양할 수 없는 자들에게 거처와 일자리를 마련하는, 잉글랜드와 웨일즈에 있었던 시설이다. "구빈원"이라는 표현이 최초로 사용된 것은 1631년이다. (ko) Работный (рабочий) дом (англ. workhouse), Дисциплинарный дом (нидерл. tuchthuis) — пенитенциарные и/или благотворительные учреждения, направленные на изоляцию и/или принуждение/стимуляцию к труду нуждающихся, мелких преступников и нищих. (ru) Arbetshus (engelska workhouse) var en anstalt där fattiga försörjdes och sattes i arbete. (sv) Na história britânica, uma workhouse era um lugar onde as pessoas pobres que não tinham com que subsistir podiam ir viver e trabalhar. O exemplo mais antigo de workhouse data de 1652 em Exeter, embora existam provas escritas da presença de instituições similares anteriores a essa data. Alguns documentos escritos referem uma workhouse em Abingdon por volta de 1631. (pt) 济贫院（workhouse）又称救济院、救贫院、贫民院、濟貧工廠，是为穷人提供工作和弱者提供生计的机构，起源于《伊丽莎白济贫法》（Elizabethan Poor Law）。 济贫院在英国和爱尔兰得到高度发展，在其他欧洲国家也有小规模的济贫院，如荷兰在全国范围只有三间大的济贫院，而1777年单英国柴郡就有31间。 (zh) دار العمل، في بريطانيا، كانت مرفقًا يوفر فرصة عمل ومحل إقامة لغير القادرين على إعالة أنفسهم ماديًّا. وفي اسكتلندا، عُرفت دُور العمل عادةً باسم (منازل الفقراء). ويعود استخدام هذا المصطلح لعام 1631، حيث صدر في بيان عن رئيس بلدية أبينغدون، الذي صرح قائلًا: لقد أنشأنا في مدينتنا دار عمل لمساعدة شديدى الفقر لإيجاد فرصة عمل. (ar) Das Arbeitshaus stellte eines der wesentlichen Merkmale armenpolitischer Bemühungen seit der Mitte des 16. Jahrhunderts dar: Dort sollten von Armut betroffene Menschen, vor allem Bettler, aufgenommen und damit aus der Öffentlichkeit entfernt werden. Nicht selten gehörten deshalb verwahrloste Waisenkinder zu den Insassen, manchmal auch geistig Behinderte. Gleichzeitig nutzte man die Arbeitskraft dieser Menschen, indem sie sich der manufakturellen Produktionsweise, die unter anderem die Haupteinnahme des absolutistischen Staates bildete, zur Verfügung stellen mussten. Die Umwandlung herumziehender Armer in wirtschaftlich verwendbare Untertanen sollte durch Methoden der Arbeitserziehung erreicht werden. Der Utilitarismus des aufkommenden Industriezeitalters stellte dann das Arbeitshaus im 19. (de) Di Inggris dan Wales, rumah kerja (bahasa Inggris: workhouse, juga dikenal dengan sebutan spike) adalah sebuah tempat di mana orang-orang yang tak mampu menghidupi diri mereka sendiri diberi akomodasi dan pekerjaan. Penggunaan terawal yang diketahui dari istilah tersebut bermula dari tahun 1631, dalam sebuah catatan dari wali kota Abingdon mengabarkan bahwa "kami telah mendirikan sebuah rumah kerja di borough kami untuk memberikan pekerjaan kepada kaum miskin". (in) In Britain, a workhouse (Welsh: tloty) was an institution where those unable to support themselves financially were offered accommodation and employment. (In Scotland, they were usually known as poorhouses.) The earliest known use of the term workhouse is from 1631, in an account by the mayor of Abingdon reporting that "we have erected wthn [sic] our borough a workhouse to set poorer people to work". (en) Il termine inglese workhouse (in gallese: tloty) era il nome designato per indicare una istituzione totale dove quanti non erano in grado di supportarsi finanziariamente trovavano alloggio ed impiego. Erano note anche col nome di . Il primo utilizzo del termine workhouse risale al 1631, in un rapporto del sindaco di Abingdon dove si dichiara di aver realizzato una struttura per consentire ai poveri di vivere e lavorare. (it) Een werkhuis was in Nederland oorspronkelijk een instelling opgericht om armoede en bedelarij het hoofd te bieden door werkeloze mensen min of meer vrijwillig aan het werk te zetten. Andere - verplichte - vormen van werkhuizen bestonden vroeger ook, namelijk het rasphuis (voor criminelen van het mannelijke geslacht) en het spinhuis (voor criminelen van het vrouwelijk geslacht). Dat waren voorlopers van de huidige gevangenissen. Daarnaast bestonden ook armenhuizen. Opname in een werkhuis gebeurde ook wel op verzoek van verwanten, of in geval van wezen op verzoek van de voogd. (nl) |
| rdfs:label | Workhouse (en) دار عمل (ar) Arbeitshaus (de) Workhouse (es) Rumah kerja (in) Workhouse (fr) Workhouse (it) 구빈원 (ko) 救貧院 (ワークハウス) (ja) Werkhuis (nl) Workhouse (pt) Работный дом (ru) Arbetshus (sv) 济贫院 (zh) |
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