Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles (original) (raw)

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Die Liste äthiopischer Titel beinhaltet historische und teils noch gebräuchliche Titel (amharisch ማዕረግ maʿǝräg) aus den Bereichen des kaiserlichen Hauses (H), der Verwaltung (V), des Militärs (M) und der Kirche (K) in Äthiopien, jeweils mit bedeutenderen Titeln in hierarchischer Ordnung und gefolgt von weiteren Titeln in alphabetischer Reihenfolge. Aufgrund unterschiedlicher Umschrift der äthiopischen Schrift kann die Schreibweise äthiopischer Eigennamen in verschiedenen Publikationen unterschiedlich sein. (de)
Until the end of the Ethiopian monarchy in 1974, there were two categories of nobility in Ethiopia and Eritrea. The Mesafint (Ge'ez: መሳፍንት masāfint, modern mesāfint, singular መስፍን masfin, modern mesfin, "prince"), the hereditary nobility, formed the upper echelon of the ruling class. The Mekwanint (Ge'ez: መኳንንት makʷanint, modern mekʷanint, singular መኰንን makʷanin, modern mekʷanin or Amharic: መኮንን mekonnen, "officer") were the appointed nobles, often of humble birth, who formed the bulk of the aristocracy. Until the 20th century, the most powerful people at court were generally members of the Mekwanint appointed by the monarch, while regionally, the Mesafint enjoyed greater influence and power. Emperor Haile Selassie greatly curtailed the power of the Mesafint to the benefit of the Mekwanint, who by then were essentially coterminous with the Ethiopian government. The Mekwanint were officials who had been granted specific offices in the Abyssinian government or court. Higher ranks from the title of Ras through to Balambaras were also bestowed upon members of the Mekwanint. A member of the Mesafint, however, would traditionally be given precedence over a member of the Mekwanint of the same rank. For example, Ras Mengesha Yohannes, son of Emperor Yohannes IV and thus a member of the Mesafint, would have outranked Ras Alula Engida, who was of humble birth and therefore a member of the Mekwanint, even though their ranks were equal. There were also parallel rules of precedence, primarily seniority based on age, on offices held, and on when they each obtained their titles, which made the rules for precedence rather complex. Combined with the ambiguous position of titled heirs of members of the Mekwanint, Emperor Haile Selassie, as part of his programme of modernising reforms, and in line with his aims of centralising power away from the Mesafint, replaced the traditional system of precedence with a simplified, Western-inspired system that gave precedence by rank, and then by seniority based when the title had been assumed – irrespective of how the title was acquired. (en)
Cet article regroupe la liste des titres de noblesse et aristocratiques utilisés dans l'empire éthiopien (ou Abyssinie) jusqu'à la chute de la monarchie en 1974. Deux catégories étaient distinguées parmi la noblesse et les dirigeants : * les mesafint (du guèze : መሳፊንት (mäsafint)) ou princes, regroupaient la noblesse héréditaire, et constituaient l'échelon supérieur de la classe dirigeante ; * les mekwanent (መኳንንት (mäkwannent)), ou gouverneurs, étaient les nobles désignés (voir : anoblissement), souvent de naissance modeste et qui formaient la plus grande part de la noblesse. Jusqu'au XXe siècle, les personnalités les plus puissantes étaient généralement des mekwanint désignés par le negus, alors que les mesafint jouissaient d'une plus grande influence et de plus de pouvoir dans les régions. Haïlé Sélassié a grandement réduit le pouvoir des mesafint au profit des mekwanint. (fr)
Sino alla fine della monarchia etiopica nel 1974 erano presenti in Etiopia due categorie di nobiltà: i Mesafint e i Mekwanint. I Mesafint (ge'ez: መሳፍንት masāfint, moderno mesāfint, singolare ge'ez: መስፍን masfin, moderno mesfin, "principe"), la nobiltà ereditaria, costituivano l'alta classe dirigente. I Mekwanint (ge'ez: መኳንንት mäkʷanin, moderno mäkʷenin, singolare ge'ez: መኳንንት mäkʷanin, moderno mäkʷenin, amarico መኮንን mekonnen, "governatore"), la nobiltà nominata, spesso di umile nascita, componeva la maggior parte della nobiltà. Fino al XX secolo le personalità più autorevoli e potenti della corte erano generalmente appartenenti ai Mekwanint nominati dal sovrano, mentre invece a livello locale i Mesafint godevano di maggiore influenza e potere. L'imperatore Hailé Selassié ridusse notevolmente le prerogative dei Mesafint, favorendo i Mekwanint, i quali vennero infine a coincidere sostanzialmente con il governo dell'Etiopia. I Mekwanint erano funzionari a cui erano stati concesse particolari cariche nel governo o a corte. Ai Mekwanint erano conferiti anche titoli prestigiosi come Ras e Balambaras. Un appartenente ai Mesafint avrebbe tuttavia avuto la precedenza in caso di detenzione del medesimo titolo. Ad esempio, Ras Mangascià Giovanni, figlio dell'imperatore Giovanni IV e quindi membro dei Mesafint, avrebbe avuto la precedenza rispetto a Ras Alula Engida, il quale era di umili origini e quindi membro dei Mekwanint, nonostante fossero detentori dello stesso titolo. Esistevano anche norme sulla precedenza parallele basate sull'anzianità, sulle cariche ricoperte e sulla data di conferimento del titolo, il che rese le regole per la precedenza piuttosto complicate. L'imperatore Hailé Selassié, come parte del suo programma di riforme moderne, e in linea con il suo obbiettivo di accentrare il potere in sfavore dei Mesafint, sostituì il tradizionale regolamento per la precedenza con un sistema semplificato di ispirazione occidentale, basato sulla sola importanza del titolo e, nel caso il titolo fosse stato il medesimo, sull'anzianità dell'ottenimento, a prescindere dalle modalità in cui esso era stato acquisito. (it)
Эфиопские титулы часто встречаются в текстах, посвящённых старой Эфиопии, и в переводной литературе. Пишутся они так, как звучат в амхарском языке и в древнеэфиопском языке геэзе, без перевода. В данной статье приводятся толкования придворных, военных, духовных и других эфиопских титулов и, при возможности, их оригинальное написание. В русских текстах эфиопские титулы могут быть написаны по-разному. Это связано с тем, что в амхарском языке существуют звуки, для которых может не быть обозначения, с одной стороны, в русском языке ([w], [ə]), а с другой стороны, в западноевропейских языках, с которых эти тексты могут быть переведены (ы [ɨ]). Поэтому титулы, начинающиеся с буквы «ы», могут быть написаны через «и» или «э», а со звука «[w]» — через «у» или «в». Некоторые буквы могут удваиваться, и наоборот. Для титулов, состоящих из нескольких слов, следует искать толкование каждого из них по отдельности. (ru)

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child (en)
beloved (en)
as myself (en)
scribe by command (en)

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ልጅ (en)
ቢትወደድ (en)
እንደራሴ (en)
ጸሐፌ ትእዛዝ (en)

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Die Liste äthiopischer Titel beinhaltet historische und teils noch gebräuchliche Titel (amharisch ማዕረግ maʿǝräg) aus den Bereichen des kaiserlichen Hauses (H), der Verwaltung (V), des Militärs (M) und der Kirche (K) in Äthiopien, jeweils mit bedeutenderen Titeln in hierarchischer Ordnung und gefolgt von weiteren Titeln in alphabetischer Reihenfolge. Aufgrund unterschiedlicher Umschrift der äthiopischen Schrift kann die Schreibweise äthiopischer Eigennamen in verschiedenen Publikationen unterschiedlich sein. (de)
Until the end of the Ethiopian monarchy in 1974, there were two categories of nobility in Ethiopia and Eritrea. The Mesafint (Ge'ez: መሳፍንት masāfint, modern mesāfint, singular መስፍን masfin, modern mesfin, "prince"), the hereditary nobility, formed the upper echelon of the ruling class. The Mekwanint (Ge'ez: መኳንንት makʷanint, modern mekʷanint, singular መኰንን makʷanin, modern mekʷanin or Amharic: መኮንን mekonnen, "officer") were the appointed nobles, often of humble birth, who formed the bulk of the aristocracy. Until the 20th century, the most powerful people at court were generally members of the Mekwanint appointed by the monarch, while regionally, the Mesafint enjoyed greater influence and power. Emperor Haile Selassie greatly curtailed the power of the Mesafint to the benefit of the Mekwanint (en)
Cet article regroupe la liste des titres de noblesse et aristocratiques utilisés dans l'empire éthiopien (ou Abyssinie) jusqu'à la chute de la monarchie en 1974. Deux catégories étaient distinguées parmi la noblesse et les dirigeants : * les mesafint (du guèze : መሳፊንት (mäsafint)) ou princes, regroupaient la noblesse héréditaire, et constituaient l'échelon supérieur de la classe dirigeante ; * les mekwanent (መኳንንት (mäkwannent)), ou gouverneurs, étaient les nobles désignés (voir : anoblissement), souvent de naissance modeste et qui formaient la plus grande part de la noblesse. (fr)
Sino alla fine della monarchia etiopica nel 1974 erano presenti in Etiopia due categorie di nobiltà: i Mesafint e i Mekwanint. I Mesafint (ge'ez: መሳፍንት masāfint, moderno mesāfint, singolare ge'ez: መስፍን masfin, moderno mesfin, "principe"), la nobiltà ereditaria, costituivano l'alta classe dirigente. I Mekwanint (ge'ez: መኳንንት mäkʷanin, moderno mäkʷenin, singolare ge'ez: መኳንንት mäkʷanin, moderno mäkʷenin, amarico መኮንን mekonnen, "governatore"), la nobiltà nominata, spesso di umile nascita, componeva la maggior parte della nobiltà. Fino al XX secolo le personalità più autorevoli e potenti della corte erano generalmente appartenenti ai Mekwanint nominati dal sovrano, mentre invece a livello locale i Mesafint godevano di maggiore influenza e potere. L'imperatore Hailé Selassié ridusse notevolmente (it)
Эфиопские титулы часто встречаются в текстах, посвящённых старой Эфиопии, и в переводной литературе. Пишутся они так, как звучат в амхарском языке и в древнеэфиопском языке геэзе, без перевода. В данной статье приводятся толкования придворных, военных, духовных и других эфиопских титулов и, при возможности, их оригинальное написание. Для титулов, состоящих из нескольких слов, следует искать толкование каждого из них по отдельности. (ru)

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Liste äthiopischer Titel (de)
Titres de noblesse éthiopiens (fr)
Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles (en)
Titoli nobiliari etiopici (it)
Эфиопские титулы (ru)

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