Civil Rights Act of 1968 (original) (raw)
- يُعتبر قانون الحقوق المدنية لعام 1968 (بالإنجليزية: Civil Rights Act of 1968)، الذي سُنّ في 11 أبريل عام 1968، قانونًا تاريخيًا في الولايات المتحدة موقعًا من الرئيس ليندون جونسون في أثناء أعمال الشغب بعد اغتيال كينغ. تشمل الأبواب من الثاني إلى السابع قانون الحقوق المدنية الهندية، الذي ينطبق على قبائل الأمريكيين الأصليين في الولايات المتحدة ويجعل العديد من الضمانات الواردة في وثيقة حقوق الولايات المتحدة، لكن ليس جميعها، واجبة التطبيق داخل القبائل. أما الأبواب من الثامن إلى التاسع فتعرف عادةً بقانون الإسكان العادل، الذي كان يقصد به قانون فرعي لقانون الحقوق المدنية لعام 1964 (وهذا تشريع مختلف عن قانون الإسكان والتنمية الحضرية لعام 1968، الذي وسَّع برامج تمويل الإسكان). على الرغم من أن قانون الحقوق المدنية لعام 1866 يحظر التمييز في الإسكان، إلا أنه لا توجد أحكام تنفيذية اتحادية محددة. توسَّع قانون عام 1968 في الأفعال السابقة وحظر التمييز فيما يتعلق ببيع المساكن واستئجارها وتمويلها على أساس العِرق والدين والأصل القومي، والجنس منذ عام 1974. منذ عام 1988، قدّم القانون حماية خاصة للمعوقين والأسر التي لديها أطفال. عمل القانون أيضًا على حماية المرأة الحامل ضد التمييز غير القانوني لأنها اعتُبرت بوضع عائلي خاص حتى قبل ولادة الطفل. يجوز لضحايا التمييز اللجوء إلى كل من قانون عام 1968 وفصل العقوبات من قانون عام 1983 لطلب الانتصاف. ينصّ قانون عام 1968 على حلول فيدرالية في حين ينصّ قانون عام 1866 على حلول خاصة (أي الدعاوى المدنية). اعتبر القانون أيضًا الأعمال التي تأتي «بالقوة أو بالتهديد أو الأذية أو التخويف أو التدخل في أي شخص... بسبب العِرق أو اللون أو الدين أو الأصل القومي أو الإعاقة أو الوضع العائلي» جرائم فيدرالية تمامًا. أما الباب العاشر، المعروف عادة باسم قانون مكافحة الشغب، يوضّح أن «السفر بين الولايات بقصد التحريض على أعمال شغب وتعزيزها وتشجيعها والمشاركة فيها ومواصلة تنفيذها» يُعتبر جناية. وقد انتُقد هذا الحكم بسبب «مساواة الاحتجاج السياسي المنظم بالعنف المنظم». كانت نتيجة التصويت الأولي في مجلس النواب الأمريكي 327-93 (161-25 في المؤتمر الجمهوري لمجلس النواب و 166-67 في التجمع الديمقراطي لمجلس النواب) إذ صوّت 12 عضوا بالحضور أو الامتناع، بينما في مجلس الشيوخ كان التصويت النهائي مع التعديلات 71-20 (29-3 في المؤتمر الجمهوري لمجلس الشيوخ 42-17 في التجمع الديمقراطي لمجلس النواب) مع تصويت 5 أعضاء بالحضور أو الامتناع. وافق مجلس النواب على تعديلات مجلس الشيوخ بتصويت 250-172 (100-84 في المؤتمر الجمهوري في المجلس و150-88 في التجمع الديمقراطي) مع تصويت 10 أعضاء بالحضور أو الامتناع. (ar)
- Der Civil Rights Act der USA von 1968 (auch Fair Housing Act genannt) ist ein amerikanisches Bundesgesetz. Es erweiterte den Civil Rights Act von 1964 und wurde am 11. April 1968 von Präsident Lyndon B. Johnson unterzeichnet. Das Gesetz gehört zum Reformprogramm Great Society. Er verbot folgende Arten der Diskriminierung, die teilweise als Redlining bezeichnet werden: 1. * Die Weigerung, einer Person eine Wohnung oder ein Haus aus Gründen der Rasse, der Hautfarbe, der Religion oder der Nationalität zu vermieten oder zu verkaufen. 2. * Eine unterschiedliche Behandlung einer Person bei den Bedingungen der Vermietung oder des Verkaufs. 3. * Das Anzeigen eines Miet- oder Kaufobjekts unter Hinweis auf Diskriminierung aufgrund der oben genannten Kriterien. 4. * Zwang, Drohung und Einschüchterung oder Einflussnahme auf die Nutzung der Miet- und Kaufrechte sowie Maßnahmen gegen Personen oder Organisationen, die die Nutzung dieser Rechte unterstützen. In diesem Zusammenhang kann insbesondere der Boykott von Maklern genannt werden. Der Beschluss des Gesetzes war durch die Ermordung Martin Luther Kings – eine Woche zuvor – beeinflusst. (de)
- The Civil Rights Act of 1968 (Pub.L. 90–284, 82 Stat. 73, enacted April 11, 1968) is a landmark law in the United States signed into law by United States President Lyndon B. Johnson during the King assassination riots. Titles II through VII comprise the Indian Civil Rights Act, which applies to the Native American tribes of the United States and makes many but not all of the guarantees of the U.S. Bill of Rights applicable within the tribes. (that Act appears today in Title 25, sections 1301 to 1303 of the United States Code). Titles VIII and IX are commonly known as the Fair Housing Act, which was meant as a follow-up to the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (this is different legislation than the Housing and Urban Development Act of 1968, which expanded housing funding programs). While the Civil Rights Act of 1866 prohibited discrimination in housing, there were no federal enforcement provisions. The 1968 act expanded on previous acts and prohibited discrimination concerning the sale, rental, and financing of housing based on race, religion, national origin, and since 1974, sex. Since 1988, the act protects people with disabilities and families with children. Pregnant women are also protected from illegal discrimination because they have been given familial status with their unborn child being the other family member. Victims of discrimination may use both the 1968 act and the 1866 act's section 1983 to seek redress. The 1968 act provides for federal solutions while the 1866 act provides for private solutions (i.e., civil suits). The act also made it a federal crime to "by force or by threat of force, injure, intimidate, or interfere with anyone... by reason of their race, color, religion, or national origin, handicap or familial status." Title X, commonly known as the Anti-Riot Act, makes it a felony to "travel in interstate commerce...with the intent to incite, promote, encourage, participate in and carry on a riot." That provision has been criticized for "equating organized political protest with organized violence." (en)
- Le Civil Rights Act de 1968 est une loi historique aux États-Unis signée par le président Lyndon B. Johnson lors des émeutes survenues après l'assassinat de Martin Luther King. Avec les Civil Rights Act de 1964 et le Voting Rights Act de 1965, il est le dernier dispositif mettant fin aux discriminations fondée sur la race, la religion ou l'origine ethnique aux États-Unis. (fr)
- Il Civil Rights Act del 1968, conosciuto anche come Indian Civil Rights Act of 1968 è una legge federale degli Stati Uniti d'America Venne firmata l'11 aprile 1968 dal presidente Lyndon B. Johnson. Il titolo VIII della legge è conosciuto come Fair Housing Act o ancora come CRA 68, esso è considerato il completamento e l'estensione del Civil Rights Act del 1964. (it)
- 공평주거권리법(Fair Housing Act) 혹은 1968년 민권법 제8장은 미국 연방법률로 주택임대, 매수, 매수자금조달 차별을 금지하는 법으로 공정주택법 혹은 공정주거법으로도 불린다. (ko)
- Civil rights act 1968 (även Fair housing act of 1968) är en lag som infördes i USA den 11 september 1968 och som gjorde det olagligt att diskriminera människor på grund av hudfärg, religion eller nationalitet vid fastighetsförsäljning eller bostadsuthyrning. Fair Housing Act förbjuder diskriminerande beteende av en mängd olika juridiska personer. Lagen definierar "person" för att inkludera en eller flera individer, företag, partnerskap, föreningar, fackliga organisationer, juridiska ombud, ömsesidiga bolag, aktiebolag, stiftelser, oregistrerade organisationer, förvaltare, mottagare och förvaltare. Dessutom kommuner, lokala myndigheter, städer och federala myndigheter är föremål för lagen. Lagen från 1968 Civil Rights förbjudet följande former av diskriminering: * Vägran att sälja eller hyra ut en bostad till någon person på grund av hans / hennes ras, hudfärg, religion eller nationellt ursprung. Personer med funktionshinder och familjer med barn läggs till i listan över skyddade klasser från Fair Housing Ändringar Act från 1988; kön tillsattes år 1974. * Diskriminering mot en person i de villkor, bestämmelser eller privilegium för försäljning eller uthyrning av bostad. * Att annonsera om försäljning eller uthyrning av en bostad indikerar preferens för diskriminering på grund av ras, hudfärg, religion eller nationellt ursprung (ändrad av kongressen som en del av bostäder och gemenskapens Development Act från 1974 till att omfatta kön, och från och med 1988 personer med funktionshinder och familjer med barn. * Tvinga, hota, hotfull eller störa en persons åtnjutande eller utövande av rätten till bostad som grundar sig på diskriminerande skäl eller att slå tillbaka mot en person eller organisation som hjälper eller uppmuntrar motion eller åtnjutande av rättigheter. (sv)
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- http://finduslaw.com/civil_rights_act_of_1866_civil_rights_act_of_1871_cra_42_u_s_code_21_1981_1981a_1983_1988%233
- http://www.fairhousing.com
- http://www.nationalfairhousing.org
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- https://web.archive.org/web/20101231051052/http:/www.texasarchive.org/library/index.php%3Ftitle=Remarks_Upon_Signing_the_Civil_Rights_Act%2C_April_11%2C_1968
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- (en)
- Fair Housing Amendments Act of 1988 (en)
- Housing and Community Development Act of 1974 (en)
- Housing for Older Persons Act (en)
- Section 1983 (en)
- An Act to prescribe penalties for certain acts of violence or intimidation, and for other purposes. (en)
- (en)
- Anti-Riot Act (en)
- Civil Obedience Act (en)
- Fair Housing Act (en)
- Federal Anti-Riot Act (en)
- Housing Rights Act (en)
- Indian Bill of Rights (en)
- Indian Civil Rights Act (en)
- Open Housing Act (en)
- Rap Brown Act (en)
- Rap Brown Law (en)
- Stokely Carmichael Act (en)
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- Le Civil Rights Act de 1968 est une loi historique aux États-Unis signée par le président Lyndon B. Johnson lors des émeutes survenues après l'assassinat de Martin Luther King. Avec les Civil Rights Act de 1964 et le Voting Rights Act de 1965, il est le dernier dispositif mettant fin aux discriminations fondée sur la race, la religion ou l'origine ethnique aux États-Unis. (fr)
- Il Civil Rights Act del 1968, conosciuto anche come Indian Civil Rights Act of 1968 è una legge federale degli Stati Uniti d'America Venne firmata l'11 aprile 1968 dal presidente Lyndon B. Johnson. Il titolo VIII della legge è conosciuto come Fair Housing Act o ancora come CRA 68, esso è considerato il completamento e l'estensione del Civil Rights Act del 1964. (it)
- 공평주거권리법(Fair Housing Act) 혹은 1968년 민권법 제8장은 미국 연방법률로 주택임대, 매수, 매수자금조달 차별을 금지하는 법으로 공정주택법 혹은 공정주거법으로도 불린다. (ko)
- يُعتبر قانون الحقوق المدنية لعام 1968 (بالإنجليزية: Civil Rights Act of 1968)، الذي سُنّ في 11 أبريل عام 1968، قانونًا تاريخيًا في الولايات المتحدة موقعًا من الرئيس ليندون جونسون في أثناء أعمال الشغب بعد اغتيال كينغ. تشمل الأبواب من الثاني إلى السابع قانون الحقوق المدنية الهندية، الذي ينطبق على قبائل الأمريكيين الأصليين في الولايات المتحدة ويجعل العديد من الضمانات الواردة في وثيقة حقوق الولايات المتحدة، لكن ليس جميعها، واجبة التطبيق داخل القبائل. (ar)
- Der Civil Rights Act der USA von 1968 (auch Fair Housing Act genannt) ist ein amerikanisches Bundesgesetz. Es erweiterte den Civil Rights Act von 1964 und wurde am 11. April 1968 von Präsident Lyndon B. Johnson unterzeichnet. Das Gesetz gehört zum Reformprogramm Great Society. Er verbot folgende Arten der Diskriminierung, die teilweise als Redlining bezeichnet werden: Der Beschluss des Gesetzes war durch die Ermordung Martin Luther Kings – eine Woche zuvor – beeinflusst. (de)
- The Civil Rights Act of 1968 (Pub.L. 90–284, 82 Stat. 73, enacted April 11, 1968) is a landmark law in the United States signed into law by United States President Lyndon B. Johnson during the King assassination riots. Titles II through VII comprise the Indian Civil Rights Act, which applies to the Native American tribes of the United States and makes many but not all of the guarantees of the U.S. Bill of Rights applicable within the tribes. (that Act appears today in Title 25, sections 1301 to 1303 of the United States Code). (en)
- Civil rights act 1968 (även Fair housing act of 1968) är en lag som infördes i USA den 11 september 1968 och som gjorde det olagligt att diskriminera människor på grund av hudfärg, religion eller nationalitet vid fastighetsförsäljning eller bostadsuthyrning. Lagen från 1968 Civil Rights förbjudet följande former av diskriminering: (sv)
- freebase:Civil Rights Act of 1968
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