| dbo:abstract |
The First Battle of Passchendaele took place on 12 October 1917 during the First World War, in the Ypres Salient in Belgium on the Western Front. The attack was part of the Third Battle of Ypres and was fought west of Passchendaele village. The British had planned to capture the ridges south and east of the city of Ypres as part of a strategy decided by the Allies at conferences in November 1916 and May 1917. Passchendaele lay on the last ridge east of Ypres, 5 mi (8.0 km) from the railway junction at Roulers, which was an important part of the supply system of the German 4th Army. After a dry spell in September, rains began on 3 October and by the Battle of Poelcappelle on 9 October much of the British field artillery opposite Passchendaele was out of action due to rain, mud and German artillery-fire. The remaining guns were either left in old positions and fired at the limit of their range or were operated from any flat ground near wooden roadways or from platforms, many of which were unstable, where it was found impossible to move them forward. General Herbert Plumer and Field Marshal Douglas Haig were left under the impression that a big advance had been made towards Passchendaele ridge but most of the ground had been lost to German counter-attacks in the afternoon. The British attack on 12 October began 2,000–2,500 yd (1.1–1.4 mi; 1.8–2.3 km) from the village instead of the 1,500 yd (1,400 m) originally thought by the British commanders. Air reconnaissance revealed the true position too late to make substantial changes to the plan. The main attack of the Second Army was by the two Anzac Corps, supported by the Fifth Army to the north. On Passchendaele Ridge, opposite the I Anzac and II Anzac Corps, the attack was repulsed or captured ground was recovered by German counter-attacks. The attack on the right flank of the Fifth Army was a costly failure but on the left, the fringe of Houthoulst Forest was gained. British attacks were postponed until the weather improved and communications behind the front were restored. The battle was a German defensive success but was mutually costly and two German divisions were diverted to Flanders to replace "extraordinarily high" losses. In the worst weather conditions of the campaign, in the five weeks after the Battle of Broodseinde, the number of troops engaged by the British amounted to no more than those involved in the Battle of Pilckem Ridge on 31 July. British casualties in October 1917 were the third highest of the war, after July 1916 and April 1917. (en) La Primera Batalla de Passchendaele se libró el 12 de octubre de 1917 en las cercanías de la localidad belga de Ypres, en donde se enfrentaron unidades británicas procedentes de la Tercera batalla de Ypres contra las tropas alemanas estacionadas en las crestas al sur y al este de Ypres como parte de una estrategia decidida por los Aliados en las conferencias celebradas en noviembre de 1916 y mayo de 1917. La pequeña localidad de Passchendaele estaba en la última cresta al este de Ypres, un importante cruce ferroviario localizado en Roulers, principal ruta de abastecimiento del IV Ejército alemán. Después de un período de sequía en septiembre, las lluvias comenzaron el 3 de octubre, diezmando gran parte de la artillería británica emplazada frente a Passchendaele. Los cañones restantes se dejaron en posiciones antiguas y se dispararon en el límite de su alcance o fueron operados desde cualquier terreno plano cerca de carreteras de madera o de plataformas, muchas de las cuales eran inestables; cuando se consideró imposible moverlas hacia nuevas posiciones, el ataque comenzó. Durante la batalla, la información engañosa y los retrasos en la comunicación hicieron que Herbert Plumer y Douglas Haig sostuviesen la idea de un avance sustancial hacia la cordillera de Passchendaele. Lo cierto fue que si bien los atacantes habían logrado avanzar hacia el pueblo, la mayor parte del terreno capturado había sido perdido por los contraataques alemanes durante la tarde. Los ataques del Quinto Ejército Británico más al norte de Poelcappelle fueron apoyados por la intervención del Primer Ejército Francés para cerrarlos en el Bosque de Houthoulst, pero a finales del 9 de octubre la línea del frente cerca de Passchendaele apenas había cambiado. En lugar de un avance de 1500 metros para completar la captura de Passchendaele, el ataque británico del 12 de octubre comenzó a 1800-2300 metros de la aldea. La posición real de la línea del frente fue descubierta por el reconocimiento aéreo, pero la información llegó demasiado tarde, sin apenas modificar el plan. El 12 de octubre, el ataque principal fue conducido por las fuerzas de Anzac del II Ejército británico contra el IV Ejército alemán, con una operación de apoyo del V Ejército, entre el límite septentrional del Segundo Ejército y el Primer Ejército francés. Los alemanes mantuvieron el control del terreno elevado en la cordillera de Passchendaele frente al I y II cuerpo de Anzac, donde el ataque fue rechazado y motivaron a las tropas británicas a retirarse de la mayoría de los terrenos capturados, tal y como sucedió el 9 de octubre. Los ataques en el sector del XVIII Cuerpo desde el flanco derecho del Quinto Ejército, al norte de Poelcappelle, fueron costosos y ganaron poco terreno. El único avance considerable fue por parte del XIV Cuerpo británico desde Poelcappelle, que logró juntarse con el Primer Ejército francés más allá del ferrocarril de Ypres-Staden, retrayendo a los alemanes a las inmediaciones del bosque de Houthoulst. La ofensiva británica fue pospuesta hasta que mejorase el tiempo y se retablecieron las comunicaciones de retaguardia. Dos divisiones alemanas destinadas a Italia fueron desviadas a Flandes para reemplazar las pérdidas «extraordinariamente altas». La batalla había sido un éxito defensivo alemán, pero fue costosa para ambas partes. (es) La prima battaglia di Passchendaele è stato uno scontro della prima guerra mondiale che ebbe luogo il 12 ottobre 1917 nel , un'area situata sul fronte occidentale, all'esterno della città belga di Passchendaele, durante la terza battaglia di Ypres. L'attacco degli Alleati non riuscì a catturare e difendere il terreno sopraelevato lungo la linea Passchendaele- e risultò in forti perdite nel loro schieramento. (it) |
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La prima battaglia di Passchendaele è stato uno scontro della prima guerra mondiale che ebbe luogo il 12 ottobre 1917 nel , un'area situata sul fronte occidentale, all'esterno della città belga di Passchendaele, durante la terza battaglia di Ypres. L'attacco degli Alleati non riuscì a catturare e difendere il terreno sopraelevato lungo la linea Passchendaele- e risultò in forti perdite nel loro schieramento. (it) The First Battle of Passchendaele took place on 12 October 1917 during the First World War, in the Ypres Salient in Belgium on the Western Front. The attack was part of the Third Battle of Ypres and was fought west of Passchendaele village. The British had planned to capture the ridges south and east of the city of Ypres as part of a strategy decided by the Allies at conferences in November 1916 and May 1917. Passchendaele lay on the last ridge east of Ypres, 5 mi (8.0 km) from the railway junction at Roulers, which was an important part of the supply system of the German 4th Army. (en) La Primera Batalla de Passchendaele se libró el 12 de octubre de 1917 en las cercanías de la localidad belga de Ypres, en donde se enfrentaron unidades británicas procedentes de la Tercera batalla de Ypres contra las tropas alemanas estacionadas en las crestas al sur y al este de Ypres como parte de una estrategia decidida por los Aliados en las conferencias celebradas en noviembre de 1916 y mayo de 1917. La pequeña localidad de Passchendaele estaba en la última cresta al este de Ypres, un importante cruce ferroviario localizado en Roulers, principal ruta de abastecimiento del IV Ejército alemán. Después de un período de sequía en septiembre, las lluvias comenzaron el 3 de octubre, diezmando gran parte de la artillería británica emplazada frente a Passchendaele. Los cañones restantes se de (es) |
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