Francis Amasa Walker (original) (raw)
- Francis Amasa Walker (2. července 1840 Boston – 5. ledna 1897 Boston) byl americký ekonom, statistik, novinář, pedagog, akademický správce a vojenský důstojník . Walker se narodil v prominentní bostonské rodině, byl synem ekonoma a politika Amasy Walkera, a absolvoval Amherst College ve věku 20 let. Bojoval ve španělské válce za nezávislost a byl zraněn v bitvě u Chancellorsville, ale následně se zúčastnil tažení v Bristoe, Overland a Richmond-Petersburg, než byl zajat jednotkami Konfederace a držen v nechvalně známé věznici Libby. V červenci 1866 byl nominován prezidentem Andrewem Johnsonem pro udělení čestného rádu brigádního generála Dobrovolníků Spojených států, který mu měl být přiřazen od 13. března 1865, ve věku 24 let. Po válce Walker sloužil v redakci Springfield Republican, než využil svých rodinných a vojenských kontaktů k získání toho, aby byl jmenován vedoucím statistického úřadu v letech 1869 až 1870. Stál se dozorcem sčítání lidu v roce 1870, kde poprvé publikoval oceňovaný Statistical Atlas, který jako první údaje i vizualizuje. V roce 1872 nastoupil na Sheffieldskou vědeckou školu na Yale University jako profesor politické ekonomie a stal se mezinárodně známým zejména kvůli tomu, že působil jako hlavní člen Philadelphské výstavy z roku 1876, Americký zástupce Mezinárodní měnové konference v roce 1878, prezident Americké statistické asociace v roce 1882, inaugurační prezident Americké ekonomické asociace v roce 1886 a viceprezident Národní akademie věd v roce 1890. Jako ekonom Walker odhalil doktrínu mzdových fondů a zapojil se do prominentní vědecké debaty s Henrym Georgem o pozemcích, nájmu a daních. Walker argumentoval pro podporu bimetalismu, a přestože byl odpůrcem rodícího se socialistického hnutí, tvrdil, že existují povinnosti mezi zaměstnavatelem a zaměstnanci. Na vrcholu prezidentské volební kampaně v roce 1896 publikoval svou práci International Bimetallism, v níž byly prominentní ekonomické otázky. Walker byl plodný spisovatel, autor deseti knih o politické ekonomii a vojenské historii. Jako uznání jeho přínosu k ekonomické teorii počátkem roku 1947 Americká ekonomická asociace vytvořila ocenění pro ekonomy „Francis A. Walker Medal“. V roce 1881 přijal post předsedy na Massachusetts Institute of Technology, tuto pozici zastával patnáct let až do své smrti. Během svého působení postavil instituci na stabilnější finanční základnu agresivním získáváním finančních prostředků a zajištěním grantů od vlády Massachusetts, implementoval mnoho kurikulárních reforem, dohlížel na zahájení nových akademických programů a rozšířil velikost kampusu v Bostonu, fakulty a zápisů studentů. V roce 1916 mu byla věnována Walkerova pamětní síň MIT, klubovna bývalých studentů a jedna z původních budov v areálu Charles River. (cs)
- Francis Amasa Walker (* 2. Juli 1840 in Boston, Massachusetts; † 5. Januar 1897) war ein US-amerikanischer General, Statistiker und Nationalökonom. Er war Gründungsmitglied und langjähriger erster Präsident der American Economic Association und ist Namensgeber der eingestellten Francis-A.-Walker-Medaille. (de)
- فرنسيس والكر (بالإنجليزية: Francis Amasa Walker) (و. 1840 – 1897 م) هو ضابط، وعالم اقتصاد، وعالم إحصاء، وكاتب سير، وسياسي، من الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية، ولد في بوسطن، كان عضوًا في الحزب الجمهوريكان عضوًا في الأكاديمية الوطنية للعلوم، والأكاديمية الأمريكية للفنون والعلوم، توفي في بوسطن، عن عمر يناهز 57 عاماً. (ar)
- Francis Amasa Walker (July 2, 1840 – January 5, 1897) was an American economist, statistician, journalist, educator, academic administrator, and an officer in the Union Army. Walker was born into a prominent Boston family, the son of the economist and politician Amasa Walker, and he graduated from Amherst College at the age of 20. He received a commission to join the 15th Massachusetts Infantry and quickly rose through the ranks as an assistant adjutant general. Walker fought in the Peninsula Campaign and was wounded at the Battle of Chancellorsville but subsequently participated in the Bristoe, Overland, and Richmond-Petersburg Campaigns before being captured by Confederate forces and held at the infamous Libby Prison. In July 1866, he was nominated by President Andrew Johnson and confirmed by the United States Senate for the award of the honorary grade of brevet brigadier general United States Volunteers, to rank from March 13, 1865, when he was 24 years old. Following the war, Walker served on the editorial staff of the Springfield Republican before using his family and military connections to gain appointment as the chief of the Bureau of Statistics from 1869 to 1870 and superintendent of the 1870 census where he published an award-winning Statistical Atlas visualizing the data for the first time. He joined Yale University's Sheffield Scientific School as a professor of political economy in 1872 and rose to international prominence serving as a chief member of the 1876 Philadelphia Exposition, American representative to the 1878 International Monetary Conference, President of the American Statistical Association in 1882, and inaugural president of the American Economic Association in 1886, and vice president of the National Academy of Sciences in 1890. Walker also led the 1880 census which resulted in a twenty-two volume census, cementing Walker's reputation as the nation's preeminent statistician. As an economist, Walker debunked the wage-fund doctrine and engaged in a prominent scholarly debate with Henry George on land, rent, and taxes. Walker argued in support of bimetallism and although he was an opponent of the nascent socialist movement, he argued that obligations existed between the employer and the employed. He published his International Bimetallism at the height of the 1896 presidential election campaign in which economic issues were prominent. Walker was a prolific writer, authoring ten books on political economy and military history. In recognition of his contributions to economic theory, beginning in 1947, the American Economic Association recognized the lifetime achievement of an individual economist with a "Francis A. Walker Medal". Walker accepted the presidency of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1881, a position he held for fifteen years until his death. During his tenure, he placed the institution on more stable financial footing by aggressively fund-raising and securing grants from the Massachusetts government, implemented many curricular reforms, oversaw the launch of new academic programs, and expanded the size of the Boston campus, faculty, and student enrollments. MIT's Walker Memorial Hall, a former students' clubhouse and one of the original buildings on the Charles River campus, was dedicated to him in 1916. (en)
- Francis Amasa Walker est un économiste et statisticien américain né le 2 juillet 1840 à Boston et mort le 5 janvier 1897 dans la même ville. Il a été superintendant pour les recensements fédéraux américains de 1870 et 1880. En tant qu'auteur des atlas statistiques des États-Unis, il a aussi développé des visualisations de données notamment sur les finances publiques américaines ou la démographie des États-Unis. (fr)
- Francis Amasa Walker, född 2 juli 1840 i Boston, död där 5 januari 1897, var en amerikansk statistiker och nationalekonom; son till Amasa Walker. Walker blev som juris studerande vid Amherst College 1861 volontär och avancerade under amerikanska inbördeskriget så snabbt, att han vid sitt avsked, på grund av sjukdom, 1865, fick titeln brigadgeneral. Efter att sedan några år ha varit lärare i klassiska språk blev han 1869 chef för statistiska byrån i Washington, D.C. Han hade då utgett Commerce and Navigation of the United States (två band, 1868-69). Han hade högsta ledningen av nionde folkräkningen inom unionen, 1870-72. År 1863 hade han blivit "artium magister" i Amherst, och 1873 blev han professor i nationalekonomi och historia vid Yale University. År 1878 var han delegerad för USA vid myntkongressen i Paris. Han blev 1881 president för Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Från 1882 var han ordförande i statistiska och från 1885 i nationalekonomiska föreningen samt från 1891 vice ordförande i The National Academy of Sciences under flera år. Förutom History of the Second Army Corps (1886) och åtskilliga statistiska verk, bland annat The Tenth Census 1879-81 (24 delar, 1883ff), utgav Walker flera betydande arbeten i nationalekonomi. Särskilt kan nämnas The Wages Question (1876; ny upplaga 1891), den mot georgismen riktade Land and Rent, Political Economy (båda 1883), First Lessons of Political Economy (1890). En samling av hans uppsatser i olika tidskrifter utgavs under titeln Discussions in Economy and Statistics (två band, 1899). Genom sina läroböcker blev han erkänd som den främste amerikanske nationalekonomen på det området och betecknades därför som USA:s John Stuart Mill. I myntfrågan stod han på bimetallistisk ståndpunkt. Denna förfäktade han bland annat i böckerna Money (1878; ny upplaga 1880), Money in Its Relation to Trade and Industry (1879; ny upplaga 1880) och International Bimetallism (1896). Walker förfäktade och David Ricardos jordräntelära, men bekämpade den klassiska frihandelsdoktrinen och den så kallade lönefondsteorin samt kom i viss anslutning till den historiska skolan i nationalekonomin. Den amerikanska statistiken räknar honom till sina grundläggare. Den nationalekonomiska vetenskapen har honom att tacka i synnerhet för en god utredning av skillnaden mellan kapitalist och entreprenör, ränta och vinst. Hans betydelse för vetenskapens uppsving i USA är mindre omtvistad än värdet av hans egna huvudteorier i fråga om arbetslönen och dess förhållande till jordränta och kapitalränta. I den vetenskapliga diskussionen präglades hans inlägg av "den tappre soldatens okänslighet för nederlag". (sv)
- Фрэ́нсис Ама́са Уо́кер (иногда Фре́нсис Эме́йза Уо́кер; англ. Gen. Francis Amasa Walker; 2 июля 1840, Бостон — 5 января 1897, там же) — американский экономист, статистик, журналист и офицер федеральной армии в годы американской Гражданской войны. Уокер происходил из известной бостонской семьи и был сыном экономиста и политика . Он окончил колледж Эмхерста, а когда началась Гражданская война, вступил в 15-й Массачусетский пехотный полк. Он прошёл Кампанию на полуострове, был ранен в сражении при Чанселорсвилле, потом участвовал в кампаниях Бристо, Оверлендской, и в осаде Питерсберга, но попал в плен и оказался в тюрьме Либби. В июле 1866 года по инициативе президента Джонсона он получил почётное временное звание бригадного генерала добровольцев, датированное 13 марта 1863 года. Ему в это время было всего 24 года. После войны Уокер работал в штате редакторов газеты The Republican, затем добился назначения шефом Бюро Статистического учёта, где прослужил с 1869 по 1870 год а затем руководил переписью населения США 1870 года, после чего опубликовал работу Statistical Atlas. В 1872 году он вступил в Шеффилдскую школу при Йельском университете как профессор политической экономии, участвовал в организации Всемирной выставки 1876 года, был представителем от США на Международной монетарной конференции, в 1882 году стал президентом Американской Статистической ассоциации, в 1886 году президентом Американской экономической ассоциации, а в 1990 году вице-президентом Национальной Академии Наук. Он так же руководил переписью 1880 года и изданием результатов переписи в 22-х томах. В 1881 году Уокер стал президентом Массачусетского технологического института и оставался на этой должности 15 лет, до самой смерти. Ему удалось существенно улучшить финансирование Института, усовершенствовать его структуру, ввести новые программы и увеличить Бостонский кампус. В 1916 году в его честь был назван Мемориальный зал Уокера. (ru)
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- https://archive.org/details/internationalbi01walkgoog/page/n25
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- Francis Amasa Walker (* 2. Juli 1840 in Boston, Massachusetts; † 5. Januar 1897) war ein US-amerikanischer General, Statistiker und Nationalökonom. Er war Gründungsmitglied und langjähriger erster Präsident der American Economic Association und ist Namensgeber der eingestellten Francis-A.-Walker-Medaille. (de)
- فرنسيس والكر (بالإنجليزية: Francis Amasa Walker) (و. 1840 – 1897 م) هو ضابط، وعالم اقتصاد، وعالم إحصاء، وكاتب سير، وسياسي، من الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية، ولد في بوسطن، كان عضوًا في الحزب الجمهوريكان عضوًا في الأكاديمية الوطنية للعلوم، والأكاديمية الأمريكية للفنون والعلوم، توفي في بوسطن، عن عمر يناهز 57 عاماً. (ar)
- Francis Amasa Walker est un économiste et statisticien américain né le 2 juillet 1840 à Boston et mort le 5 janvier 1897 dans la même ville. Il a été superintendant pour les recensements fédéraux américains de 1870 et 1880. En tant qu'auteur des atlas statistiques des États-Unis, il a aussi développé des visualisations de données notamment sur les finances publiques américaines ou la démographie des États-Unis. (fr)
- Francis Amasa Walker (2. července 1840 Boston – 5. ledna 1897 Boston) byl americký ekonom, statistik, novinář, pedagog, akademický správce a vojenský důstojník . Walker se narodil v prominentní bostonské rodině, byl synem ekonoma a politika Amasy Walkera, a absolvoval Amherst College ve věku 20 let. Bojoval ve španělské válce za nezávislost a byl zraněn v bitvě u Chancellorsville, ale následně se zúčastnil tažení v Bristoe, Overland a Richmond-Petersburg, než byl zajat jednotkami Konfederace a držen v nechvalně známé věznici Libby. V červenci 1866 byl nominován prezidentem Andrewem Johnsonem pro udělení čestného rádu brigádního generála Dobrovolníků Spojených států, který mu měl být přiřazen od 13. března 1865, ve věku 24 let. (cs)
- Francis Amasa Walker (July 2, 1840 – January 5, 1897) was an American economist, statistician, journalist, educator, academic administrator, and an officer in the Union Army. Walker was born into a prominent Boston family, the son of the economist and politician Amasa Walker, and he graduated from Amherst College at the age of 20. He received a commission to join the 15th Massachusetts Infantry and quickly rose through the ranks as an assistant adjutant general. Walker fought in the Peninsula Campaign and was wounded at the Battle of Chancellorsville but subsequently participated in the Bristoe, Overland, and Richmond-Petersburg Campaigns before being captured by Confederate forces and held at the infamous Libby Prison. In July 1866, he was nominated by President Andrew Johnson and confirm (en)
- Фрэ́нсис Ама́са Уо́кер (иногда Фре́нсис Эме́йза Уо́кер; англ. Gen. Francis Amasa Walker; 2 июля 1840, Бостон — 5 января 1897, там же) — американский экономист, статистик, журналист и офицер федеральной армии в годы американской Гражданской войны. В 1881 году Уокер стал президентом Массачусетского технологического института и оставался на этой должности 15 лет, до самой смерти. Ему удалось существенно улучшить финансирование Института, усовершенствовать его структуру, ввести новые программы и увеличить Бостонский кампус. В 1916 году в его честь был назван Мемориальный зал Уокера. (ru)
- Francis Amasa Walker, född 2 juli 1840 i Boston, död där 5 januari 1897, var en amerikansk statistiker och nationalekonom; son till Amasa Walker. Walker blev som juris studerande vid Amherst College 1861 volontär och avancerade under amerikanska inbördeskriget så snabbt, att han vid sitt avsked, på grund av sjukdom, 1865, fick titeln brigadgeneral. Efter att sedan några år ha varit lärare i klassiska språk blev han 1869 chef för statistiska byrån i Washington, D.C. Han hade då utgett Commerce and Navigation of the United States (två band, 1868-69). Han hade högsta ledningen av nionde folkräkningen inom unionen, 1870-72. År 1863 hade han blivit "artium magister" i Amherst, och 1873 blev han professor i nationalekonomi och historia vid Yale University. År 1878 var han delegerad för USA vid m (sv)
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