Greek orthography (original) (raw)

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希臘語的正寫法（Greek orthography）可溯源至公元前9世紀時採用希臘字母。在此之前更早形式的希臘語有邁錫尼語使用的線形文字B書寫體，而在邁錫尼文明終止和使用希臘字母之間有幾個世紀的空缺。 早期使用希臘字母的希臘語書寫是音位正寫法的，在每種方言中都不同。自從雅典在公元前403年接受了愛奧尼亞語正寫法變體，希臘語正寫法在很大程度上是守舊的和歷史性的。由於希臘語特別是在通用希臘語時期的語音發展，特定現代元音音素有多種正寫法實現： * /i/ 可以寫為 η, ι, υ, ει, οι, υι (參見愛歐塔化)； * /e/ 可以寫為 ε, αι 二者； * /o/ 可以寫為 ο, ω 二者。 這不只是影響詞匯項而且還有屈折詞綴，所以正確的正寫法要求掌握正規文法(如法語那樣)，比如 η καλή /i kaˈli/“the good one (陰性單數)”與 οι καλοί /i kaˈli/“the good ones（陽性複數）”；καλώ /kaˈlo/“I call”與 καλό /kaˈlo/“good（中性單數）”。

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dbo:abstract Die Orthographie des Neugriechischen folgt einer „historischen Rechtschreibung“, die mit dem seit 403 v. Chr. nahezu unveränderten griechischen Alphabet notiert wird. Sie hat bestimmte Verschriftlichungen altgriechischer Laute und Lautkombinationen über Jahrhunderte und Jahrtausende hinweg bewahrt, obwohl sich die entsprechenden Lautwerte in der Entwicklung zum Neugriechischen mehrmals geändert haben. Daraus ergibt sich das Phänomen, dass die Schreibung wenig exakt den Phonemen der Sprache folgt, im Gegensatz beispielsweise zum Türkischen, dessen Rechtschreibung einer phonematischen Orthographie relativ nahe kommt. Im Gegensatz zu Letzterem gab es im Griechischen seit der Antike keine einschneidenden orthographischen Reformen mehr, die die Rechtschreibung an die lautliche Gestalt der Sprache hätten angleichen können. Die Rechtschreibreform 1982 schaffte lediglich das polytonische System der Akzent- und Hauchzeichensetzung ab, reformierte aber nicht die Laut-Buchstaben-Beziehungen. (de) The orthography of the Greek language ultimately has its roots in the adoption of the Greek alphabet in the 9th century BC. Some time prior to that, one early form of Greek, Mycenaean, was written in Linear B, although there was a lapse of several centuries (the Greek Dark Ages) between the time Mycenaean stopped being written and the time when the Greek alphabet came into use. Early Greek writing in the Greek alphabet was phonemic, different in each dialect. Since the adoption of the Ionic variant for Attic in 403 BC, however, Greek orthography has been largely conservative and historical. Given the phonetic development of Greek, especially in the Hellenistic period, certain modern vowel phonemes have multiple orthographic realizations: * /i/ can be spelled η, ι, υ, ει, οι, or υι (see Iotacism); * /e/ can be spelled either ε or αι; * /o/ can be spelled either ο or ω. This affects not only lexical items but also inflectional affixes, so correct orthography requires mastery of formal grammar, e.g. η καλή /i kaˈli/ 'the good one (fem. sing.)' vs. οι καλοί /i kaˈli/ 'the good ones (masc. pl.)'; καλώ /kaˈlo/ 'I call' vs. καλό /kaˈlo/ 'good (neut. sing.)'. Similarly, the orthography preserves ancient doubled consonants, though these are now pronounced the same as single consonants, except in Cypriot Greek. (en) 希臘語的正寫法（Greek orthography）可溯源至公元前9世紀時採用希臘字母。在此之前更早形式的希臘語有邁錫尼語使用的線形文字B書寫體，而在邁錫尼文明終止和使用希臘字母之間有幾個世紀的空缺。 早期使用希臘字母的希臘語書寫是音位正寫法的，在每種方言中都不同。自從雅典在公元前403年接受了愛奧尼亞語正寫法變體，希臘語正寫法在很大程度上是守舊的和歷史性的。由於希臘語特別是在通用希臘語時期的語音發展，特定現代元音音素有多種正寫法實現： * /i/ 可以寫為 η, ι, υ, ει, οι, υι (參見愛歐塔化)； * /e/ 可以寫為 ε, αι 二者； * /o/ 可以寫為 ο, ω 二者。 這不只是影響詞匯項而且還有屈折詞綴，所以正確的正寫法要求掌握正規文法(如法語那樣)，比如 η καλή /i kaˈli/“the good one (陰性單數)”與 οι καλοί /i kaˈli/“the good ones（陽性複數）”；καλώ /kaˈlo/“I call”與 καλό /kaˈlo/“good（中性單數）”。 (zh)
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rdfs:comment 希臘語的正寫法（Greek orthography）可溯源至公元前9世紀時採用希臘字母。在此之前更早形式的希臘語有邁錫尼語使用的線形文字B書寫體，而在邁錫尼文明終止和使用希臘字母之間有幾個世紀的空缺。 早期使用希臘字母的希臘語書寫是音位正寫法的，在每種方言中都不同。自從雅典在公元前403年接受了愛奧尼亞語正寫法變體，希臘語正寫法在很大程度上是守舊的和歷史性的。由於希臘語特別是在通用希臘語時期的語音發展，特定現代元音音素有多種正寫法實現： * /i/ 可以寫為 η, ι, υ, ει, οι, υι (參見愛歐塔化)； * /e/ 可以寫為 ε, αι 二者； * /o/ 可以寫為 ο, ω 二者。 這不只是影響詞匯項而且還有屈折詞綴，所以正確的正寫法要求掌握正規文法(如法語那樣)，比如 η καλή /i kaˈli/“the good one (陰性單數)”與 οι καλοί /i kaˈli/“the good ones（陽性複數）”；καλώ /kaˈlo/“I call”與 καλό /kaˈlo/“good（中性單數）”。 (zh) The orthography of the Greek language ultimately has its roots in the adoption of the Greek alphabet in the 9th century BC. Some time prior to that, one early form of Greek, Mycenaean, was written in Linear B, although there was a lapse of several centuries (the Greek Dark Ages) between the time Mycenaean stopped being written and the time when the Greek alphabet came into use. Early Greek writing in the Greek alphabet was phonemic, different in each dialect. Since the adoption of the Ionic variant for Attic in 403 BC, however, Greek orthography has been largely conservative and historical. (en) Die Orthographie des Neugriechischen folgt einer „historischen Rechtschreibung“, die mit dem seit 403 v. Chr. nahezu unveränderten griechischen Alphabet notiert wird. Sie hat bestimmte Verschriftlichungen altgriechischer Laute und Lautkombinationen über Jahrhunderte und Jahrtausende hinweg bewahrt, obwohl sich die entsprechenden Lautwerte in der Entwicklung zum Neugriechischen mehrmals geändert haben. Daraus ergibt sich das Phänomen, dass die Schreibung wenig exakt den Phonemen der Sprache folgt, im Gegensatz beispielsweise zum Türkischen, dessen Rechtschreibung einer phonematischen Orthographie relativ nahe kommt. Im Gegensatz zu Letzterem gab es im Griechischen seit der Antike keine einschneidenden orthographischen Reformen mehr, die die Rechtschreibung an die lautliche Gestalt der Sprac (de)
rdfs:label Neugriechische Orthographie (de) Greek orthography (en) 希臘語正寫法 (zh)
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