History of Michigan (original) (raw)
- The history of human activity in Michigan, a U.S. state in the Great Lakes, began with settlement of the western Great Lakes region by Paleo-Indians perhaps as early as 11,000 B.C. One early technology they developed was the use of native copper, which they would fashion into tools and other implements with "hammer stones". The first Europeans to arrive in Michigan were the French. Explorer Étienne Brûlé traveled through Michigan in 1618 searching for a route to China. Soon the French laid claim to the land and began to trade with the local natives for furs. Men called "voyageurs" would travel the rivers by canoe trading various goods for furs that would bring a high price back in Europe. The first French explorer of Michigan, Étienne Brûlé, began in about 1620. The area was part of French Canada from 1668 to 1763. In 1701, the French officer Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac, along with fifty-one additional French-Canadians, founded a settlement called Fort Pontchartrain du Détroit, now the city of Detroit. When New France was defeated in the French and Indian War, it ceded the region to Britain in 1763. After the British were defeated in the American Revolutionary War, the Treaty of Paris (1783) expanded the United States' boundaries to include nearly all land east of the Mississippi River and south of Canada. Michigan was then part of the "Old Northwest". From 1787 to 1800, it was part of the Northwest Territory. In 1800, the Indiana Territory was created, and most of the current state Michigan lay within it, with only the easternmost parts of the state remaining in the Northwest Territory. In 1802, when Ohio was admitted to the Union, the whole of Michigan was attached to the Territory of Indiana, and so remained until 1805, when the Territory of Michigan was established. Michigan's birthday is on January 26. The opening of the Erie Canal in 1825 connected the Great Lakes with the Hudson River and New York City, and brought large numbers of people to Michigan and provided an inexpensive way to ship crops to market. In 1835 the people approved the Constitution of 1835, thereby forming a state government, although Congressional recognition was delayed pending resolution of a boundary dispute with Ohio known as the Toledo War. Congress awarded the "Toledo Strip" to Ohio. Michigan received the western part of the Upper Peninsula as a concession and formally entered the Union as a state on January 26, 1837. When iron and copper were discovered in the Upper Peninsula, impetus was created for the construction of the Soo Locks, completed in 1855. Along with mining, agriculture and logging became important industries. Ransom E. Olds founded Oldsmobile in Lansing in 1897, and in 1899 Henry Ford built his first automobile factory in Detroit. General Motors was founded in Flint in 1908. Automobile assembly and associated manufacturing soon dominated Detroit, and the economy of Michigan. The Great Depression of the 1930s affected Michigan more severely than many other places because of its industrial base. However, the state recovered in the post World War II years. The Mackinac Bridge connecting the Upper and Lower Peninsulas was completed and opened in 1957. By the 1960s, racial tensions produced unrest through the nation, and Detroit experienced a dramatic instance with the 12th Street Riot in 1967. By the 1980s, the state saw a decline in automobile sales and unemployment climbed. Michigan continues to diversify its economy away from its dependence on the automobile industry. (en)
- L'Histoire du Michigan a été favorisée par sa position centrale au milieu des Grands Lacs américains, ce qui en a fait un nœud de communications et lui a permis de devenir un des premiers territoires de l'Ouest à devenir un État de l'Union. (fr)
- ミシガン州の歴史(ミシガンしゅうのれきし、英:History of Michigan)では、アメリカ合衆国ミシガン州となる地域に、最初のヨーロッパ人が到着してからの歴史を概説する。 (ja)
- История Мичигана отсчитывается с того времени, когда первые палеоиндейцы начали расселяться на берегах Великих озёр примерно 11 000 лет до нашей эры. Первыми европейцами в Мичигане были французы: путешественник Этьен Бруле проехал через Мичиган в 1618 году в поисках пути в Китай. Вскоре французы объявили эту территорию своей собственностью и начали торговать с индейцами, скупая пушнину. С 1668 по 1763 год Мичиган был частью Французской Канады. В 1701 году офицер Антуан де ла Мот Кадиллак основал поселение Fort Pontchartrain du Détroit, известный в будущем как Детройт. Когда Франция проиграла Войну с французами и индейцами, её американские владение перешли Британии, а в 1783 году, после завершения Американской войны за независимость, земли к югу от Великих озёр вошли в границы США и стали известны как Старый Северо-Запад. В 1800 году была сформирована Территория Индиана, куда вошёл почти весь современный Мичиган; а в 1806 году была сформирована Территория Мичиган. В 1825 году открылся Канал Эри, который соединил Великие озёра с Гудзоном, и в регион озёр хлынул поток мигрантов. В 1835 году была одобрена Конституция и сформировано правительство, но из-за пограничных споров с Огайо штат был признан не сразу, и только 26 января 1837 года штат Мичиган был официально принят в состав США. (ru)
- 密歇根州的歷史可以追溯至可能早於公元前11,000年的美洲原住民在大湖區西部的定居。第一批到達密歇根州的歐洲人是法國人,探險家艾蒂安·布魯爾(Etienne Brule)於1618年穿越密歇根試圖尋找通往中國的路線。不久,法國人聲稱擁有這片土地,並開始與當地當地人進行毛皮貿易。這些被稱為“航海者”(voyageurs)的人會乘獨木舟在河流中穿梭,用各種商品換取皮草,這些商品隨後會在歐洲以高價售出。歐洲人對密歇根的探索始於1620年代。從1668年到1763年,該地區是法屬加拿大的一部分。1701年,法國軍官凱迪拉克爵士安托萬·德·拉·莫特與另外51名法裔加拿大人一起建立了一個名為(Fort Pontchartrain du Détroit,直譯為“海峽畔的龐恰特雷恩堡”,龐恰特雷恩指的是時任法國海軍國務卿)的定居點,該定居點發展成了現在的底特律市。法國領導的新法蘭西在法印戰爭中戰敗,1763年該地區被割讓給英國。英國在美國獨立戰爭中戰敗後,1783年的《巴黎條約》將美國的邊界擴大到密西西比河東部所有土地和加拿大南部。密歇根當時是的一部分。從1787年到1800年,它是西北領地的一部分。1800年,印第安納領地建立,現在密歇根州的大部分地區都在其中,只有該州最東部的部分留在了西北領地。當俄亥俄州於1802年加入聯邦時,整個密歇根州都隸屬於印第安納領地,直到1805年密歇根領地成立。 1825年伊利運河的開通將五大湖與哈德遜河和紐約連接起來,這一線路將大量人口帶到密歇根州,同時提供了一種廉價的方式將農作物運往市場。1835年,人民批准了1835年憲法,從而組成了一個州政府,儘管國會的承認被推遲,等待與俄亥俄州的邊界爭端(稱為托萊多戰爭)的解決。國會授予俄亥俄州“”。密歇根獲得了上半島西部的特許權,並於1837年1月26日正式加入聯邦。 上半島在19世紀中期發現了大量鐵和銅儲藏,隨後採礦、農業和伐木成為重要產業。蘭瑟姆·E·奧茲(Ransom E. Olds)於1897年在蘭辛創立了奧茲摩比,1899年亨利·福特在底特律建立了他的第一家汽車工廠。通用汽車公司於1908年在弗林特成立。汽車裝配和相關製造很快就取得了底特律和密歇根州的經濟的統治地位。 由於其工業占主導的經濟結構,1930年代的大蕭條對密歇根的影響比其他許多地方更嚴重。然而該州在二戰後迅速發展。連接上半島和下半島的麥基諾橋於1957年竣工並通車。到1960年代,種族緊張局勢在全國引發了動盪,受此影響,底特律在1967年發生了著名的12街暴動,白人開始大量離開這一地區。到1980年代,該州經歷了汽車銷量下降、失業率攀升、經濟衰退等事件。至今密歇根仍在努力使其經濟多樣化,以擺脫對汽車行業的依賴。 (zh)
- http://clarke.cmich.edu/
- https://archive.org/details/citiesofheartlan0000teaf
- http://www.hsmichigan.org/
- http://name.umdl.umich.edu/bad1459.0001.001
- https://archive.org/details/economicsocialbe00full
- https://archive.today/20130411165240/http:/www.questia.com/read/1G1-163049996/50-essential-books-on-michigan-history
- https://books.google.com/books%3Fid=0zbiAAAAMAAJ%7Cyear=1890
- https://books.google.com/books%3Fid=2BsV
- https://books.google.com/books%3Fisbn=0226398250
- https://web.archive.org/web/20080131183044/http:/www.michigan.gov/hal/
- https://www.amazon.com/Middle-Ground-Republics-1650-1815-American/dp/0521424607/
- https://www.amazon.com/Swedes-Michigan-Discovering-Peoples/dp/1611860415/
- https://www.questia.com/library/1G1-233124044/michigan-newspapers-a-two-hundred-year-review
- https://www.questia.com/read/117811834/michigan-a-history-of-the-great-lakes-state
- https://www.questia.com/read/37104065/the-yankee-west-community-life-on-the-michigan-frontier
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- L'Histoire du Michigan a été favorisée par sa position centrale au milieu des Grands Lacs américains, ce qui en a fait un nœud de communications et lui a permis de devenir un des premiers territoires de l'Ouest à devenir un État de l'Union. (fr)
- ミシガン州の歴史(ミシガンしゅうのれきし、英:History of Michigan)では、アメリカ合衆国ミシガン州となる地域に、最初のヨーロッパ人が到着してからの歴史を概説する。 (ja)
- The history of human activity in Michigan, a U.S. state in the Great Lakes, began with settlement of the western Great Lakes region by Paleo-Indians perhaps as early as 11,000 B.C. One early technology they developed was the use of native copper, which they would fashion into tools and other implements with "hammer stones". The first Europeans to arrive in Michigan were the French. Explorer Étienne Brûlé traveled through Michigan in 1618 searching for a route to China. Soon the French laid claim to the land and began to trade with the local natives for furs. Men called "voyageurs" would travel the rivers by canoe trading various goods for furs that would bring a high price back in Europe. (en)
- История Мичигана отсчитывается с того времени, когда первые палеоиндейцы начали расселяться на берегах Великих озёр примерно 11 000 лет до нашей эры. Первыми европейцами в Мичигане были французы: путешественник Этьен Бруле проехал через Мичиган в 1618 году в поисках пути в Китай. Вскоре французы объявили эту территорию своей собственностью и начали торговать с индейцами, скупая пушнину. С 1668 по 1763 год Мичиган был частью Французской Канады. В 1701 году офицер Антуан де ла Мот Кадиллак основал поселение Fort Pontchartrain du Détroit, известный в будущем как Детройт. Когда Франция проиграла Войну с французами и индейцами, её американские владение перешли Британии, а в 1783 году, после завершения Американской войны за независимость, земли к югу от Великих озёр вошли в границы США и стали и (ru)
- 密歇根州的歷史可以追溯至可能早於公元前11,000年的美洲原住民在大湖區西部的定居。第一批到達密歇根州的歐洲人是法國人,探險家艾蒂安·布魯爾(Etienne Brule)於1618年穿越密歇根試圖尋找通往中國的路線。不久,法國人聲稱擁有這片土地,並開始與當地當地人進行毛皮貿易。這些被稱為“航海者”(voyageurs)的人會乘獨木舟在河流中穿梭,用各種商品換取皮草,這些商品隨後會在歐洲以高價售出。歐洲人對密歇根的探索始於1620年代。從1668年到1763年,該地區是法屬加拿大的一部分。1701年,法國軍官凱迪拉克爵士安托萬·德·拉·莫特與另外51名法裔加拿大人一起建立了一個名為(Fort Pontchartrain du Détroit,直譯為“海峽畔的龐恰特雷恩堡”,龐恰特雷恩指的是時任法國海軍國務卿)的定居點,該定居點發展成了現在的底特律市。法國領導的新法蘭西在法印戰爭中戰敗,1763年該地區被割讓給英國。英國在美國獨立戰爭中戰敗後,1783年的《巴黎條約》將美國的邊界擴大到密西西比河東部所有土地和加拿大南部。密歇根當時是的一部分。從1787年到1800年,它是西北領地的一部分。1800年,印第安納領地建立,現在密歇根州的大部分地區都在其中,只有該州最東部的部分留在了西北領地。當俄亥俄州於1802年加入聯邦時,整個密歇根州都隸屬於印第安納領地,直到1805年密歇根領地成立。 (zh)
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