History of the New York City Subway (original) (raw)
- El metro de Nueva York es un sistema de tránsito rápido que sirve a cuatro de los cinco distritos de Nueva York: El Bronx, Brooklyn, Manhattan y Queens. Su operador es la Autoridad de Tránsito de la Ciudad de Nueva York (NYCTA), que está controlada por la Autoridad de Transporte Metropolitano (MTA) de Nueva York. En 2016, lo utilizaron a diario un promedio de 5,66 millones de pasajeros, lo que lo convierte en el sistema de tránsito rápido más transitado de los Estados Unidos y el séptimo más transitado del mundo. La primera línea subterránea se inauguró el 27 de octubre de 1904, casi 35 años después de la apertura de la primera línea elevada en la ciudad de Nueva York, que se convirtió en la . Cuando se inauguró el primer metro, las líneas se habían consolidado en dos sistemas de propiedad privada, Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company (BRT, más tarde Brooklyn-Manhattan Transit Corporation, BMT) e Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT). Después de 1913, todas las líneas construidas para el IRT y la mayoría de las líneas para el BRT fueron construidas por la ciudad y arrendadas a las empresas. La primera línea del Sistema de Metro Independiente (IND), propiedad de la ciudad y operado por la ciudad, se inauguró en 1932; este estaba destinado a competir con los sistemas privados y permitir que se derribaran algunos de los ferrocarriles elevados. Sin embargo, se mantuvo dentro del núcleo de la ciudad debido a la baja cantidad de capital inicial proporcionado a la . Esto requería que se administrara "al costo", lo que suponía tarifas de hasta el doble de la tarifa de cinco centavos popular en ese momento. En 1940, la ciudad asumió el control de los sistemas anteriormente operados de forma privada. Algunas líneas elevadas se cerraron inmediatamente, mientras que otras se cerraron poco después. La integración fue lenta, pero se construyeron varias conexiones entre el IND y el BMT, que ahora operan como una división llamada División B. Dado que la infraestructura de IRT es demasiado pequeña para los coches de la División B, el IRT sigue siendo su propia división, la División A. La NYCTA, una autoridad pública presidida por la ciudad de Nueva York, fue creada en 1953 para hacerse cargo de las operaciones de metro, autobús y tranvía de la ciudad. La NYCTA estaba bajo el control de la MTA a nivel estatal en 1968. Poco después de que la MTA tomara el control del metro, la ciudad de Nueva York entró en una crisis fiscal. Cerró muchas líneas de metro elevadas que se volvieron demasiado caras de mantener. Los grafitis y el crimen se generalizaron, y el equipo y las estaciones cayeron en condiciones decrépitas. El metro de Nueva York trató de mantenerse solvente, por lo que tuvo que hacer muchos recortes en el servicio y aplazar los proyectos de mantenimiento necesarios. En la década de 1980 se inició un programa de financiación de 18 000 millones de dólares para su rehabilitación. Los atentados del 11 de septiembre resultaron en interrupciones del servicio, particularmente en la línea IRT Broadway-Seventh Avenue, que corría directamente debajo del World Trade Center. Las secciones del túnel, así como la estación de Cortlandt Street, que estaba directamente debajo de las Torres Gemelas, sufrieron daños graves y tuvieron que ser reconstruidas, lo que requirió la suspensión del servicio en esa línea al sur de Chambers Street. Otras diez estaciones cercanas fueron cerradas temporalmente. En marzo de 2002, siete de esas estaciones habían reabierto. El resto (excepto Cortlandt Street en la línea IRT Broadway – Seventh Avenue) reabrió el 15 de septiembre de 2002, junto con el servicio al sur de Chambers Street. Desde la década de 2000, las expansiones incluyen la Extensión del Metro 7 que se inauguró en septiembre de 2015, y la Línea de la Segunda Avenida, cuya primera fase se inauguró el 1 de enero de 2017. Sin embargo, al mismo tiempo, la falta de inversión en el sistema de metro llevó a una crisis de tránsito que alcanzó su punto máximo en 2017. (es)
- The New York City Subway is a rapid transit system that serves four of the five boroughs of New York City, New York: the Bronx, Brooklyn, Manhattan, and Queens. Its operator is the New York City Transit Authority (NYCTA), which is controlled by the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) of New York. In 2016, an average of 5.66 million passengers used the system daily, making it the busiest rapid transit system in the United States and the seventh busiest in the world. The first underground line opened on October 27, 1904, almost 35 years after the opening of the first elevated line in New York City, the West Side and Yonkers Patent Railway, which became the IRT Ninth Avenue Line. By the time the first subway opened, the lines had been consolidated into two privately owned systems, the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company (BRT, later Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation, BMT) and the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT). After 1913, all lines built for the IRT and most lines for the BRT were built by the city and leased to the companies. The first line of the city-owned and operated Independent Subway System (IND) opened in 1932; this system was intended to compete with the private systems and allow some of the elevated railways to be torn down. However, it was kept within the core of the city because of the low amount of startup capital provided to the municipal Board of Transportation by the state. This required it to be run "at cost", necessitating fares up to double the five-cent fare popular at the time. In 1940, the city took over running the previously privately operated systems. Some elevated lines closed immediately while others closed soon after. Integration was slow, but several connections were built between the IND and BMT, which now operate as one division called the B Division. Since IRT infrastructure is too small for B Division cars, the IRT remains its own division, the A Division. The NYCTA, a public authority presided over by New York City, was created in 1953 to take over subway, bus, and streetcar operations from the city. The NYCTA was under control of the state-level MTA in 1968. Soon after the MTA took control of the subway, New York City entered a fiscal crisis. It closed many elevated subway lines that became too expensive to maintain. Graffiti and crime became common, and equipment and stations fell into decrepit condition. The New York City Subway tried to stay solvent, so it had to make many service cutbacks and defer necessary maintenance projects. In the 1980s an $18 billion financing program for the rehabilitation of the subway began. The September 11 attacks resulted in service disruptions, particularly on the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line, which ran directly underneath the World Trade Center. Sections of the tunnel, as well as the Cortlandt Street station, which was directly underneath the Twin Towers, were severely damaged and had to be rebuilt, requiring suspension of service on that line south of Chambers Street. Ten other nearby stations were temporarily closed. By March 2002, seven of those stations had reopened. The rest (except for Cortlandt Street on the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line) reopened on September 15, 2002, along with service south of Chambers Street. Since the 2000s, expansions include the 7 Subway Extension that opened in September 2015, and the Second Avenue Subway, the first phase of which opened on January 1, 2017. However, at the same time, under-investment in the subway system led to a transit crisis that peaked in 2017. (en)
- 纽约地铁是美國紐約市的城市轨道交通系統,其线网覆盖纽约布朗克斯、布鲁克林区、曼哈顿和皇后区四个行政区,由大都会运输署(Metropolitan Transportation Authority, MTA)的下属机构纽约市公共运输局(NYCTA)运营。2016年纽约地铁系统日均客流量达566万,居美国首位及全球第七位。 纽约地铁系统中的第一条地下线路于1904年10月27日开通,但纽约的第一条城市轨道线路在近35年前即开通。第一条地下线路通车时,纽约的城市轨道线路都由(Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company, BRT,后来的布鲁克林-曼哈顿运输公司(BMT)和跨区捷运公司(IRT))两家私有运输企业拥有。当前纽约地铁系统中绝大多线路均在“双合约”时期通车,由政府兴建,并承包给私有公司运营。1932年,由独立地铁系统(IND)运营的第一条市营地铁线路通车。IND系统旨在与私有地铁竞争,并在线网整合中关闭部分高架铁路。但由于市政府提供的资金有限,早期IND系统的线路大多集中在市中心地带,而票价也是当时常见票价五美分的两倍。 1940年,IRT和BMT两个系统被政府收购,部分高架铁路停运。IND和BMT两个系统以兴建接驳线的方式整合为B系统,IRT系统由于列车规格较小,其线路无法行驶B系统的列车,因而独立出来成为A系统。 1953年,由市政府主管的公营机构纽约市公共运输局成立,并接管纽约市的地铁、巴士、路面电车服务。NYCTA在1968年被并入大都会运输署(MTA)。MTA接管纽约地铁后,纽约市政府陷入财政危机,MTA被迫关闭部分维护成本较高的高架铁路。由于维护资金紧张,地铁设施变得破旧,涂鸦和犯罪随处可见。为保证收支平衡,纽约地铁只得缩减服务,并搁置部分维护项目。直至1980年代,政府投入180亿美元修葺地铁设施后,情况才有所好转。 九一一袭击事件后,位于曼哈顿下城的多个地铁车站被迫关闭,位于世界贸易中心地下的IRT百老汇-第七大道线钱伯斯街车站至雷克托街车站段受到极大影响,其中位于世贸中心正下方的科特兰街车站及地铁隧道结构坍塌需要重建,钱伯斯街车站以南的列车服务暂停。受灰尘清理工作影响,世贸中心周边的10个车站也临时关闭,其中7个在2002年3月重新开放,其余车站(除科特兰街车站)于2002年9月15日重新开放,钱伯斯街车站以南的列车服务恢复运行。 进入21世纪,纽约地铁多条线路开工建设,包括7号线延伸段(2015年9月开通)和第二大道线(一期工程于2017年1月1日通车)。但由于投资不足,地铁系统在2017年陷入运输危机。 (zh)
- https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780312591328
- http://www.nycsubway.org/
- http://web.mta.info/nyct/facts/ffhist.htm
- http://www.life.com/image/first/in-gallery/35272/early-days-of-the-nyc-subway
- https://www.citylab.com/transportation/2018/04/why-new-york-city-stopped-building-subways/557567/
- https://www.citylab.com/transportation/2019/08/commute-time-city-size-transportation-urban-planning-history/597055/
- http://www.beautyofnyc.org/subwayhistory.htm
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- https://books.google.com/books%3Fid=0YfdjUgMAscC
- https://books.google.com/books%3Fid=AYbNAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA5346
- https://books.google.com/books%3Fid=CigDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA61
- https://books.google.com/books%3Fid=D4cUCgAAQBAJ%7Cdate=April
- https://books.google.com/books%3Fid=Fg4KAQAAMAAJ
- https://www.nytimes.com/nyregion/nyregionspecial/
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- dbr:Queensboro_Plaza_(New_York_City_Subway)
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- dbr:110th_Street_(IRT_Lexington_Avenue_Line)
- dbr:116th_Street_station_(IRT_Lexington_Avenue_Line)
- dbr:121st_Street_(BMT_Jamaica_Line)
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- dbr:145th_Street_(IND_Eighth_Avenue_Line)
- dbr:145th_Street_(IRT_Broadway–Seventh_Avenue_Line)
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- dbc:History_of_the_New_York_City_Subway
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- dbr:Coney_Island_Creek
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- dbr:Gowanus_Canal
- dbr:Graffiti
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- dbr:Grand_Central–42nd_Street_station
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- dbr:2020_New_York_City_Subway_fire
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- dbr:MTA_Capital_Construction
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- dbr:Steinway_Tunnel
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- dbr:Rogers_Peet_Building
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- dbr:South_Ferry_loops_(New_York_City_Subway)
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- dbr:Mayoralty_of_Michael_Bloomberg
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- dbr:BMT_Astoria_Line
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- dbr:5_(New_York_City_Subway_service)
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- El metro de Nueva York es un sistema de tránsito rápido que sirve a cuatro de los cinco distritos de Nueva York: El Bronx, Brooklyn, Manhattan y Queens. Su operador es la Autoridad de Tránsito de la Ciudad de Nueva York (NYCTA), que está controlada por la Autoridad de Transporte Metropolitano (MTA) de Nueva York. En 2016, lo utilizaron a diario un promedio de 5,66 millones de pasajeros, lo que lo convierte en el sistema de tránsito rápido más transitado de los Estados Unidos y el séptimo más transitado del mundo. (es)
- The New York City Subway is a rapid transit system that serves four of the five boroughs of New York City, New York: the Bronx, Brooklyn, Manhattan, and Queens. Its operator is the New York City Transit Authority (NYCTA), which is controlled by the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) of New York. In 2016, an average of 5.66 million passengers used the system daily, making it the busiest rapid transit system in the United States and the seventh busiest in the world. (en)
- 纽约地铁是美國紐約市的城市轨道交通系統,其线网覆盖纽约布朗克斯、布鲁克林区、曼哈顿和皇后区四个行政区,由大都会运输署(Metropolitan Transportation Authority, MTA)的下属机构纽约市公共运输局(NYCTA)运营。2016年纽约地铁系统日均客流量达566万,居美国首位及全球第七位。 纽约地铁系统中的第一条地下线路于1904年10月27日开通,但纽约的第一条城市轨道线路在近35年前即开通。第一条地下线路通车时,纽约的城市轨道线路都由(Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company, BRT,后来的布鲁克林-曼哈顿运输公司(BMT)和跨区捷运公司(IRT))两家私有运输企业拥有。当前纽约地铁系统中绝大多线路均在“双合约”时期通车,由政府兴建,并承包给私有公司运营。1932年,由独立地铁系统(IND)运营的第一条市营地铁线路通车。IND系统旨在与私有地铁竞争,并在线网整合中关闭部分高架铁路。但由于市政府提供的资金有限,早期IND系统的线路大多集中在市中心地带,而票价也是当时常见票价五美分的两倍。 1940年,IRT和BMT两个系统被政府收购,部分高架铁路停运。IND和BMT两个系统以兴建接驳线的方式整合为B系统,IRT系统由于列车规格较小,其线路无法行驶B系统的列车,因而独立出来成为A系统。 (zh)
- History of the New York City Subway (en)
- Historia del Metro de Nueva York (es)
- 紐約地鐵歷史 (zh)
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