Iraqi Civil War (2006–2008) (original) (raw)
الحرب الأهلية العراقية الأولى (2006-2008) هي حرب أهلية دارت رحاها من 22 فبراير 2006 إلى 17 نوفمبر 2008 في العراق وهي جزء من حرب الخليج الثالثة.
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| dbo:abstract | الحرب الأهلية العراقية الأولى (2006-2008) هي حرب أهلية دارت رحاها من 22 فبراير 2006 إلى 17 نوفمبر 2008 في العراق وهي جزء من حرب الخليج الثالثة. (ar) العنف الطائفي في العراق أو الأزمة الطائفية العراقيةهي مجموعة أعمال عنف وعمليات قتل جماعي وتفجيرات تستهدف تجمعات سكنية أو مدنية عامة مثل الأسواق والأحياء السكنية المدنية في مناطق ذات غالبية سنية أو شيعية بهدف الانتقام أو التصفية الطائفية بناء على ايدلوجية طائفية متعصبة. فحتى بعد مرور أكثر من عشر سنوات على سقوط نظام صدام حسين، لايزال العنف والتوتّر بين السنة والشيعة والأكراد يهدّد استقرار العراق وديمقراطيته الهشَّة. فقد فشلت النخبة السياسية العراقية في تطوير نظام للحكم شامل للجميع، وتعزّزت الانقسامات الداخلية بسبب تداعيات الربيع العربي، وخاصة تأثيرات الانتفاضة السنّية ضد النظام السوري وتعزيز الطائفية العابرة للحدود الوطنية. وللحيلولة دون حدوث المزيد من التشرذم أو ظهور نظام استبدادي جديد، يحتاج العراق إلى ميثاق سياسي يعتمد على المواطنين الأفراد أكثر منه على الهويات الطائفية. (ar) The Iraqi Civil War was a civil war fought mainly between the Iraqi government along with American-led coalition forces and various sectarian armed groups, mainly Al Qaeda in Iraq and the Mahdi Army, from 2006 to 2008. In February 2006, sectarian tensions in Iraq escalated into a full-scale civil war after the bombing of the Al-Askari Shrine (which is considered one of the holiest sites in Shia Islam) by the Sunni organization Al-Qaeda in Iraq. This set off a wave of reprisals by Shia militants on Sunni civilians, followed by Sunni counterattacks on Shia civilians. In 2006, the Secretary General of the United Nations declared that if patterns of discord and violence continued to prevail, the Iraqi state was in danger of breaking up. In a 10 January 2007 address to the American people, President George W. Bush stated that "80% of Iraq's sectarian violence occurs within 30 miles (48 km) of the capital. This violence is splitting Baghdad into sectarian enclaves, and shakes the confidence of all Iraqis.". The conflict escalated over the next several months until by late 2007, the National Intelligence Estimate described the conflict as having elements of a civil war. In 2008, during the Sunni Awakening and the U.S. troop surge, violence declined dramatically. However, an insurgency by Al-Qaeda in Iraq continued to plague Iraq following the U.S. withdrawal from the country in late 2011. In June 2014 the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, the successor of Al-Qaeda in Iraq, launched a major military offensive in Iraq and declared a self-proclaimed worldwide Islamic caliphate, leading to a full-scale war mainly between Iraq and ISIL from 2013 to 2017 in which Iraq declared full victory against the terrorist group. In October 2006, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and the Iraqi government estimated that more than 370,000 Iraqis had been displaced since the 2006 bombing of the al-Askari Mosque, bringing the total number of Iraqi refugees to more than 1.6 million. By 2008, the UNHCR raised the estimate of refugees to a total of about 4.7 million (~16% of the population). The number of refugees estimated abroad was 2 million (a number close to CIA projections) and the number of internally displaced people was 2.7 million. The Red Cross stated in 2008 that Iraq's humanitarian situation was among the most critical in the world, with millions of Iraqis forced to rely on insufficient and poor-quality water sources. According to the Failed States Index, produced by Foreign Policy magazine and the Fund for Peace, Iraq was one of the world's top 5 unstable states from 2005 to 2008. A poll of top U.S. foreign policy experts conducted in 2007 showed that over the next 10 years, just 3% of experts believed the U.S. would be able to rebuild Iraq into a "beacon of democracy" and 58% of experts believed that Sunni–Shi'a tensions would dramatically increase in the Middle East. Two polls of Americans conducted in 2006 found that between 65% to 85% believed Iraq was in a civil war; however, a similar poll of Iraqis conducted in 2007 found that 61% did not believe that they were in a civil war. (en) La Guerra Civil Iraquí fue una guerra civil librada principalmente entre el junto con las fuerzas de la coalición lideradas por Estados Unidos y varios grupos armados sectarios, principalmente Al Qaeda en Irak y el Ejército Mahdi, de 2006 a 2008. En febrero de 2006, las tensiones sectarias en Irak se convirtieron en una guerra civil a gran escala después del del Santuario Al-Askari (que se considera uno de los lugares más sagrados del Islam chiita ) por parte de la organización sunita Al-Qaeda en Irak . Esto desencadenó una ola de represalias de militantes chiitas contra civiles sunitas, seguida de contraataques sunitas contra civiles chiitas. En 2006, el Secretario General de las Naciones Unidas declaró que si los patrones de discordia y violencia continuaban prevaleciendo, el estado iraquí estaba en peligro de desmoronarse. En un discurso dirigido al pueblo estadounidense el 10 de enero de 2007, el presidente George W. Bush declaró que "el 80% de la violencia sectaria en Irak ocurre en un radio 30 millas (48,3 km) de la capital. Esta violencia está dividiendo a Bagdad en enclaves sectarios y debilita la confianza de todos los iraquíes". . El conflicto se intensificó durante los siguientes meses hasta que a fines de 2007, la describió el conflicto como si tuviera elementos de una guerra civil . En 2008, durante el y el , la violencia disminuyó drásticamente. Sin embargo, una insurgencia de Al-Qaeda en Irak continuó plagando Irak luego de la retirada de Estados Unidos del país a fines de 2011. En junio de 2014, el Estado Islámico de Irak y el Levante, el sucesor de Al-Qaeda en Irak, lanzó una en Irak y declaró un autoproclamado califato islámico mundial, lo que condujo a una guerra a gran escala principalmente entre Irak e ISIL de 2013 a 2017 en el que Irak declaró la victoria total contra el grupo terrorista. En octubre de 2006, la Oficina del Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Refugiados (ACNUR) y el gobierno iraquí calcularon que más de 370.000 iraquíes habían sido desplazados desde el bombardeo de la mezquita al-Askari en 2006, lo que elevó el número total de refugiados iraquíes a más de 1,6 millones. Para 2008, ACNUR elevó la estimación de refugiados a un total de alrededor de 4,7 millones (~16% de la población). El número de refugiados estimado en el exterior fue de 2 millones (un número cercano a las proyecciones de la CIA) y el número de desplazados internos fue de 2,7 millones. La Cruz Roja declaró en 2008 que la situación humanitaria de Irak se encontraba entre las más críticas del mundo, con millones de iraquíes obligados a depender de fuentes de agua insuficientes y de mala calidad. Según el Índice de Estados fallidos, producido por la revista Foreign Policy y el , Irak fue uno de los 5 principales estados inestables del mundo entre 2005 y 2008. Una encuesta de los principales expertos en política exterior de EE. UU. realizada en 2007 mostró que durante los próximos 10 años, solo el 3% de los expertos creía que EE. UU. sería capaz de reconstruir Irak en un "faro de la democracia" y el 58% de los expertos creía que los Las tensiones aumentarían dramáticamente en el Medio Oriente. Dos encuestas de estadounidenses realizadas en 2006 encontraron que entre el 65% y el 85% creía que Irak estaba en una guerra civil; sin embargo, una encuesta similar de iraquíes realizada en 2007 encontró que el 61% no creía que estuvieran en una guerra civil. (es) La première guerre civile irakienne ou la première guerre confessionnelle irakienne est une phase de la guerre d'Irak qui oppose les groupes insurgés sunnites et chiites de 2006 à 2009. (fr) Une étude réalisée par l'Institut de hautes études internationales (publiée le 12 juillet 2005) estimait à 39 000 le nombre de victimes irakiennes de la guerre.Divers ministères du gouvernement irakien annonçaient en juillet 2005 le bilan des six premiers mois de l'année : 1 594 civils tués895 membres des forces de sécurité tués (620 policiers et 275 soldats)781 « insurgés » tués4 000 personnes au total ont été tuées au cours du premier semestre 2005. Ces informations proviennent du ministère de l'Intérieur irakien. Selon le département de la Défense des États-Unis 26 000 Irakiens auraient été tués ou blessés dans les attentats depuis janvier 2004, dont une grande partie d'attentats-suicides. Une étude publiée par la revue britannique The Lancet en octobre 2004 lance un chiffre de 100 000 victimes de surmortalité due aux violences, une autre étude publiée par le même magazine, effectuée par des universitaires américains en collaboration avec l'université de Bagdad, annonce en octobre 2006, plus de 650 000 Irakiens victime de la surmortalité. Le gouvernement américain refuse cette étude, le gouvernement irakien dément le chiffre ainsi que Iraq Body Count . (Liste non exhaustive) (fr) Violência sectária no Iraque refere-se ao período entre 2006 e 2008 em que o Iraque experimentou um alto nível de violência sectária. Alguns estudiosos e jornalistas afirmam que o país estava passando por uma guerra civil. Após a invasão do Iraque em 2003, iniciada pelos Estados Unidos, a violência intercomunitária entre as facções iraquianas sunitas e xiitas tornou-se predominante. Em fevereiro de 2006, a organização sunita al-Qaeda no Iraque bombardeou um dos locais mais sagrados do islamismo xiita - a , em Samarra. Isso desencadeou uma onda de represálias xiitas contra sunitas, seguidas por contra-ataques pelos sunitas. O conflito intensificaria-se ao longo dos próximos meses até 2007, com a National Intelligence Estimate descrevendo a situação como tendo elementos de uma guerra civil. Em 2008 e 2009, durante o Despertar Sunita e o , a violência diminuiu drasticamente. No entanto, confrontos de baixo nível continuaram a afligir o Iraque até a retirada dos Estados Unidos no final de 2011. Duas pesquisas estadunidenses realizadas em 2006 fundamentaram que entre 65% e 85% acreditavam que o Iraque estava em guerra civil; no entanto, uma pesquisa similar de iraquianos realizada em 2007 concluiu que 61% não acreditavam que estivessem numa guerra civil. Em outubro de 2006, o Alto Comissariado das Nações Unidas para os Refugiados (ACNUR) e o governo iraquiano estimaram que mais de 370.000 iraquianos haviam sido desalojados desde o atentado de 2006 contra a mesquita al-Askari, elevando o número total de refugiados iraquianos a mais de 1,6 milhões. Em 2008, o ACNUR elevou a estimativa de refugiados para um total de cerca de 4,7 milhões (~ 16% da população). O número de refugiados estimado no estrangeiro era de 2 milhões (um número próximo das projeções da CIA ) e o número de pessoas deslocadas internamente era de 2,7 milhões. O número estimado de órfãos em todo o Iraque variou de 400 mil (segundo o Conselho Provincial de Bagdá) a cinco milhões (segundo o conselho anticorrupção do Iraque). Um relatório da ONU de 2008 colocou o número de órfãos em cerca de 870.000. A Cruz Vermelha declarou em 2008 que a situação humanitária do Iraque estava entre as mais críticas do mundo, com milhões de iraquianos forçados a depender de fontes de água insuficientes e de má qualidade. De acordo com o , produzido pela revista Foreign Policy e pelo , o Iraque era um dos cinco estados mais instáveis do mundo de 2005 a 2008. Uma pesquisa com especialistas em política externa estadunidense mostrou que, nos próximos dez anos, apenas 3% dos especialistas acreditam que os Estados Unidos conseguirão reconstruir o Iraque como um "farol da democracia" e 58% dos especialistas acreditam que as tensões entre sunitas e xiitas iriam aumentar drasticamente no Oriente Médio. (pt) |
| dbo:combatant | ---- United Kingdom United States Ansar al-Sunna Soldiers of Heaven *Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq Peshmerga Special Groups Islamic State of Iraq *Kata'ib Hezbollah *Promised Day Brigades Badr Brigades Iraqi security forces Mahdi Army Other coalition forces Other militias Public stability: Rogue elements among the Iraqi security forces Shia tribes Sunni tribes Mujahideen Shura Council *Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order *Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation *al-Qaeda in Iraq(until October 2006) Iraqi Ba'ath PartyLoyalists Islamic Army in Iraq Other Sunni insurgent groups Private Security Contractors Shi'ite factions: Sons of Iraq Sunni factions: |
| dbo:commander | dbr:Masoud_Barzani dbr:Muqtada_al-Sadr dbr:Tommy_Franks dbr:Abdul_Aziz_al-Hakim dbr:Abdul_Sattar_Abu_Risha dbr:Abu_Ayyub_al-Masri dbr:Abu_Musab_al-Zarqawi dbr:Abu_Mustafa_al-Sheibani dbr:Abu_Omar_al-Baghdadi dbr:Ahmed_Abu_Risha dbr:Nouri_al-Maliki dbr:Dia_Abdul_Zahra_Kadim dbr:Hadi_al-Amiri dbr:Izzat_Ibrahim_al-Douri dbr:Jalal_Talabani dbr:Abu_Abdullah_al-Shafi'i dbr:Abu_Deraa dbr:Ibrahim_al-Jaafari dbr:Akram_al-Kabi dbr:Ahmed_Hassani_al-Yemeni dbr:Qais_al-Khazali dbr:Mohammed_Younis_al-Ahmed_al-Muwali dbr:Arkan_Hasnawi dbr:Al-Nasser_Lideen_Allah_Abu_Suleiman dbr:Fakri_Hadi_Gari |
| dbo:isPartOfMilitaryConflict | dbr:Iraq_War |
| dbo:notes | 151,000–1,033,000Iraqi deaths (2003–2008) 69,760 recorded civilian deaths (2006–2008) |
| dbo:place | dbr:Iraq |
| dbo:result | * Presence of British and American troops in advise and assist roles until 2011 * Ceasefire signed withMahdi Army * ContinuedAl-Qaedainsurgency in Iraq * Ethnic cleansing ofSunnisby theMahdi Army *4 million people displaced *Al-Qaeda in Iraqterritorially defeated *U.S. Troop Surge in January 2007 Short-term Iraqi government and allied victory * Attempt of ethnic cleansing ofShiasbyAl-Qaeda in Iraq * Resurgence ofAl-Qaeda in Iraq, which later becomes known asISILorISISfollowing thewithdrawal of American troops from Iraqin 2011 |
| dbo:strength | ---- Awakening Councilmilitias Coalition Contractors Iraqi Security Forces ~7,000 103,000 618,000 (805,269Armyand 348,000Police) Badr Organisation: 20,000 Foreign Mujahedeen: 1,300 Mahdi Army: 60,000 (2003–2008) Soldiers of Heaven: 1,000 Special Groups: 7,000 (2011) Sunni insurgents: 70,000 (2003–2007) ~49,700 |
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| dbo:wikiPageExternalLink | http://www.dcexaminer.com/articles/2005/07/21/opinion/op-ed/67oped20phillips.txt http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090701155143/http:/www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm%3FSectionID=15&ItemID=8255 https://web.archive.org/web/20050404055918/http:/www.commondreams.org/headlines04/0122-01.htm https://web.archive.org/web/20050827035737/http:/www.strategypage.com/dls/articles/20030404.asp https://web.archive.org/web/20061208041507/http:/www.benadorassociates.com/article/20385 https://web.archive.org/web/20080503234658/http:/www.refugeesinternational.org/content/article/detail/9679 https://web.archive.org/web/20120212182655/http:/www.dhs.gov/xnews/releases/pr_1205327590498.shtm http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,7374-1698308,00.html http://www.newsday.com/news/nationworld/world/ny-woiraq0512,0,4630319.story https://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/11/18/1069027122315.html%3Foneclick=true http://www.isj.org.uk/index.php4%3Fid=299&issue=114 |
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| dbp:bot | medic (en) |
| dbp:caption | A city street in Ramadi heavily damaged by the fighting in 2006 (en) |
| dbp:combatant | dbr:Private_militias_in_Iraq dbr:Arab_tribes_in_Iraq dbr:Soldiers_of_Heaven dbr:Sons_of_Iraq dbr:Private_Security_Contractors Peshmerga (en) United Kingdom (en) United States (en) Mahdi Army (en) Iraqi security forces (en) Other coalition forces (en) Public stability: (en) Rogue elements among the Iraqi security forces (en) Special Groups * Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq * Kata'ib Hezbollah * Promised Day Brigades Badr Brigades (en) Ansar al-Sunna (en) Islamic Army in Iraq (en) Shi'ite factions: (en) Sunni factions: (en) Mujahideen Shura Council * al-Qaeda in Iraq Islamic State of Iraq (en) Other Sunni insurgent groups ---- Iraqi Ba'ath Party Loyalists * Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation * Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order (en) |
| dbp:commander | dbr:Muqtada_al-Sadr dbr:Abu_Mustafa_al-Sheibani dbr:Ahmed_Abu_Risha dbr:Abu_Deraa dbr:Akram_al-Kabi Abdul Aziz al-Hakim (en) Hadi al-Amiri (en) Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri (en) Jalal Talabani (en) Tommy Franks (en) Masoud Barzani (en) Ahmed Hassani al-Yemeni (en) Nouri al-Maliki (en) Abdul Sattar Abu Risha (en) Abu Ayyub al-Masri (en) Abu Musab al-Zarqawi (en) Ibrahim al-Jaafari (en) Abu Suleiman (en) Abu Abdullah al-Shafi'i (en) Arkan Hasnawi (en) Dia Abdul Zahra Kadim (en) Qais al-Khazali (en) Fakri Hadi Gari (en) Ishmael Jubouri ---- Abu Omar al-Baghdadi (en) Mohammed Younis al-Ahmed (en) |
| dbp:conflict | Iraqi Civil War (en) |
| dbp:date | 0001-02-22 (xsd:gMonthDay) (en) July 2022 (en) |
| dbp:imageSize | 340 (xsd:integer) |
| dbp:notes | 69760 (xsd:integer) 151000 (xsd:integer) |
| dbp:partof | the Iraq War (en) |
| dbp:place | dbr:Iraq |
| dbp:result | Short-term Iraqi government and allied victory * Ethnic cleansing of Sunnis by the Mahdi Army * Attempt of ethnic cleansing of Shias by Al-Qaeda in Iraq * 4 million people displaced * U.S. Troop Surge in January 2007 * Ceasefire signed with Mahdi Army * Al-Qaeda in Iraq territorially defeated * Presence of British and American troops in advise and assist roles until 2011 * Continued Al-Qaeda insurgency in Iraq * Resurgence of Al-Qaeda in Iraq, which later becomes known as ISIL or ISIS following the withdrawal of American troops from Iraq in 2011 (en) |
| dbp:strength | 103000 (xsd:integer) 618000 (xsd:integer) Coalition (en) Awakening Council militias (en) Contractors (en) Iraqi Security Forces (en) ~7,000 (en) Badr Organisation: 20,000 (en) Mahdi Army: 60,000 (en) Sunni insurgents: 70,000 ---- Foreign Mujahedeen: 1,300 (en) Soldiers of Heaven: 1,000 (en) Special Groups: 7,000 (en) ~49,700 (en) |
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| dcterms:subject | dbc:Civil_wars_post-1945 dbc:Iraqi_insurgency_(2003–2011) dbc:Politics_of_Iraq dbc:Civil_wars_in_Iraq dbc:Al-Qaeda_activities_in_Iraq dbc:Wars_involving_Iraq dbc:2006_in_Iraq dbc:2007_in_Iraq dbc:2008_in_Iraq dbc:2004_in_Iraq dbc:2005_in_Iraq dbc:Iraq_War dbc:Occupation_of_Iraq dbc:Religion-based_civil_wars dbc:Religiously_motivated_violence_in_Iraq |
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| rdfs:comment | الحرب الأهلية العراقية الأولى (2006-2008) هي حرب أهلية دارت رحاها من 22 فبراير 2006 إلى 17 نوفمبر 2008 في العراق وهي جزء من حرب الخليج الثالثة. (ar) La première guerre civile irakienne ou la première guerre confessionnelle irakienne est une phase de la guerre d'Irak qui oppose les groupes insurgés sunnites et chiites de 2006 à 2009. (fr) العنف الطائفي في العراق أو الأزمة الطائفية العراقيةهي مجموعة أعمال عنف وعمليات قتل جماعي وتفجيرات تستهدف تجمعات سكنية أو مدنية عامة مثل الأسواق والأحياء السكنية المدنية في مناطق ذات غالبية سنية أو شيعية بهدف الانتقام أو التصفية الطائفية بناء على ايدلوجية طائفية متعصبة. (ar) La Guerra Civil Iraquí fue una guerra civil librada principalmente entre el junto con las fuerzas de la coalición lideradas por Estados Unidos y varios grupos armados sectarios, principalmente Al Qaeda en Irak y el Ejército Mahdi, de 2006 a 2008. En febrero de 2006, las tensiones sectarias en Irak se convirtieron en una guerra civil a gran escala después del del Santuario Al-Askari (que se considera uno de los lugares más sagrados del Islam chiita ) por parte de la organización sunita Al-Qaeda en Irak . Esto desencadenó una ola de represalias de militantes chiitas contra civiles sunitas, seguida de contraataques sunitas contra civiles chiitas. (es) The Iraqi Civil War was a civil war fought mainly between the Iraqi government along with American-led coalition forces and various sectarian armed groups, mainly Al Qaeda in Iraq and the Mahdi Army, from 2006 to 2008. In February 2006, sectarian tensions in Iraq escalated into a full-scale civil war after the bombing of the Al-Askari Shrine (which is considered one of the holiest sites in Shia Islam) by the Sunni organization Al-Qaeda in Iraq. This set off a wave of reprisals by Shia militants on Sunni civilians, followed by Sunni counterattacks on Shia civilians. (en) Une étude réalisée par l'Institut de hautes études internationales (publiée le 12 juillet 2005) estimait à 39 000 le nombre de victimes irakiennes de la guerre.Divers ministères du gouvernement irakien annonçaient en juillet 2005 le bilan des six premiers mois de l'année : 1 594 civils tués895 membres des forces de sécurité tués (620 policiers et 275 soldats)781 « insurgés » tués4 000 personnes au total ont été tuées au cours du premier semestre 2005. Ces informations proviennent du ministère de l'Intérieur irakien. (Liste non exhaustive) (fr) Violência sectária no Iraque refere-se ao período entre 2006 e 2008 em que o Iraque experimentou um alto nível de violência sectária. Alguns estudiosos e jornalistas afirmam que o país estava passando por uma guerra civil. Duas pesquisas estadunidenses realizadas em 2006 fundamentaram que entre 65% e 85% acreditavam que o Iraque estava em guerra civil; no entanto, uma pesquisa similar de iraquianos realizada em 2007 concluiu que 61% não acreditavam que estivessem numa guerra civil. (pt) |
| rdfs:label | الطائفية في العراق (ar) الحرب الأهلية العراقية (2006-2008) (ar) Guerra civil iraquí (2006-2008) (es) Iraqi Civil War (2006–2008) (en) Liste d'attentats de la guerre d'Irak (fr) Première guerre civile irakienne (fr) Violência sectária no Iraque (2006–2008) (pt) |
| owl:sameAs | wikidata:Iraqi Civil War (2006–2008) wikidata:Iraqi Civil War (2006–2008) dbpedia-ar:Iraqi Civil War (2006–2008) dbpedia-ar:Iraqi Civil War (2006–2008) dbpedia-be:Iraqi Civil War (2006–2008) dbpedia-es:Iraqi Civil War (2006–2008) dbpedia-fa:Iraqi Civil War (2006–2008) dbpedia-fi:Iraqi Civil War (2006–2008) dbpedia-fr:Iraqi Civil War (2006–2008) dbpedia-fr:Iraqi Civil War (2006–2008) dbpedia-pt:Iraqi Civil War (2006–2008) dbpedia-sk:Iraqi Civil War (2006–2008) https://global.dbpedia.org/id/gW8n |
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| foaf:name | Iraqi Civil War (en) |
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