Marshalsea (original) (raw)
Marshalsea fue una cárcel inglesa, situada en la zona de Southwark, al sur de Londres, y que estuvo funcionando hasta 1842. También es el nombre del tribunal de justicia al que la prisión estaba adscrito.
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| dbo:abstract | مارشالسي (1373-1842) كان أحد السجون سيئة السمعة في ، شوري (الآن في لندن)، الواقعة إلى الجنوب من نهر التايمز.ضمَّ مجموعة متنوعة من السجناء على مر القرون، بما في ذلك الرجال المتهمين بارتكاب جرائم في البحر والشخصيات السياسية المتهمة بالتحريض، ولكنه أصبح يعرف، على وجه الخصوص، بحبس الفئة من أفقر المدينين في لندن. أكثر من نصف قاطنى سجون إنجلترا في القرن ال18 كانوا في السجن بسبب الديون. يديرها القطاع الخاص من أجل الربح، وكذلك جميع السجون الإنجليزية حتى القرن ال19، بدا مارشالسي مثل كلية أوكسبريدج ويعمل بمثابة مصدر للابتزاز.كان المدينين في القرن ال18 الذين يمكنهم تحمل رسوم السجن حبث يمكنهم العمل في بار، أو متجر أومطعم، والإبقاء على امتياز للسماح لهم بالخروج خلال اليوم، مما يعطيهم فرصة لكسب المال للدائنين. تم حشر الجميع في واحدة من تسع غرف صغيرة مع عشرات آخرين، وربما لسنوات لأكثر تواضعا من الديون، مما أدى إلى زيادة رسوم السجن غير المسددة بالإضافة إلى الدين المتراكم. أفقر مجاعة، تمت مواجهتها إذا عبرها المسجونين، إلى التعذيب بالقلنسوة . وذكرت لجنة برلمانية في عام 1729 أن 300 من السجناء قضوا جوعا في غضون فترة ثلاثة أشهر، وأن ثمانية إلى عشرة كانوا يموتون كل عدة ساعات في الطقس الحار.(طالع أيضًا: برج لندن § البرج كسجن) أصبح السجن معروفا في جميع أنحاء العالم في القرن ال19 من خلال كتابات الروائي الإنجليزي تشارلز ديكنز، الذي تم إرسال والده إلى هناك في عام 1824، عندما كان ديكنز في 12، وفاء لدين الأب لخباز. اضطر نتيجة لذلك إلى ترك المدرسة للعمل في مصنع، خصص ديكنز العديد من شخصياته على خبرته، وعلى الأخص ايمي دوريت، التي كان والدها في مارشالسي وفاء لديون معقدة. وقد تم هدم جزء كبير من السجن في 1870، بالرغم من أن أجزاءا منه كانت تستخدم كمحلات وغرف في القرن 20thمكتبة محلية هي الباقية الآن على الموقع. كل ما تبقى من مارشالسي هو جدار من الطوب الطويلة التي تميز حدودها الجنوبية، وجود ما يسمى ديكنز «أشباح الازدحام العديد من سنوات بائسة» ذكر فقط عن طريق لوحة من المجلس المحلي. «ذهب [I] ر الآن»، كما كتب، «والعالم لا شيء أسوأ من دونها.» (ar) Das Marshalsea (1373–1842) war ein berüchtigtes Londoner Gefängnis in Southwark, einen halben Kilometer vom südlichen Ufer der Themse gelegen. Obgleich es eine Vielzahl verschiedener Gefangener beherbergte, darunter Piraten, Meuterer, Aufwiegler oder andere politische Häftlinge, wurde es vornehmlich als Schuldgefängnis bekannt. Dies folgt der Tatsache, dass die Hälfte aller Gefängnisinsassen im England des 18. Jahrhunderts säumige Schuldner waren. Es wurde, wie alle Gefängnisse Englands bis zum 19. Jahrhundert, privat und auf kommerzieller Basis geführt. Äußerlich mutete es wie ein altes Universitätsgebäude an; darin aber wurde mit Erpressung Geld „verdient“. Schuldner, die im 18. Jahrhundert in solchen Gefängnissen einsaßen und gleichwohl noch etwas Geld aufbringen konnten, hatten Zugang zu Geschäften, Speisesälen und auch Kneipen innerhalb und außerhalb des Areals. Dazu wurde ihnen, je nach Umfang ihrer Strafe, wie aber auch finanzielle Zuwendungen an die Aufseher, gestattet außerhalb der Gefängnismauern einer Arbeit oder dem Betteln nachzugehen. Anderen hingegen bot sich nur eine Sackgasse, bei der sie in einer von neun kleinen Zellen zusammen mit Dutzenden anderen Schuldnern einsaßen. Was kumulativ auch zur Erhöhung ihrer Schuldenlast führte, da sie ja zeitgleich auch ihren Gefängnisaufenthalt zahlen mussten. Dabei geschah es, dass die Ärmsten an Hunger starben und Aufsässige mit Körperstrafen behandelt wurden. Eine parlamentarische Untersuchungskommission stellte 1729 fest, dass innerhalb von nur drei Monaten 300 Insassen an Hunger verstarben; an heißen Sommertagen starben pro Tag acht bis zehn Gefangene. “[A] Day seldom passed without a Death, and upon the advancing of the Spring, not less than Eight or Ten usually died every 24 Hours.” „Es verging kein Tag ohne einen Todesfall und im Verlauf des Frühjahrs starben nicht weniger als Acht oder Zehn alle 24 Stunden“ – Gaols Committee, 14. Mai 1729 Weltweite Bekanntheit erhielt das Marshalsea durch den Schriftsteller Charles Dickens und die Erwähnung dieser Einrichtung in seinen Romanen, insbesondere in der Satire Little Dorrit von 1857. Hier kommen autobiographische Momente seines Lebens zum Tragen: Dickens Vater saß 1824 aufgrund von Schulden, welche sich auf recht komplexem Wege bei einem Bäcker angehäuft haben, im Marshalsea ein; Charles war daraufhin gezwungen die Schule aufzugeben und an einer Fabrikmauer als Schuhputzer Geld zu verdienen. 1870 wurde das Gefängnis weitgehend abgerissen. Verbliebene Teile dienten bis ins 20. Jahrhundert als Ladengeschäfte und sonstige Räumlichkeiten. Heute steht dort eine öffentliche Bücherei (John Harvard Library). Der einzige Überrest ist eine lange Steinmauer, welche die südlichste Einfriedung des Gefängnisses darstellt. Eine Plakette erinnert an den Ort, dessen Abriss Dickens zufolge „die Welt nicht schlechter“ machte. (de) Marshalsea fue una cárcel inglesa, situada en la zona de Southwark, al sur de Londres, y que estuvo funcionando hasta 1842. También es el nombre del tribunal de justicia al que la prisión estaba adscrito. (es) The Marshalsea (1373–1842) was a notorious prison in Southwark, just south of the River Thames. Although it housed a variety of prisoners, including men accused of crimes at sea and political figures charged with sedition, it became known, in particular, for its incarceration of the poorest of London's debtors. Over half the population of England's prisoners in the 18th century were in jail because of debt. Run privately for profit, as were all English prisons until the 19th century, the Marshalsea looked like an Oxbridge college and functioned as an extortion racket. Debtors in the 18th century who could afford the prison fees had access to a bar, shop and restaurant, and retained the crucial privilege of being allowed out during the day, which gave them a chance to earn money for their creditors. Everyone else was crammed into one of nine small rooms with dozens of others, possibly for years for the most modest of debts, which increased as unpaid prison fees accumulated. The poorest faced starvation and, if they crossed the jailers, torture with skullcaps and thumbscrews. A parliamentary committee reported in 1729 that 300 inmates had starved to death within a three-month period, and that eight to ten were dying every 24 hours in the warmer weather. The prison became known around the world in the 19th century through the writing of the English novelist Charles Dickens, whose father was sent there in 1824, when Dickens was 12, for a debt to a baker. Forced as a result to leave school to work in a factory, Dickens based several of his characters on his experience, most notably Amy Dorrit, whose father is in the Marshalsea for debts so complex no one can fathom how to get him out. Much of the prison was demolished in the 1870s, although parts of it were used as shops and rooms into the 20th century. A local library now stands on the site. All that is left of the Marshalsea is the long brick wall that marked its southern boundary, the existence of what Dickens called "the crowding ghosts of many miserable years" recalled only by a plaque from the local council. "[I]t is gone now," he wrote, "and the world is none the worse without it." (en) La prison Marshalsea, en français prison de La Maréchaussée, est une prison aujourd'hui disparue ayant existé entre 1373 et 1842. (fr) La Marshalsea era una prigione situata sulla riva meridionale del fiume Tamigi, nel quartiere londinese di Southwark, vicino al London Bridge. Per oltre 500 anni (almeno dal 1329 fino alla sua chiusura, avvenuta nel 1842) ospitò i condannati per sovversione, i marinai ammutinati, gli accusati di pirateria e, soprattutto, i debitori che non erano riusciti ad estinguere i loro debiti e che vi rimanevano finché ciò non avveniva. La prigione era gestita da privati, come tutte le prigioni inglesi del XIX secolo; l'aspetto dell'edificio era simile a quello di un college di Oxbridge, e funzionava come un sistema di estorsioni: i prigionieri che potevano pagare la tariffa avevano a disposizione un bar, un ristorante, un negozio, e il privilegio di poter lasciare la prigione durante il giorno. Tutti gli altri erano ammassati in una delle nove piccole stanze con dozzine di altri prigionieri, imprigionati spesso per diversi anni anche per debiti di modesta entità, che però aumentavano per il mancato pagamento della prigione. Mappa del quartiere del XIV secolo nel quale sorgeva la Marshalsea. Una commissione parlamentare riferì nel 1729 che 300 detenuti erano morti di fame in un periodo di tre mesi, e che ogni giorno morivano tra otto e dieci prigionieri a causa del clima caldo. La prigione accrebbe la propria notorietà nel XIX secolo tramite le opere dello scrittore inglese Charles Dickens, il cui padre venne rinchiuso a Marshalsea per un debito di 40 sterline e 10 scellini quando il romanziere aveva dodici anni. In seguito all'accaduto, il ragazzo dovette lasciare la scuola e lavorare in fabbrica per mantenersi. Dickens basò molti romanzi sulla vita nella prigione per debitori, in particolare La piccola Dorrit, in cui il padre della protagonista è imprigionato a Marshalsea. La maggior parte della prigione fu demolita nel 1849, sebbene alcuni dei suoi edifici restarono in uso fino agli anni Settanta del XX secolo, ospitando un negozio di ferramenta e una latteria, e in seguito una tipografia della Marshalsea Press. Oggi quello che rimane è un lungo muro di mattoni e due cancelli, che conducono ad un piccolo giardino pubblico e all'archivio di Southwark e alla locale biblioteca storica. Una targa ricorda l'esistenza del carcere e l'opera di Dickens in esso ambientato. (it) Marshalsea foi uma prisão que existia em Southwark, Londres, ao sul do Tâmisa. Existia desde o reinado de Edward III. Foi consolidado em 1842 com as prisões do banco e da frota da rainha e descrito então como uma "prisão para devedores". (pt) Marshalsea var ett bysättningshäkte och fängelse för vissa slags förbrytelser i Southwark, London, som fått världsrykte i synnerhet genom Charles Dickens roman "Lilla Dorrit". Marshalsea ligger vid Themsen. Det existerade redan under Edvard III, men upphörde 1849. (sv) Маршалси (англ. Marshalsea) (1373—1842) — тюрьма на южном берегу реки Темзы в Саутверке (ныне район Лондона). Начиная с XIV века до закрытия в 1842 году в ней содержались находящиеся под трибуналом за преступления, совершённые на море (в том числе и за «противоестественные преступления»), политические деятели и интеллектуалы, осуждённые за антиправительственную агитацию, а также (за что тюрьма и получила наибольшую известность) лондонские должники, срок пребывания которых в тюрьме в основном определялся кредиторами. В 18-м веке свыше половины заключённых тюрем Англии составляли должники. Тюрьма Маршалси (как и все английские тюрьмы до XIX века) была открыта с целью получения прибыли и функционировала как заведение для вымогательства. Внешне она была похожа на университет Оксбридж. Для заключённых, которые могли платить, был открыт бар, магазин и ресторан, так же была доступна привилегия выхода за пределы тюрьмы в течение дня, это значило, что должники могли добыть деньги, чтобы удовлетворить требования кредиторов. Остальным приходилось, возможно, десятилетиями ютиться в одной из девяти комнат вместе с дюжинами остальных заключённых за скромные долги, которые росли, так как к ним добавлялись невыплаченные долги перед тюрьмой. Самые бедные заключённые страдали от голода, а если они перечили тюремщикам их подвергали пыткам, сдавливая их головы и большие пальцы. Комитет парламента докладывал в 1729 году, что за трёхмесячный период триста заключённых погибли от голода и что в более тёплую погоду ежедневно умирают по восемь-десять заключённых. Тюрьма получила всемирную известность в 19-м веке по произведениям английского романиста Чарльза Диккенса, чей отец угодил туда в 1824 году за долг булочнику. Вынужденный покинуть школу в возрасте 12 лет и работать на заводе, Диккенс вывел несколько персонажей своих произведений, исходя из своего опыта. Наиболее известным из них был роман «Крошка Доррит», герой романа провёл в Маршалси 23 года за долги. Большая часть тюрьмы была разрушена в 1870-х, но несколько строений использовались в 20-м веке, в них размещались магазины скобяных изделий, масла и типография Marshalsea Press. Сейчас от тюрьмы осталась только длинная кирпичная стена, обозначающая южный предел тюрьмы, существование которой Диккенс назвал «скоплением духов многих несчастных лет», отмеченных табличкой местного совета. Он писал «Теперь её нет, и мир не стал от этого хуже». (ru) |
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| dbp:caption | First Marshalsea Prison, 18th century (en) |
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| dbp:location | The prison occupied two locations in Southwark on what is now Borough High Street, the first 1373–1811, the second 1811–1842. (en) |
| dbp:managedBy | The Knight Marshal of the royal household (en) |
| dbp:population | Debtors, pirates, smugglers, those accused of sedition (en) |
| dbp:prisonName | Marshalsea (en) |
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| dbp:quote | My reader will judge of its malignity [the smell inside prisons] when I assure him that my cloaths were in my first journeys so offensive that in a post chaise I could not bear the windows drawn up: and was therefore often obliged to travel on horseback. The leaves of my memorandum-book were often so tainted, that I could not use it till after spreading it an hour or two before the fire: and even my antidote, a vial of vinegar, has after using it in a few prisons, become intolerably disagreeable. (en) We are quiet here; we don't get badgered here; there's no knocker, sir, to be hammered at by creditors and bring a man's heart into his mouth. Nobody comes here to ask if a man's at home, and to say he'll stand on the door mat till he is. Nobody writes threatening letters about money to this place. It's freedom, sir, it's freedom! ... we have got to the bottom, we can't fall, and what have we found? Peace. (en) |
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| dbp:source | —Dr. Haggage in Little Dorrit (en) —John Howard, prison reformer, 1777 (en) |
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| rdfs:comment | Marshalsea fue una cárcel inglesa, situada en la zona de Southwark, al sur de Londres, y que estuvo funcionando hasta 1842. También es el nombre del tribunal de justicia al que la prisión estaba adscrito. (es) La prison Marshalsea, en français prison de La Maréchaussée, est une prison aujourd'hui disparue ayant existé entre 1373 et 1842. (fr) Marshalsea foi uma prisão que existia em Southwark, Londres, ao sul do Tâmisa. Existia desde o reinado de Edward III. Foi consolidado em 1842 com as prisões do banco e da frota da rainha e descrito então como uma "prisão para devedores". (pt) Marshalsea var ett bysättningshäkte och fängelse för vissa slags förbrytelser i Southwark, London, som fått världsrykte i synnerhet genom Charles Dickens roman "Lilla Dorrit". Marshalsea ligger vid Themsen. Det existerade redan under Edvard III, men upphörde 1849. (sv) مارشالسي (1373-1842) كان أحد السجون سيئة السمعة في ، شوري (الآن في لندن)، الواقعة إلى الجنوب من نهر التايمز.ضمَّ مجموعة متنوعة من السجناء على مر القرون، بما في ذلك الرجال المتهمين بارتكاب جرائم في البحر والشخصيات السياسية المتهمة بالتحريض، ولكنه أصبح يعرف، على وجه الخصوص، بحبس الفئة من أفقر المدينين في لندن. أكثر من نصف قاطنى سجون إنجلترا في القرن ال18 كانوا في السجن بسبب الديون.(طالع أيضًا: برج لندن § البرج كسجن) (ar) Das Marshalsea (1373–1842) war ein berüchtigtes Londoner Gefängnis in Southwark, einen halben Kilometer vom südlichen Ufer der Themse gelegen. Obgleich es eine Vielzahl verschiedener Gefangener beherbergte, darunter Piraten, Meuterer, Aufwiegler oder andere politische Häftlinge, wurde es vornehmlich als Schuldgefängnis bekannt. Dies folgt der Tatsache, dass die Hälfte aller Gefängnisinsassen im England des 18. Jahrhunderts säumige Schuldner waren. “[A] Day seldom passed without a Death, and upon the advancing of the Spring, not less than Eight or Ten usually died every 24 Hours.” (de) The Marshalsea (1373–1842) was a notorious prison in Southwark, just south of the River Thames. Although it housed a variety of prisoners, including men accused of crimes at sea and political figures charged with sedition, it became known, in particular, for its incarceration of the poorest of London's debtors. Over half the population of England's prisoners in the 18th century were in jail because of debt. (en) La Marshalsea era una prigione situata sulla riva meridionale del fiume Tamigi, nel quartiere londinese di Southwark, vicino al London Bridge. Per oltre 500 anni (almeno dal 1329 fino alla sua chiusura, avvenuta nel 1842) ospitò i condannati per sovversione, i marinai ammutinati, gli accusati di pirateria e, soprattutto, i debitori che non erano riusciti ad estinguere i loro debiti e che vi rimanevano finché ciò non avveniva. Mappa del quartiere del XIV secolo nel quale sorgeva la Marshalsea. (it) Маршалси (англ. Marshalsea) (1373—1842) — тюрьма на южном берегу реки Темзы в Саутверке (ныне район Лондона). Начиная с XIV века до закрытия в 1842 году в ней содержались находящиеся под трибуналом за преступления, совершённые на море (в том числе и за «противоестественные преступления»), политические деятели и интеллектуалы, осуждённые за антиправительственную агитацию, а также (за что тюрьма и получила наибольшую известность) лондонские должники, срок пребывания которых в тюрьме в основном определялся кредиторами. В 18-м веке свыше половины заключённых тюрем Англии составляли должники. (ru) |
| rdfs:label | Marshalsea (en) سجن مارشالسي (ar) Marshalsea (de) Marshalsea (es) Marshalsea (fr) Marshalsea (it) Marshalsea (pt) Маршалси (ru) Marshalsea (sv) |
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