Modula-2 (original) (raw)
Modula-2 je flexibilní procedurální programovací jazyk s podporou multiprogramování. V roce 1978 ho vytvořil Niklaus Wirth na Spolkové vysoké technická škole v Curychu jako nástupce jazyka Modula. V roce 1980 byl jazyk implementován pro počítač Lilith, který byl uveden na trh roku 1982 společností (Data Image Sound Procesor and Emitter Receiver System) pod jmény mC1 a mC2 (po celém světě prodáno 120 kusů). Jazyk vycházel podobně jako Modula z jazyka Pascal stejného autora. Jazyk byl ovlivněn jazykem Mesa a novými programovacími možnostmi osobního počítače .
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| dbo:abstract | Modula-2 je flexibilní procedurální programovací jazyk s podporou multiprogramování. V roce 1978 ho vytvořil Niklaus Wirth na Spolkové vysoké technická škole v Curychu jako nástupce jazyka Modula. V roce 1980 byl jazyk implementován pro počítač Lilith, který byl uveden na trh roku 1982 společností (Data Image Sound Procesor and Emitter Receiver System) pod jmény mC1 a mC2 (po celém světě prodáno 120 kusů). Jazyk vycházel podobně jako Modula z jazyka Pascal stejného autora. Jazyk byl ovlivněn jazykem Mesa a novými programovacími možnostmi osobního počítače . (cs) Modula-2 ist eine 1978 entstandene Weiterentwicklung der Programmiersprache Pascal und wurde wie diese von Niklaus Wirth entwickelt. Hauptkennzeichen von Modula-2 sind die Sprachmerkmale zur Modularisierung von Programmen. Modula-2 selbst diente später als Vorlage für die Programmiersprache Oberon. (de) Modula-2 es un lenguaje de programación cuyo autor es Niklaus Wirth, autor también del lenguaje Pascal. Como novedad respecto a este último lenguaje, introduce el concepto de módulo, y de encapsulación. Del código contenido en un módulo, sólo se facilita una interfaz pública denominada módulo de definición, permaneciendo el resto oculto (encapsulado) para un desarrollador ajeno, lo que facilita el mantenimiento de dichas estructuras de programación a la vez que imposibilita la modificación de las mismas a cualquiera que no posea el código de su módulo de implementación. Este concepto de módulo constituye el antecedente de las clases u objetos que se observan en el concepto moderno de Programación Orientada a Objetos (POO); sin embargo, la incapacidad de declarar múltiples instancias de los módulos, así como la ausencia de todo tipo de herencia, impiden afirmar que Modula-2 sea un lenguaje orientado a objetos propiamente dicho. Modula-2 se utiliza principalmente en las universidades por su excelente adaptación a la enseñanza de lenguajes estructurados, pero en el ámbito laboral su difusión ha sido escasa frente al predominio de C, lo que ha contribuido a crear un distanciamiento entre universidad y mercado laboral. Existen compiladores de Modula-2 como o GNU Modula-2 (para GNU/Linux y resto de sistemas soportados por GCC), (para MS-DOS) o (para Windows) entre otros. (es) Modula-2 is a structured, procedural programming language developed between 1977 and 1985/8 by Niklaus Wirth at ETH Zurich. It was created as the language for the operating system and application software of the Lilith personal workstation. It was later used for programming outside the context of the Lilith. Wirth viewed Modula-2 as a successor to his earlier programming languages Pascal and Modula. The main concepts are: 1. * The module as a compiling unit for separate compiling 2. * The coroutine as the basic building block for concurrent processes 3. * Types and procedures that allow access to machine-specific data The language design was influenced by the Mesa language and the Xerox Alto, both from Xerox PARC, that Wirth saw during his 1976 sabbatical year there. The computer magazine Byte devoted the August 1984 issue to the language and its surrounding environment. Modula-2 was followed by Modula-3, and later by the Oberon series of languages. (en) Modula est un langage de programmation créé en 1977 par Niklaus Wirth à l'École polytechnique fédérale de Zurich. Sa syntaxe est une amélioration de celle du langage Pascal dont il reprend bon nombre de principes. Modula est un langage de programmation compilé, procédural, fortement typé, modulaire, facile à lire et à apprendre. Il est conçu pour enseigner la programmation et faciliter le développement des projets de grande ampleur. Par rapport à Pascal, il ajoute : * l'encapsulation en modules — d'où le nom du langage, * la notion d'interface, de bibliothèque, d'unité de compilation ; avec celle-ci, la programmation de haut et de « bas niveau » (permettant la définition de primitives ou fonctions de base au niveau le plus physique). * la programmation concurrente et une bien meilleure portabilité. En résumé, Modula-2 est plus puissant et plus complet que Pascal. La modularité étant mieux conçue et traitée qu'en C, Modula-2 s'avère plus fiable dans les grosses applications. Wirth a déclaré que ce langage était « celui qu'il aurait aimé concevoir quand il avait conçu Pascal ». (fr) Modula-2 è un linguaggio di programmazione general-purpose creato da Niklaus Wirth ed è il diretto successore di Pascal. Modula-2 corregge i problemi e le ambiguità del suo predecessore. Tra le caratteristiche principali vi è il concetto di modulo, ossia di un'unità logica che incapsula al suo interno dati e procedure, limitandone la visibilità all'esterno. Questo permette una migliore organizzazione del programma (cfr. programmazione modulare). Essendo un linguaggio tipizzato non ammette conversioni implicite fra tipi di dati diversi, come per esempio REAL e INTEGER, e ci vuole una funzione di conversione apposita. I linguaggi fortemente tipizzati producono un codice più corretto e per questo motivo sono i linguaggi più utilizzati nel settore mission-critical come ad esempio l'aerospaziale e il nucleare. Dato che in tempi passati non vi era un set standard di librerie ogni produttore offriva il proprio, come ad esempio Logitech e TopSpeed, e vi erano grossi problemi nella migrazione del software da un sistema all'altro. Lo standard ISO promise di risolvere questi problemi ma uscì troppo tardi e i produttori di compilatori persero interesse nel linguaggio Modula-2. Molti utenti e società spostarono il loro ambiente di sviluppo in versioni modificate del predecessore come Turbo Pascal o il più nuovo Delphi. Per questo motivo oggi è largamente sconosciuto.Tuttavia, Modula-2 sta riemergendo gradualmente in questi ultimi anni grazie alla nascita del compilatore open source GNU Modula-2. (it) Modula 2 – język programowania wysokiego poziomu stworzony przez Niklausa Wirtha. (pl) Modula-2（モジュラ・ツー）は、コンピュータのプログラミング言語の一種で、1978年頃にチューリッヒ工科大学のニクラウス・ヴィルトにより、先立って構想されたプログラミング言語「」の後継として創案されたものである。汎用手続き型言語で、構文の多くは同様にヴィルトの手掛けたPascal言語に基いたものとなっている。名前「Modula-2」は「モジュールの」を意味する英語「modular」に由来する。 (ja) Modula-2 is een programmeertaal die in 1978 werd ontwikkeld aan het instituut ETH Zürich (Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich) door Niklaus Wirth. De naam verwijst naar een eerder ontwikkelde programmeertaal die gewoon Modula heette. (nl) Modula-2 är ett programspråk konstruerat av professorn i datalogi Niklaus Wirth vid ETH runt 1978, som uppföljare till Modula, ett annat av hans programspråk (som dock aldrig implementerades). Modula-2 är löst baserat på programspråket från Xerox, som Wirth såg under sitt år på Xerox PARC 1976. (sv) Modula-2 é uma linguagem de programação projetada e criada por Niklaus Wirth no Instituto Federal de Tecnologia de Zurique (ETH), em torno de 1978. (pt) Modula-2，是一种通用的结构化过程式编程语言，由尼克劳斯·维尔特在1978年至1985年间于苏黎世联邦理工学院开发。它具有充分的灵活性用于系统编程，和更加广阔应用领域。特别是，它被设计为以一种直接的方式支持分离编译和数据抽象。它的很多语法基于了维尔特早先的周知语言Pascal。 (zh) Мо́дула-2 (Modula-2) — язык программирования общего назначения, являющийся развитием Паскаля, разработанный Никлаусом Виртом в 1978 году. (ru) |
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| rdfs:comment | Modula-2 je flexibilní procedurální programovací jazyk s podporou multiprogramování. V roce 1978 ho vytvořil Niklaus Wirth na Spolkové vysoké technická škole v Curychu jako nástupce jazyka Modula. V roce 1980 byl jazyk implementován pro počítač Lilith, který byl uveden na trh roku 1982 společností (Data Image Sound Procesor and Emitter Receiver System) pod jmény mC1 a mC2 (po celém světě prodáno 120 kusů). Jazyk vycházel podobně jako Modula z jazyka Pascal stejného autora. Jazyk byl ovlivněn jazykem Mesa a novými programovacími možnostmi osobního počítače . (cs) Modula-2 ist eine 1978 entstandene Weiterentwicklung der Programmiersprache Pascal und wurde wie diese von Niklaus Wirth entwickelt. Hauptkennzeichen von Modula-2 sind die Sprachmerkmale zur Modularisierung von Programmen. Modula-2 selbst diente später als Vorlage für die Programmiersprache Oberon. (de) Modula 2 – język programowania wysokiego poziomu stworzony przez Niklausa Wirtha. (pl) Modula-2（モジュラ・ツー）は、コンピュータのプログラミング言語の一種で、1978年頃にチューリッヒ工科大学のニクラウス・ヴィルトにより、先立って構想されたプログラミング言語「」の後継として創案されたものである。汎用手続き型言語で、構文の多くは同様にヴィルトの手掛けたPascal言語に基いたものとなっている。名前「Modula-2」は「モジュールの」を意味する英語「modular」に由来する。 (ja) Modula-2 is een programmeertaal die in 1978 werd ontwikkeld aan het instituut ETH Zürich (Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich) door Niklaus Wirth. De naam verwijst naar een eerder ontwikkelde programmeertaal die gewoon Modula heette. (nl) Modula-2 är ett programspråk konstruerat av professorn i datalogi Niklaus Wirth vid ETH runt 1978, som uppföljare till Modula, ett annat av hans programspråk (som dock aldrig implementerades). Modula-2 är löst baserat på programspråket från Xerox, som Wirth såg under sitt år på Xerox PARC 1976. (sv) Modula-2 é uma linguagem de programação projetada e criada por Niklaus Wirth no Instituto Federal de Tecnologia de Zurique (ETH), em torno de 1978. (pt) Modula-2，是一种通用的结构化过程式编程语言，由尼克劳斯·维尔特在1978年至1985年间于苏黎世联邦理工学院开发。它具有充分的灵活性用于系统编程，和更加广阔应用领域。特别是，它被设计为以一种直接的方式支持分离编译和数据抽象。它的很多语法基于了维尔特早先的周知语言Pascal。 (zh) Мо́дула-2 (Modula-2) — язык программирования общего назначения, являющийся развитием Паскаля, разработанный Никлаусом Виртом в 1978 году. (ru) Modula est un langage de programmation créé en 1977 par Niklaus Wirth à l'École polytechnique fédérale de Zurich. Sa syntaxe est une amélioration de celle du langage Pascal dont il reprend bon nombre de principes. Modula est un langage de programmation compilé, procédural, fortement typé, modulaire, facile à lire et à apprendre. Il est conçu pour enseigner la programmation et faciliter le développement des projets de grande ampleur. Par rapport à Pascal, il ajoute : Wirth a déclaré que ce langage était « celui qu'il aurait aimé concevoir quand il avait conçu Pascal ». (fr) Modula-2 es un lenguaje de programación cuyo autor es Niklaus Wirth, autor también del lenguaje Pascal. Como novedad respecto a este último lenguaje, introduce el concepto de módulo, y de encapsulación. Del código contenido en un módulo, sólo se facilita una interfaz pública denominada módulo de definición, permaneciendo el resto oculto (encapsulado) para un desarrollador ajeno, lo que facilita el mantenimiento de dichas estructuras de programación a la vez que imposibilita la modificación de las mismas a cualquiera que no posea el código de su módulo de implementación. (es) Modula-2 is a structured, procedural programming language developed between 1977 and 1985/8 by Niklaus Wirth at ETH Zurich. It was created as the language for the operating system and application software of the Lilith personal workstation. It was later used for programming outside the context of the Lilith. Wirth viewed Modula-2 as a successor to his earlier programming languages Pascal and Modula. The main concepts are: Modula-2 was followed by Modula-3, and later by the Oberon series of languages. (en) Modula-2 è un linguaggio di programmazione general-purpose creato da Niklaus Wirth ed è il diretto successore di Pascal. Modula-2 corregge i problemi e le ambiguità del suo predecessore. Tra le caratteristiche principali vi è il concetto di modulo, ossia di un'unità logica che incapsula al suo interno dati e procedure, limitandone la visibilità all'esterno. Questo permette una migliore organizzazione del programma (cfr. programmazione modulare). (it) |
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