Mutual Broadcasting System (original) (raw)
- Mutual Broadcasting System (comúnmente conocido como Mutual, a veces denominado MBS, Mutual Radio o Mutual Radio Network; nombre corporativo Mutual Broadcasting System, Inc.) fue una cadena de radio estadounidense. Fue establecida el 29 de septiembre de 1934 a través de un acuerdo entre 4 estaciones de radio en AM (WXYZ en Detroit, WGN en Chicago, WOR en Nueva York y WLW en Cincinnati) mediante el cual se formaba una cooperativa en la cual se compartía programación. Mutual fue partícipe de la edad dorada del drama radial en Estados Unidos, al ser el "hogar" original de El Llanero Solitario y Las Aventuras de Superman así como la cadena original de La Sombra. Durante muchos años, fue una emisora nacional de Grandes Ligas (incluyendo el Juego de Estrellas y la Serie Mundial), la NFL y transmisiones de boxeo, tenis y golf, entre otras transmisiones deportivas. Desde mediados de la década de 1930 y durante varias décadas, Mutual dirigió un servicio de noticias muy respetado acompañado de una variedad de populares programas de comentarios. Durante la década de 1970, Mutual fue pionero en los shows radiales nocturnos y presentó al país a Larry King. A comienzos de los años 70, Mutual lanzó cuatro cadenas de radio: Mutual Black Network (MBN, el cual evolucionó hasta ser conocida actualmente como American Urban Radio Networks (AURN)), Mutual Cadena Hispánica, Mutual Southwest Network y Mutual Lifestyle Radio, esta última cancelada en 1983. De las cuatro cadenas nacionales de la era clásica de la radio estadounidense, Mutual tuvo durante décadas el mayor número de afiliados, pero la posición financiera menos segura, lo cual impidió que Mutual se expandiera a la televisión después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial como lo hicieron las otras 3 cadenas. Durante los primeros 18 años de su existencia, Mutual fue poseída y operada como una cooperativa (un sistema similar al de la NPR en la actualidad), estableciendo la red aparte de sus competidores corporativos. Las estaciones miembro de Mutual compartieron sus propios gastos originales de programación, transmisión y promoción, y los ingresos publicitarios. Desde el 30 de diciembre de 1936, cuando debutó en el oeste del país, Mutual tenía afiliados de costa a costa (llegando a tener 950 estaciones afiliadas en 1979). Su estructura de negocio cambiaría después de que General Tire (compañía fabricante de neumáticos) asumiera la propiedad mayoritaria en 1952 a través de una serie de adquisiciones de estaciones regionales e individuales. Una vez que General Tire vendió la cadena en 1957, la propiedad de Mutual estaba en gran parte desconectada de las estaciones a las que servía, llevando a un modelo más convencional de producción y distribución de programas. Poco después de la venta, uno de los nuevos equipos ejecutivos de la cadena fue acusado de aceptar dinero para usar Mutual como vehículo de propaganda extranjera. La reputación de la cadena sufrió graves daños, pero pronto se recuperó. Mutual cambió de dueños frecuentemente en años posteriores, incluso dejando a un lado las adquisiciones y fusiones a gran escala. Westwood One, que compró Mutual en 1985, fue la séptima de una serie de nuevos propietarios que siguieron a General Tire. Mutual cesó sus operaciones el 17 de abril de 1999. (es)
- The Mutual Broadcasting System (commonly referred to simply as Mutual; sometimes referred to as MBS, Mutual Radio or the Mutual Radio Network) was an American commercial radio network in operation from 1934 to 1999. In the golden age of U.S. radio drama, Mutual was best known as the original network home of The Lone Ranger and The Adventures of Superman and as the long-time radio residence of The Shadow. For many years, it was a national broadcaster for Major League Baseball (including the All-Star Game and World Series), the National Football League, and Notre Dame Fighting Irish football. From the mid-1930s and until the retirement of the network in 1999, Mutual ran a highly respected news service accompanied by a variety of popular commentary shows. Mutual pioneered the nationwide late night call-in radio program in the late 1970s, introducing the country to Larry King and later Jim Bohannon. In the early 1970s, acting in much the same style as rival ABC had two years earlier (in 1968), Mutual launched four sister radio networks: Mutual Black Network (MBN) (initially launched as "Mutual Reports"), which evolved to today's American Urban Radio Networks (AURN); Mutual Cadena Hispánica (or in English, "Mutual Spanish Network"); Mutual Southwest Network, and Mutual Progressive Network (was later re-branded "Mutual Lifestyle Radio" in 1980, then retired in 1983). Of the four national networks of American radio's classic era, Mutual had for decades the largest number of affiliates, but the least certain financial position (which prevented Mutual from expanding into television broadcasting after World War II, as NBC, CBS and ABC did). For the first 18 years of its existence, Mutual was owned and operated as a cooperative (a system similar to that of today's National Public Radio), setting the network apart from its corporate owned competitors. Mutual's member stations shared their own original programming, transmission and promotion expenses, and advertising revenues. From December 30, 1936, when it debuted in the West, the Mutual Broadcasting System had affiliates from coast to coast. Its business structure would change after General Tire assumed majority ownership in 1952 through a series of regional and individual station acquisitions. Once General Tire sold the network in 1957, Mutual's ownership was largely disconnected from the stations it served, leading to a more conventional, top-down model of program production and distribution. Not long after the sale, one of the network's new executive teams was charged with accepting money to use Mutual as a vehicle for foreign propaganda. The network's reputation was severely damaged, but soon rebounded. Mutual changed ownership several times in succeeding years—even leaving aside larger-scale acquisitions and mergers, its final direct corporate parent, Westwood One, which purchased Mutual in 1985, was the seventh in a string of new owners that followed General Tire. (en)
- Le Mutual Broadcasting System (MBS) est un ancien réseau de radiodiffusion américain qui a existé de 1934 à 1999. Parmi les quatre réseaux nationaux de radiodiffusion américains de l'époque, la Mutual est pendant des décennies le réseau qui détient le plus grand nombre de stations affiliées, mais également celui dont la situation financière est la plus incertaine. Durant l'âge d'or de la radio américaine, caractérisé par la diffusion de nombreuses fictions radiophoniques, le réseau Mutual est resté célèbre pour ses diffusions exclusives parmi lesquelles les séries The Lone Ranger et Les Aventures de Superman, et The Shadow durant plusieurs décennies. Le réseau a retransmis durant plusieurs années les matchs de la ligue majeure de baseball nord-américaine, et notamment le match des étoiles et les séries mondiales. Du milieu des années 1930 et pendant des décennies, MBS possédait un service d'information de qualité[réf. nécessaire], avec des émissions d'actualité populaires. Elle a popularisé le journaliste américain Larry King.[1] * Portail de la radio * Portail des États-Unis (fr)
- Mutual Broadcasting System (также известная как Mutual, MBS, Mutual Radio или Mutual Radio Network) — американская коммерческая радиосеть, существовавшая с 1934 по 1999 год. В золотую эру радио, Mutual была известна как родная радиосеть для Одинокого рейнджера, и The Shadow. Многие годы являлась общенациональным вещателем (включая и мировую серию), National Football League и игры . Начиная с середины 1930-х и вплоть до закрытия в 1999 году Mutual имела очень уважаемую новостную службу, которую дополняли разнообразные популярные шоу комментаторов. С конце 1970-х годов сеть стала пионером в формате ток-шоу с приёмом звонков слушателей и представила США Ларри Кинга. В начале 1970-х годов, последовав примеру своего конкурента в лице , Mutual запустила четыре дочерних радиосети: (MBN) (первоначально под названием «Mutual Reports»), в настоящее время известна как (AURN); Mutual Cadena Hispánica («Mutual Spanish Network»); Mutual Southwest Network и (в 1980 году была переименована в «Mutual Lifestyle Radio», через три года закрылась). Являясь одной из четырёх общенациональных радиосетей эры американского классического радио, Mutual десятилетиями имела наибольшее число филиалов одновременно с наименее стабильным финансовым положением (что предотвратило расширение Mutual в сферу телевизионного вещания после второй мировой войны, как у оставшихся трёх сетей). Первые 18 лет своей истории Mutual контролировалось и управлялось кооперативно (похожую систему в настоящее время использует National Public Radio), что отличало её от корпоративных конкурентов. Станции участники Mutual делили между собой расходы на создание, трансляцию и рекламу программ, а также рекламные отчисления. 30 декабря 1936 года Mutual Broadcasting System начало вещание на западном побережье США, тем самым окончательно оформив сеть филиалов по всей стране. После покупки контрольного пакета акций в 1952 году, бизнес-структура сети претерпела изменения из-за серии покупок ряда региональных и локальных радиостанций. После продажи сети в 1957 году, руководство Mutual было в значительной степени отделена от обслуживаемых ею станций, что привело к более традиционной нисходящей модели производства и дистрибуции программ. Вскоре после смены владельца один из новых руководителей сети обвинялся в получении денег за использование Mutual в качестве инструмента для иностранной пропаганды. Репутация сети была серьёзно подорвана, но в дальнейшем смогла восстановиться. В последующие годы Mutual несколько раз менял владельцев — даже без учёта слияний и приобретений, купившая сеть в 1985 году её последняя прямая корпоративная материнская компания являлась седьмым по счёту в списке владельцев, наследовавших General Tire. (ru)
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- Cooperative radio network ; corporate-controlled radio network (en)
- Mutual Broadcasting System (comúnmente conocido como Mutual, a veces denominado MBS, Mutual Radio o Mutual Radio Network; nombre corporativo Mutual Broadcasting System, Inc.) fue una cadena de radio estadounidense. Fue establecida el 29 de septiembre de 1934 a través de un acuerdo entre 4 estaciones de radio en AM (WXYZ en Detroit, WGN en Chicago, WOR en Nueva York y WLW en Cincinnati) mediante el cual se formaba una cooperativa en la cual se compartía programación. Mutual fue partícipe de la edad dorada del drama radial en Estados Unidos, al ser el "hogar" original de El Llanero Solitario y Las Aventuras de Superman así como la cadena original de La Sombra. (es)
- The Mutual Broadcasting System (commonly referred to simply as Mutual; sometimes referred to as MBS, Mutual Radio or the Mutual Radio Network) was an American commercial radio network in operation from 1934 to 1999. In the golden age of U.S. radio drama, Mutual was best known as the original network home of The Lone Ranger and The Adventures of Superman and as the long-time radio residence of The Shadow. For many years, it was a national broadcaster for Major League Baseball (including the All-Star Game and World Series), the National Football League, and Notre Dame Fighting Irish football. From the mid-1930s and until the retirement of the network in 1999, Mutual ran a highly respected news service accompanied by a variety of popular commentary shows. Mutual pioneered the nationwide late (en)
- Le Mutual Broadcasting System (MBS) est un ancien réseau de radiodiffusion américain qui a existé de 1934 à 1999. Parmi les quatre réseaux nationaux de radiodiffusion américains de l'époque, la Mutual est pendant des décennies le réseau qui détient le plus grand nombre de stations affiliées, mais également celui dont la situation financière est la plus incertaine. Durant l'âge d'or de la radio américaine, caractérisé par la diffusion de nombreuses fictions radiophoniques, le réseau Mutual est resté célèbre pour ses diffusions exclusives parmi lesquelles les séries The Lone Ranger et Les Aventures de Superman, et The Shadow durant plusieurs décennies. Le réseau a retransmis durant plusieurs années les matchs de la ligue majeure de baseball nord-américaine, et notamment le match des étoiles (fr)
- Mutual Broadcasting System (также известная как Mutual, MBS, Mutual Radio или Mutual Radio Network) — американская коммерческая радиосеть, существовавшая с 1934 по 1999 год. В золотую эру радио, Mutual была известна как родная радиосеть для Одинокого рейнджера, и The Shadow. Многие годы являлась общенациональным вещателем (включая и мировую серию), National Football League и игры . Начиная с середины 1930-х и вплоть до закрытия в 1999 году Mutual имела очень уважаемую новостную службу, которую дополняли разнообразные популярные шоу комментаторов. С конце 1970-х годов сеть стала пионером в формате ток-шоу с приёмом звонков слушателей и представила США Ларри Кинга. (ru)
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