Operation Catechism (original) (raw)
- L'Operació Catecisme, va ser un atac aeri britànic de la Segona Guerra Mundial que va destruir el cuirassat alemany Tirpitz. Es va dur a terme el 12 de novembre de 1944 per vint-i-nou bombarders pesats de la Royal Air Force que van atacar el vaixell de guerra al seu ancoratge a prop de la ciutat noruega de Tromsø. El vaixell va tombar després de ser tocat per almenys dues bombes i danyat per les explosions d'altres, l'atac va matar entre 940 i 1.204 membres de la tripulació; els britànics no van patir cap baixa. L'atac va acabar amb una llarga sèrie d'operacions aèries i navals contra el Tirpitz que pretenia eliminar l'amenaça que representava per al transport marítim aliat. El cuirassat s'havia traslladat a la zona de Tromsø l'octubre de 1944 després de ser paralitzat el 15 de setembre durant l'. Aquest atac l'havien dut a terme els esquadrons 9è i 617è de l'elit de la RAF, que van intentar sense èxit atacar Tirpitz de nou a Tromsø el 29 d'octubre durant l'. L'Operació Catecisme va tornar a utilitzar els plans de l'Operació Obviate, i va ser dirigida pels mateixos esquadrons. Els avions es varen enlairar de les bases del nord d'Escòcia i a causa de les condicions meteorològiques clares, els aviadors de la Commonwealth van poder atacar i bombardejar amb precisió el cuirassat. Els bombarders no van ser molestats per una unitat d'avions de combat alemanys que no van poder enlairar-se a prop de Tromsø a temps. Un bombarder va ser danyat significativament per l'artilleria antiaèria. El Tirpitz, va bolcar al cap de pocs minuts d'haver estat bombardejat. Els socorristes van recollir centenars de persones de la tripulació de l'aigua, però pocs dels que varen quedar atrapats dins del casc es varen salvar. Diversos militars alemanys van ser condemnats per abandonament del servei després de l'atac. La destrucció del cuirassat es va celebrar als països aliats i Noruega, i es commemora amb diversos monuments i exposicions als museus. (ca)
- Operation Catechism was a British air raid of World War II that destroyed the German battleship Tirpitz. It was conducted on 12 November 1944 by 29 Royal Air Force heavy bombers that attacked the battleship at its anchorage near the Norwegian city of Tromsø. The ship capsized after being hit by at least two bombs and damaged by the explosions of others, killing between 940 and 1,204 members of the crew; the British suffered no casualties. The attack ended a long-running series of air and naval operations against Tirpitz that sought to eliminate the threat she posed to Allied shipping. The battleship had been moved to the Tromsø area in October 1944 after being crippled on 15 September during Operation Paravane. This attack had been carried out by the RAF's elite Nos. 9 and 617 Squadrons, who unsuccessfully attempted to strike Tirpitz again at Tromsø on 29 October during Operation Obviate. Operation Catechism re-used the plans for Operation Obviate, and was conducted by the same squadrons. The aircraft departed from bases in northern Scotland and, due to clear weather conditions, the Commonwealth airmen were able to accurately target and bomb the battleship. The bombers were unmolested by a unit of German fighter aircraft that failed to take off from nearby Tromsø in time. One bomber was significantly damaged by anti-aircraft artillery. Tirpitz capsized within minutes of being hit. Rescuers picked up hundreds of her crew from the water, but few of those trapped within the hull were saved. Several German military personnel were convicted of dereliction of duty following the attack. The battleship's destruction was celebrated in Allied countries and Norway, and is commemorated by several memorials and displays in museums. (en)
- L'Opération Catechism est un raid aérien de la Royal Air Force au cours de la Seconde Guerre mondiale qui détruit le cuirassé Tirpitz de la Kriegsmarine. Mené le 12 novembre 1944 par 29 bombardiers lourds, il permet d'atteindre le navire alors ancré à Tromsø, une ville du nord de la Norvège. Atteint par au moins deux bombes et endommagé par l'explosion des autres, le navire est coulé et entre 940 et 1 204 membres d'équipage sont tués, tandis que les Britanniques ne souffrent d'aucune perte. Cette opération est la dernière d'une série d'attaques menées contre le Tirpitz, qui constitue une menace durable pour les convois des Alliés. Le cuirassé vient d'atteindre Tromso en octobre 1944 après avoir été endommagé au cours de l'opération Paravane le 15 septembre. Les deux escadrons engagés, le 9e et le 617e ont déjà tenté de couler le Tirpitz quelques jours plus tôt, au cours de l'opération Obviate. Globalement, l'opération Catechism reprend les plans de Obviate. Les appareils décollent de bases au nord de l'Ecosse et, grâce aux bonnes conditions météo, les aviateurs peuvent aisément cibler le cuirassé. En outre, les chasseurs allemands ne parviennent pas à intervenir à temps, même si un bombardier britannique est sérieusement touché par la Flak. Le Tirpitz coule en quelques minutes. Les secours récupèrent des centaines d'hommes tombés à la mer mais la plupart de ceux qui n'ont pu évacuer le navire périssent. Les Allemands réagissent en condamnant plusieurs militaires qui se sont rendus coupables de négligence, tandis que les Alliés se réjouissent de l'opération. (fr)
- Operacja Catechism – ostatnia z dziewięciu prób zatopienia lub uszkodzenia pancernika Kriegsmarine Tirpitz w czasie drugiej wojny światowej. Tym razem akcja zakończyła się całkowitym sukcesem; okręt został zatopiony wraz z dużą częścią załogi. (pl)
- A Operação Catecismo foi um ataque aéreo britânico realizado na Segunda Guerra Mundial que afundou o couraçado alemão Tirpitz. Ele ocorreu em 12 de novembro de 1944 quando 29 bombardeiros Avro Lancaster atacaram o navio em seu ancoradouro próximo de Tromsø, na Noruega. A embarcação emborcou depois de ser atingida pelo menos duas bombas e danificada pelas explosões de outras, com o número de mortos ficando entre 950 e 1 204 mortos. A operação encerrou uma longa série de ataques aéreos e navais contra o Tirpitz que tinham a intenção de eliminar a ameaça que ele representava contra comboios Aliados para a União Soviética. O navio tinha sido levado para Tromsø em outubro após ter sido danificado em setembro na Operação Paravane. Este ataque fora realizado pelos Esquadrões Nº 9 e Nº 617 da Força Aérea Real, que tentaram atacar o Tirpitz novamente na Operação Obviar em outubro. A Operação Catecismo reusou os planos da Operação Obviar e foi realizada pelos mesmos dois esquadrões. As aeronaves decolaram de bases no norte da Escócia e conseguiram localizar e atacar o couraçado devido às condições climáticas favoráveis. Os bombardeiros não foram interceptados por uma unidade de caças alemães, que não decolaram em tempo de uma base próxima em Tromsø. Um bombardeiro foi danificado por baterias antiaéreas terrestres. O Tirpitz emborcou apenas minutos depois de ser atingido. Centenas de tripulantes foram resgatados da água por equipes de salvamento, porém poucos daqueles que ficaram presos no casco puderam ser salvos. Vários militares alemães enfrentaram cortes marciais e foram condenados por abandono do dever na defesa do navio. A destruição do Tirpitz foi celebrada nos países Aliados e na Noruega, sendo comemorada em memoriais e exibições em museus. (pt)
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- Operacja Catechism – ostatnia z dziewięciu prób zatopienia lub uszkodzenia pancernika Kriegsmarine Tirpitz w czasie drugiej wojny światowej. Tym razem akcja zakończyła się całkowitym sukcesem; okręt został zatopiony wraz z dużą częścią załogi. (pl)
- L'Operació Catecisme, va ser un atac aeri britànic de la Segona Guerra Mundial que va destruir el cuirassat alemany Tirpitz. Es va dur a terme el 12 de novembre de 1944 per vint-i-nou bombarders pesats de la Royal Air Force que van atacar el vaixell de guerra al seu ancoratge a prop de la ciutat noruega de Tromsø. El vaixell va tombar després de ser tocat per almenys dues bombes i danyat per les explosions d'altres, l'atac va matar entre 940 i 1.204 membres de la tripulació; els britànics no van patir cap baixa. (ca)
- L'Opération Catechism est un raid aérien de la Royal Air Force au cours de la Seconde Guerre mondiale qui détruit le cuirassé Tirpitz de la Kriegsmarine. Mené le 12 novembre 1944 par 29 bombardiers lourds, il permet d'atteindre le navire alors ancré à Tromsø, une ville du nord de la Norvège. Atteint par au moins deux bombes et endommagé par l'explosion des autres, le navire est coulé et entre 940 et 1 204 membres d'équipage sont tués, tandis que les Britanniques ne souffrent d'aucune perte. (fr)
- Operation Catechism was a British air raid of World War II that destroyed the German battleship Tirpitz. It was conducted on 12 November 1944 by 29 Royal Air Force heavy bombers that attacked the battleship at its anchorage near the Norwegian city of Tromsø. The ship capsized after being hit by at least two bombs and damaged by the explosions of others, killing between 940 and 1,204 members of the crew; the British suffered no casualties. (en)
- A Operação Catecismo foi um ataque aéreo britânico realizado na Segunda Guerra Mundial que afundou o couraçado alemão Tirpitz. Ele ocorreu em 12 de novembro de 1944 quando 29 bombardeiros Avro Lancaster atacaram o navio em seu ancoradouro próximo de Tromsø, na Noruega. A embarcação emborcou depois de ser atingida pelo menos duas bombas e danificada pelas explosões de outras, com o número de mortos ficando entre 950 e 1 204 mortos. (pt)
- Operació Catecisme (ca)
- Opération Catechism (fr)
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