Paramartha (original) (raw)
Paramārtha ou Kulanātha (499 - 569) était un brahmane originaire de la ville d'Ujjayinī située en Inde centrale, et un moine bouddhiste du courant cittamatra. Envoyé comme missionnaire, il fut invité en Chine par l'empereur Wudi des Liang. Il entama en 548 une carrière de traducteur de textes bouddhistes qu'il poursuivit jusqu'à sa mort.
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| dbo:abstract | Paramārtha ou Kulanātha (499 - 569) était un brahmane originaire de la ville d'Ujjayinī située en Inde centrale, et un moine bouddhiste du courant cittamatra. Envoyé comme missionnaire, il fut invité en Chine par l'empereur Wudi des Liang. Il entama en 548 une carrière de traducteur de textes bouddhistes qu'il poursuivit jusqu'à sa mort. (fr) Paramārtha (Sanskrit, Devanagari: परमार्थ; traditional Chinese: 真諦; simplified Chinese: 真谛; pinyin: Zhēndì) (499-569 CE) was an Indian monk from Ujjain, who is best known for his prolific Chinese translations of Buddhist texts during the Six Dynasties era. He is known as one of the four great translators in Chinese Buddhist history (along with Kumārajīva and Xuanzang). He is also known for the various oral commentaries he gave on his translations which were written down by his disciples (and now only survive in fragmentary form). Some of Paramārtha's influential translations include Vasubandhu's Abhidharmakośa, Asaṅga’s Mahāyānasaṃgraha, and Dignāga's & Hastavālaprakaraṇa. Paramārtha is associated with some unique doctrines. He is traditionally seen as having taught the doctrine of the "immaculate consciousness" (amalavijñāna, Ch: amoluoshi 阿摩羅識). He is also seen as the source of the doctrine of “original awakening” (benjue [本覺]). Paramārtha is also associated with various works on Buddha-nature that became extremely influential in Chinese Buddhism. These include the Treatise on Buddha Nature (Foxing lun 佛性論) and the Mahayana Awakening of Faith (Dasheng qi xin lun 大乘起信論), a key work for Huayan and Chan Buddhism. However, modern scholars have expressed doubts about the attribution of the Awakening of Faith to Paramārtha (as well as numerous other texts), and scholarly opinion remains divided, often due to discrepancies between ancient Chinese catalogs. Due to his teachings which synthesize Yogacara thought with Buddha-nature ideas, Paramārtha is traditionally seen as a key figure of the Shelun School (攝論宗), a major tradition of Chinese Buddhist thought in the 6th and 7th centuries as well as a major figure of the Faxing school (法性宗, “School of Dharma-nature”). The distinctive doctrine of the Faxing school was "the existence of a pure and transcendent element within the mind, in which case liberation would simply be a matter of recovering that innate purity." This was opposed to the view of Xuanzang and his school, which held that the mind was impure and had to be totally transformed. (en) ( 다른 뜻에 대해서는 진제 (동음이의) 문서를 참고하십시오.) 파라마르타(산스크리트어: परमार्थ Paramārtha: 499-569)는 인도의 승려로 구마라습(鳩摩羅什: 344-413) · 현장(玄奘: 602-664) · 불공(不空: 705-774)과 함께 중국 불교의 4대 역경사 중의 한 명이다. 중국 이름은 진제(眞諦)이다. 중국 섭론종(攝論宗)의 개조(開祖)이다. (ko) 真諦（しんだい、旧字体: 眞諦、梵: Paramārtha パラマールタ、499年 - 569年2月12日（太建元年1月11日））は、西インド生まれで中国に渡来した訳経僧、真諦三蔵。鳩摩羅什、玄奘、不空金剛とともに四大訳経家と呼ばれる。 『続高僧伝』の本伝では、音訳表記によって、拘那羅陀や波羅末陀と書かれており、意訳で真諦、あるいは親依という、と記されているが、一般には真諦という呼称で通用している。 (ja) Paramārtha (眞諦, Pinyin: Zhēndì, Wade-Giles: Chen-ti, giapponese: Shindai; India, 499 – Luoyang, 569) è stato un monaco buddhista e traduttore indiano. Paramārtha fu un monaco buddhista indiano del VI secolo, pellegrino in Cina dove operò come grande traduttore di testi buddhisti dal sanscrito al cinese. Nel corso della carriera di monaco traduttore, soprattutto di testi Cittamātra, Paramārtha tradusse 64 opere per complessivi 278 rotoli. Originario di (città dell'antico regno indiano di Avanti), Paramārtha, il cui nome originario era Kulanātha, giunse in Cambogia dove risiedette fino al 546 quando, venne invitato a Corte dall'imperatore della dinastia Liang, (武, conosciuto anche come Xiāo Yǎn 蕭衍, regno: 502-49). Giunse nel 548 nella capitale del regno meridionale dei Liang, Jiànkāng (建康, oggi Nanchino) dove avviò la traduzione dei primi sutra. Con la scomparsa dell'imperatore , avvenuta nel 549, l'impero della dinastia Liang ebbe notevole instabilità e ciò costrinse Paramārtha a continui spostamenti, il primo dei quali fu il viaggio che lo portò nel Regno di Langkasuka, sulla costa est della penisola malese. (it) Paramārtha (ur. 499, zm. 569) (chiń Boluomotuo 波羅末陀 lub Zhendi 真諦, kor. Chŏngje; jap. Shintai, wiet. Chân Đế.) – indyjski misjonarz buddyjski i tłumacz. (pl) Парамартха (санскр. परमार्थ - "высшая истина") китайское имя-эквивалент по смыслу Чжэньди (кит. 真谛), (499 — 569) — буддийский монах, один из четырёх крупнейших переводчиков буддийской литературы на китайский язык (наряду с Ань Шигао, Сюаньцзаном и Кумарадживой). Парамартха был выходцем из Западной Индии, жил на территории современной Мьянмы, где прославился добродетельностью и знанием трактатов махаяны. По рекомендации познакомившихся с ним послов лянского императора У-ди был приглашён в государство Лян. В 546 году он прибыл в Наньхай (современный Гуанчжоу), привезя с собой около двухсот сорока текстов на санскрите, а в 548 году — в Цзянькан (современный Нанкин), где поселился в монастыре Чжэнгуаньсы и занимался в основном педагогической деятельностью. В период смут, сопровождавших падение династии Лян в 537 году, скитался по южным районам Китая, затем вновь вернулся в Наньхай и занялся переводческой работой. Перевёл 142 цзюаня ("свитка") буддийских текстов, из которых сохранилось 87. Комплекс идей, рассматриваемых в этих текстах, впоследствии лёг в основу учения так называемой группировки Шэлунь («школы „Шастры о постижении“»). (ru) 真諦（梵語：परमार्थ Paramārtha，499年－569年），音譯波羅末陀，又名親依（梵語：Kulanātha），音譯拘羅那他，中國佛教四大譯經家之一，其他三位是鳩摩羅什、玄奘和不空（或義淨）。 唐道宣《續高僧傳》卷一說他“景行澄明，器宇清肅，風神爽拔，悠然自遠。群藏廣部，罔不厝懷。藝術異能，偏素諳練。雖遵融佛理，而以通道知名。……歷遊諸國，隨機利見。” (zh) |
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| rdfs:comment | Paramārtha ou Kulanātha (499 - 569) était un brahmane originaire de la ville d'Ujjayinī située en Inde centrale, et un moine bouddhiste du courant cittamatra. Envoyé comme missionnaire, il fut invité en Chine par l'empereur Wudi des Liang. Il entama en 548 une carrière de traducteur de textes bouddhistes qu'il poursuivit jusqu'à sa mort. (fr) ( 다른 뜻에 대해서는 진제 (동음이의) 문서를 참고하십시오.) 파라마르타(산스크리트어: परमार्थ Paramārtha: 499-569)는 인도의 승려로 구마라습(鳩摩羅什: 344-413) · 현장(玄奘: 602-664) · 불공(不空: 705-774)과 함께 중국 불교의 4대 역경사 중의 한 명이다. 중국 이름은 진제(眞諦)이다. 중국 섭론종(攝論宗)의 개조(開祖)이다. (ko) 真諦（しんだい、旧字体: 眞諦、梵: Paramārtha パラマールタ、499年 - 569年2月12日（太建元年1月11日））は、西インド生まれで中国に渡来した訳経僧、真諦三蔵。鳩摩羅什、玄奘、不空金剛とともに四大訳経家と呼ばれる。 『続高僧伝』の本伝では、音訳表記によって、拘那羅陀や波羅末陀と書かれており、意訳で真諦、あるいは親依という、と記されているが、一般には真諦という呼称で通用している。 (ja) Paramārtha (ur. 499, zm. 569) (chiń Boluomotuo 波羅末陀 lub Zhendi 真諦, kor. Chŏngje; jap. Shintai, wiet. Chân Đế.) – indyjski misjonarz buddyjski i tłumacz. (pl) 真諦（梵語：परमार्थ Paramārtha，499年－569年），音譯波羅末陀，又名親依（梵語：Kulanātha），音譯拘羅那他，中國佛教四大譯經家之一，其他三位是鳩摩羅什、玄奘和不空（或義淨）。 唐道宣《續高僧傳》卷一說他“景行澄明，器宇清肅，風神爽拔，悠然自遠。群藏廣部，罔不厝懷。藝術異能，偏素諳練。雖遵融佛理，而以通道知名。……歷遊諸國，隨機利見。” (zh) Paramārtha (Sanskrit, Devanagari: परमार्थ; traditional Chinese: 真諦; simplified Chinese: 真谛; pinyin: Zhēndì) (499-569 CE) was an Indian monk from Ujjain, who is best known for his prolific Chinese translations of Buddhist texts during the Six Dynasties era. He is known as one of the four great translators in Chinese Buddhist history (along with Kumārajīva and Xuanzang). He is also known for the various oral commentaries he gave on his translations which were written down by his disciples (and now only survive in fragmentary form). Some of Paramārtha's influential translations include Vasubandhu's Abhidharmakośa, Asaṅga’s Mahāyānasaṃgraha, and Dignāga's & Hastavālaprakaraṇa. (en) Paramārtha (眞諦, Pinyin: Zhēndì, Wade-Giles: Chen-ti, giapponese: Shindai; India, 499 – Luoyang, 569) è stato un monaco buddhista e traduttore indiano. Paramārtha fu un monaco buddhista indiano del VI secolo, pellegrino in Cina dove operò come grande traduttore di testi buddhisti dal sanscrito al cinese. Nel corso della carriera di monaco traduttore, soprattutto di testi Cittamātra, Paramārtha tradusse 64 opere per complessivi 278 rotoli. (it) Парамартха (санскр. परमार्थ - "высшая истина") китайское имя-эквивалент по смыслу Чжэньди (кит. 真谛), (499 — 569) — буддийский монах, один из четырёх крупнейших переводчиков буддийской литературы на китайский язык (наряду с Ань Шигао, Сюаньцзаном и Кумарадживой). Парамартха был выходцем из Западной Индии, жил на территории современной Мьянмы, где прославился добродетельностью и знанием трактатов махаяны. По рекомендации познакомившихся с ним послов лянского императора У-ди был приглашён в государство Лян. (ru) |
| rdfs:label | Paramārtha (moine) (fr) Paramārtha (it) 파라마르타 (ko) 真諦 (ja) Paramartha (en) Paramartha (pl) Чжэньди (ru) 真諦 (zh) |
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