Project 211 (original) (raw)
- Das Projekt 211 (chinesisch 211工程, Pinyin 211 gōngchéng) bezeichnet ein Projekt, mit dem das Bildungsministerium der Volksrepublik China die staatliche Hochschulbildung im 21. Jahrhundert durch Eliteförderung zu verbessern beabsichtigt. (de)
- El Proyecto 211 (en chino, 211工程; pinyin, 211 gōngchéng) es un proyecto de las y las facultades chinas iniciado en 1995 por el Ministerio de Educación, con la intención de impulsar los niveles de investigación de las mejores universidades y cultivar estrategias de desarrollo socioeconómico. Durante la primera fase del proyecto, de 1996 a 2000, se distribuyeron aproximadamente 2200 millones de dólares. Hoy en día, China tiene más de 2.900 instituciones de educación superior, de las cuales un 4% pertenecen al Proyecto 211 (las que han alcanzado los niveles científico, técnico y de recursos humanos mínimos y ofrecen programas avanzados). Las escuelas del Proyecto 211 tienen la responsabilidad de formar a cuatro de cada cinco estudiantes de doctorado, a dos tercios de los estudiantes de postgrado, a la mitad de los estudiantes extranjeros y a un tercio de los estudiantes de grado. Estas universidades albergan el 96% de los laboratorios estatales clave y utilizan el 70% del presupuesto de investigación científica. El nombre del proyecto viene de una abreviación del siglo 21 y 100 (el número aproximado de universidades participantes). En octubre de 2015, el Consejo de Estado de la República Popular China publicó el 'Plan general para promover la construcción de universidades de primera clase mundial y disciplinas de primera clase (Plan universitario doble de primera clase)' e hizo nuevos arreglos para el desarrollo de la educación superior en China. reemplazando proyectos anteriores como 'Proyecto 211', 'Proyecto 985' o 'Disciplinas clave de características del proyecto'. Para 2021, hay 3012 universidades y facultades en China continental, y las 140 universidades de doble primera clase representaron menos del 5 % de las instituciones de educación superior en China, lo que representa las universidades y facultades más elitistas de este país. (es)
- Project 211 (Chinese: 211工程; pinyin: 211 Gōngchéng) was a former project of developing comprehensive universities and colleges initiated in 1995 by the Ministry of Education of China, with the intent of raising the research standards of comprehensive universities and cultivating strategies for socio-economic development. The name for the project comes from an abbreviation of the slogan "In preparation for the 21st century, successfully managing 100 universities" (面向21世纪,办好100所高校). One hundred was the approximate number of participating universities. (en)
- Proyek 211 (Hanzi: 211工程; Pinyin: èryāoyāo gōngchéng atau èryīyī gōngchéng) adalah proyek Universitas Utama Negeri dan Perguruan Tinggi lainnya yang diprakarsai oleh Kementerian Pendidikan Republik Rakyat Tiongkok pada tahun 1990-an, dengan tujuan untuk meningkatkan standar penelitian universitas dan mengembangkan strategi pembangunan sosial-ekonomi. Selama fase pertama proyek ini, dari tahun 1996 hingga 2000, dana yang telah didistribusikan sekitar 2 miliar US$. Tahun 2008, Tiongkok memiliki sekitar 100 institusi pendidikan tinggi dan sekitar 6 persennya telah ditetapkan masuk dalam Proyek 211, karena telah memenuhi standar ilmiah, teknis, dan sumber daya manusia tertentu serta menawarkan program gelar lanjutan. Universitas atau Sekolah Tinggi yang termasuk dalam Proyek 211, bertanggung jawab untuk melatih empat perlima mahasiswa doktoral, dua pertiga mahasiswa pascasarjana, separuh mahasiswa dari luar negeri dan sepertiga mahasiswa sarjana. Mereka menawarkan 80% mata pelajaran utama universitas negeri, 96% praktik laboratorium utama universitas negeri dan mengonsumsi 70% dana penelitian ilmiah. Menurut Academic Ranking of World Universities 2018/19 dan Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2019/20, sebagian besar universitas yang ada dalam Proyek 211 ini termasuk di antara 1.000 universitas teratas di seluruh dunia. Angka 211 yang dijadikan nama proyek ini berasal dari slogan "面向21世纪,办好100所高校" (Dalam rangka persiapan memasuki abad ke-21, berhasil menciptakan 100 universitas). Seratus adalah perkiraan jumlah universitas yang akan dipilih. Sejak tahun 2014, Proyek 211 mulai jarang disebut dan secara bertahap digantikan oleh proyek baru yang dinamakan Proyek 111 (Program Pengenalan Bakat Disiplin Ilmu ke Universitas). Pada September 2017, diumumkan program Kelas Utama Ganda. Tidak jelas apakah program ini akan mengubah daftar peringkat universitas paling bergengsi di Tiongkok atau hanya untuk menggantikan Proyek 211 dan Proyek 985. (in)
- 211工程(にいちいちこうてい、英語: Project 211)は中華人民共和国教育部が1995年に定めたもので、21世紀に向けて中国の100の大学に重点的に投資していくとしたもの。これら大学は「211工程重点大学」あるいは「211重点大学」と呼ばれ、それまでの「国家重点大学」という言葉に取って替わった。 2009年1月、普通大学が109校、軍学校が3校、合計112校があった。 2019年11月28日、211工程は985工程とともに双一流に統合されると教育部の説明があった。 (ja)
- 211 프로젝트(중국어 정체자: 211工程, 병음: 211 gōngchéng)은 1995년 중화인민공화국 교육부 장관에 의하여 높은 수준의 대학의 연구 기준을 상승시키고 경제,사회의 상호 발전 전략을 도모하기 위하여 착수된 국립 주요 4년제 대학과 2-3년제 전문 대학의 프로젝트이다. 이 프로젝트의 첫 단계인 1996년부터 2000년까지, 22억 달러 가까이 기여되었다. 2008년까지 중국은 특정한 과학적,기술적, 인간 자원의 기준을 충족시키고, 진보된 수준의 프로그램을 제공하는 116개의 고급 교육 연구소 (약 6퍼센트 정도)를 211 프로젝트의 연구소로서 지명해왔다. 211 프로젝트 학교는 4/5의 박사 학위를 가진 학생들, 2/3의 졸업생들, 유학생들의 절반, 그리고 1/3의 학부생들을 훈련시키는데 책임을 맡았다. 그들은 85%의 국가의 주요 문제를 제공하고, 96%의 국가 주요 연구소를 가지고 있었으며, 70%의 과학 연구 기금을 소비하였다. 프로젝트의 이름은 "面向21世纪,办好100所高校 (21세기를 위한 준비, 성공적으로 100개의 대학을 육성하자) 라는 문구를 줄인 것에서 가져왔다. 100은 준비가 되고 있는 대학들의 거의 정확한 수였다. 2014년 이후에, 211 프로젝트는 예전만큼 잘 언급되지 않았으며, 점진적으로 ''(대학교에 교육법에 재능이 있는 사람들을 소개하는 프로그램)으로 불리는 새로운 프로그램에 의해 성공되었다. 2017년 9월에 이라고 불리는 관련 프로그램이 발표되었다. 그것은 대학들의 순위를 매기기 위한 새로운 방식을 나타내었는지, 211프로젝트와 985프로젝트를 대체하는 것이었는지 불확실하였다. It was unclear whether this plan represents a new way of ranking universities in China, or replaces Project 211 and (ko)
- Progetto 211 (cinese: 211 工程; pinyin: 211 gōngchéng) è un progetto riguardante università e collegi nazionali chiave avviato nel 1995 dal Ministero della Pubblica Istruzione della Repubblica Popolare Cinese, con l'intento di elevare gli standard di ricerca delle università di alto livello e coltivando strategie per lo sviluppo socio-economico. Durante la prima fase del progetto, dal 1996 al 2000, sono stati distribuiti circa US $ 2,2 miliardi. La Cina oggi conta 116 istituti di istruzione superiore (circa il 6 percento) designati come 211 istituti di progetto per aver soddisfatto determinati standard scientifici, tecnici e di risorse umane e offrire corsi di laurea avanzati). Le scuole del Progetto 211 si assumono la responsabilità di formare quattro quinti degli studenti di dottorato, due terzi degli studenti laureati, metà degli studenti stranieri e un terzo degli studenti universitari. Offrono l'85% delle materie chiave dello stato, detengono il 96% dei laboratori chiave dello stato e consumano il 70% dei finanziamenti per la ricerca scientifica. Il nome del progetto deriva da un'abbreviazione dello slogan "面向 21 世纪, 办好 100 所 高校 (Per il 21º secolo, per gestire 100 università con successo)". 100 era il numero approssimativo di università partecipanti. Dal 2014, il Progetto 211 è stato menzionato meno e gradualmente è stato seguito da un nuovo progetto chiamato piano 111 (Programma di introduzione dei talenti della disciplina alle università). A settembre 2017, il Progetto 211, insieme al Progetto 985, è stato sostituito dal Piano della Università di Doppia Prima Classe come piano di sviluppo universitario nazionale sponsorizzato ufficialmente. (it)
- O Projeto 211 (chinês: 211工程, pinyin: èryāoyāo gōngchéng ou èryīyī gōngchéng) é um projeto de importantes universidades e faculdades nacionais, iniciado em 1995 pelo , com a intenção de elevar os padrões de pesquisa de alto nível. nível universitário e estratégias de cultivo para o desenvolvimento socioeconômico. Durante a primeira fase do projeto, de 1996 a 2000, foram distribuídos aproximadamente US $2,2 bilhões. O Projeto 211 e o Projeto 985 do governo chinês podem ser vistos como uma monumental "re-ancoragem" das prioridades nacionais da educação. O Projeto 211 estava preocupado em construir o “hardware” e desenvolver diretrizes de políticas para incentivar mais pesquisas. O Projeto 985 foi construído com base no 211 e acrescentou mais foco ao “software”, como incentivos aumentados para professores. O nome do projeto deriva de uma abreviação do vigésimo primeiro século e 100 (aproximadamente universidades participantes). Em 2006, havia 112 universidades no projeto 211. Em 2008, a China tinha 116 instituições de ensino superior (cerca de 6%) designadas como 211 instituições do Projeto por terem cumprido certos padrões científicos, técnicos e recursos humanos e por oferecer programas de graduação avançados). As escolas do Projeto 211 assumem a responsabilidade de treinar quatro quintos dos estudantes de doutorado, dois terços dos estudantes de pós-graduação, metade dos estudantes do exterior e um terço dos estudantes de graduação. Eles ofereceram 85% dos principais assuntos do estado, possuíam 96% dos principais laboratórios do estado e consumiram 70% do financiamento de pesquisas científicas. Em setembro de 2017, um plano semelhante chamado Plano Duplo de Universidades de Primeira Classe foi anunciado. Não ficou claro se esse plano representa uma nova maneira de classificar as universidades na China, ou uma forma de substituir o Projeto 211 e o Projeto 985. (pt)
- 211工程(英语:Project 211),俗称“211院校”,是指1995年11月,经中华人民共和国国务院批准,原国家计委、原国家教委和财政部針对中国高等教育发展所实行的一项政策。“211”的含义是“面向21世纪、重点建设100所左右的高等学校和一批重点学科的建设工程”。 211工程的目的在于将中国的高等学校系统化。随着工程的实施,许多过去被国家其他部门管辖的高等院校被纳入教育部的管辖范围,许多高校被合并;从全国各地挑选出的约100个高等学校被设立为重点高校,这些学校在资金中获得优先对待。2011年3月7日,中国教育部部长袁贵仁在列席第十一届全国政协第四次会议教育界别联组会时表示,985工程、211工程已经关上大门,不会再有新的学校加入。 2014年后,中华人民共和国教育部开始逐渐淡化985工程与211工程,拨款开始向高水平学科倾斜。211计划已被较少提及,而自2015年起的教育部工作要点中已不见“985工程”和“211工程”。“211工程”重点学科及规划逐步被新提出的“111计划”(高等学校学科创新引智计划) 所取代。 2015年8月18日,中央全面深化改革领导小组会议审议通过《统筹推进世界一流大学和一流学科建设总体方案》;10月24日,国务院印发《统筹推进世界一流大学和一流学科建设总体方案》;对新时期高等教育重点建设做出新部署,将“211工程”“985工程”及“优势学科创新平台”等重点建设项目统一纳入世界一流大学和一流学科建设;同年11月,由国务院印发,决定统筹推进建设世界一流大学和一流学科(“双一流”)。 2016年6月,中华人民共和国教育部公布了国务院学位委员会国家语委关于宣布失效一批规范性文件的通知(教政法〔2016〕12号),宣布《“985工程”建设实施管理办法》,《“211工程”建设实施管理办法》等一批规范性文件失效,已失效的规范性文件不再作为行政管理的依据。 2016年6月29日,教育部宣布将“985工程”、“211工程”、“优势学科创新平台”、“特色重点学科建设”等重点建设项目,统一纳入世界一流大学和一流学科建设。 2017年9月,教育部公布世界一流大学和一流学科建设高校及建设学科名单的通知(共有140所大学入选),原112所211工程院校全部进入“一流大学建设高校”或“一流学科建设高校”名单。 与211工程相似的另一个同类概念是985工程。 (zh)
- Проект 211 (кит. 211工程) — проект, разработанный Министерством образования КНР в 1995 году, согласно которому в КНР отобрано около 100 наиболее важных (ключевых) вузов. Именно они должны готовить элитных специалистов для осуществления национальных проектов развития в экономической и социальной сферах. В начале осуществления проекта (середина 1990-х гг.) 30 ведущих университетов Китая практически не соответствовали международным стандартам научных исследований и подготовки специалистов. Включение университета в список означает соответствие международным требованиям, HR, техническим стандартам подготовки специалистов. Название проекта появилось от сокращения 21 век и 100 университетов. В настоящее время в проекте принимают участие около 112 университетов КНР, что составляет около 6 % от общего числа университетов. На вузы, принимающие участие в проекте, приходится 4/5 докторов, 2/3 аспирантов, 1/2 иностранных студентов, 1/3 бакалавров. Кроме того, они готовят студентов по 85 % всех специальностей, контролируют 96 % лабораторий, на них приходится 70 % бюджетных ассигнований. На первом этапе программы — с 1996 по 2000 год государство выделило для реализации программы около 2,2 млрд.долл. (ru)
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- Map of Universities of Project 211 in China. All the universities of the C9 League and Project 985, which are marked in red and blue, respectively, are also members of Project 211. (en)
- Universities of Project 211 (en)
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- Das Projekt 211 (chinesisch 211工程, Pinyin 211 gōngchéng) bezeichnet ein Projekt, mit dem das Bildungsministerium der Volksrepublik China die staatliche Hochschulbildung im 21. Jahrhundert durch Eliteförderung zu verbessern beabsichtigt. (de)
- Project 211 (Chinese: 211工程; pinyin: 211 Gōngchéng) was a former project of developing comprehensive universities and colleges initiated in 1995 by the Ministry of Education of China, with the intent of raising the research standards of comprehensive universities and cultivating strategies for socio-economic development. The name for the project comes from an abbreviation of the slogan "In preparation for the 21st century, successfully managing 100 universities" (面向21世纪,办好100所高校). One hundred was the approximate number of participating universities. (en)
- 211工程(にいちいちこうてい、英語: Project 211)は中華人民共和国教育部が1995年に定めたもので、21世紀に向けて中国の100の大学に重点的に投資していくとしたもの。これら大学は「211工程重点大学」あるいは「211重点大学」と呼ばれ、それまでの「国家重点大学」という言葉に取って替わった。 2009年1月、普通大学が109校、軍学校が3校、合計112校があった。 2019年11月28日、211工程は985工程とともに双一流に統合されると教育部の説明があった。 (ja)
- El Proyecto 211 (en chino, 211工程; pinyin, 211 gōngchéng) es un proyecto de las y las facultades chinas iniciado en 1995 por el Ministerio de Educación, con la intención de impulsar los niveles de investigación de las mejores universidades y cultivar estrategias de desarrollo socioeconómico. Durante la primera fase del proyecto, de 1996 a 2000, se distribuyeron aproximadamente 2200 millones de dólares. El nombre del proyecto viene de una abreviación del siglo 21 y 100 (el número aproximado de universidades participantes). (es)
- Proyek 211 (Hanzi: 211工程; Pinyin: èryāoyāo gōngchéng atau èryīyī gōngchéng) adalah proyek Universitas Utama Negeri dan Perguruan Tinggi lainnya yang diprakarsai oleh Kementerian Pendidikan Republik Rakyat Tiongkok pada tahun 1990-an, dengan tujuan untuk meningkatkan standar penelitian universitas dan mengembangkan strategi pembangunan sosial-ekonomi. Selama fase pertama proyek ini, dari tahun 1996 hingga 2000, dana yang telah didistribusikan sekitar 2 miliar US$. (in)
- Progetto 211 (cinese: 211 工程; pinyin: 211 gōngchéng) è un progetto riguardante università e collegi nazionali chiave avviato nel 1995 dal Ministero della Pubblica Istruzione della Repubblica Popolare Cinese, con l'intento di elevare gli standard di ricerca delle università di alto livello e coltivando strategie per lo sviluppo socio-economico. Durante la prima fase del progetto, dal 1996 al 2000, sono stati distribuiti circa US $ 2,2 miliardi. (it)
- 211 프로젝트(중국어 정체자: 211工程, 병음: 211 gōngchéng)은 1995년 중화인민공화국 교육부 장관에 의하여 높은 수준의 대학의 연구 기준을 상승시키고 경제,사회의 상호 발전 전략을 도모하기 위하여 착수된 국립 주요 4년제 대학과 2-3년제 전문 대학의 프로젝트이다. 이 프로젝트의 첫 단계인 1996년부터 2000년까지, 22억 달러 가까이 기여되었다. 2008년까지 중국은 특정한 과학적,기술적, 인간 자원의 기준을 충족시키고, 진보된 수준의 프로그램을 제공하는 116개의 고급 교육 연구소 (약 6퍼센트 정도)를 211 프로젝트의 연구소로서 지명해왔다. 211 프로젝트 학교는 4/5의 박사 학위를 가진 학생들, 2/3의 졸업생들, 유학생들의 절반, 그리고 1/3의 학부생들을 훈련시키는데 책임을 맡았다. 그들은 85%의 국가의 주요 문제를 제공하고, 96%의 국가 주요 연구소를 가지고 있었으며, 70%의 과학 연구 기금을 소비하였다. 프로젝트의 이름은 "面向21世纪,办好100所高校 (21세기를 위한 준비, 성공적으로 100개의 대학을 육성하자) 라는 문구를 줄인 것에서 가져왔다. 100은 준비가 되고 있는 대학들의 거의 정확한 수였다. (ko)
- O Projeto 211 (chinês: 211工程, pinyin: èryāoyāo gōngchéng ou èryīyī gōngchéng) é um projeto de importantes universidades e faculdades nacionais, iniciado em 1995 pelo , com a intenção de elevar os padrões de pesquisa de alto nível. nível universitário e estratégias de cultivo para o desenvolvimento socioeconômico. Durante a primeira fase do projeto, de 1996 a 2000, foram distribuídos aproximadamente US $2,2 bilhões. O Projeto 211 e o Projeto 985 do governo chinês podem ser vistos como uma monumental "re-ancoragem" das prioridades nacionais da educação. O Projeto 211 estava preocupado em construir o “hardware” e desenvolver diretrizes de políticas para incentivar mais pesquisas. O Projeto 985 foi construído com base no 211 e acrescentou mais foco ao “software”, como incentivos aumentados par (pt)
- Проект 211 (кит. 211工程) — проект, разработанный Министерством образования КНР в 1995 году, согласно которому в КНР отобрано около 100 наиболее важных (ключевых) вузов. Именно они должны готовить элитных специалистов для осуществления национальных проектов развития в экономической и социальной сферах. В начале осуществления проекта (середина 1990-х гг.) 30 ведущих университетов Китая практически не соответствовали международным стандартам научных исследований и подготовки специалистов. (ru)
- 211工程(英语:Project 211),俗称“211院校”,是指1995年11月,经中华人民共和国国务院批准,原国家计委、原国家教委和财政部針对中国高等教育发展所实行的一项政策。“211”的含义是“面向21世纪、重点建设100所左右的高等学校和一批重点学科的建设工程”。 211工程的目的在于将中国的高等学校系统化。随着工程的实施,许多过去被国家其他部门管辖的高等院校被纳入教育部的管辖范围,许多高校被合并;从全国各地挑选出的约100个高等学校被设立为重点高校,这些学校在资金中获得优先对待。2011年3月7日,中国教育部部长袁贵仁在列席第十一届全国政协第四次会议教育界别联组会时表示,985工程、211工程已经关上大门,不会再有新的学校加入。 2014年后,中华人民共和国教育部开始逐渐淡化985工程与211工程,拨款开始向高水平学科倾斜。211计划已被较少提及,而自2015年起的教育部工作要点中已不见“985工程”和“211工程”。“211工程”重点学科及规划逐步被新提出的“111计划”(高等学校学科创新引智计划) 所取代。 2016年6月,中华人民共和国教育部公布了国务院学位委员会国家语委关于宣布失效一批规范性文件的通知(教政法〔2016〕12号),宣布《“985工程”建设实施管理办法》,《“211工程”建设实施管理办法》等一批规范性文件失效,已失效的规范性文件不再作为行政管理的依据。 (zh)
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