Reasonable doubt (original) (raw)
Le bénéfice du doute est, en droit pénal, le principe de ne pas condamner une personne si les preuves décisives manquent. Il est parfois désigné par l'expression latine in dubio pro reo.
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| dbo:abstract | La evidencia que está más allá de la duda razonable es el estándar de evidencia requerido para validar una condena criminal en la mayoría de los sistemas acusatorios. Generalmente el fiscal tiene la carga de prueba, y se le exige probar su versión de los hechos conforme este estándar. Esto significa que la proposición que es presentada por la fiscalía tiene que ser probada en la medida en que no podría haber ninguna "duda razonable" en la mente de una "persona razonable" sobre si el acusado es o no culpable. Todavía puede haber una duda, pero solo en una medida que no afectaría la creencia, de una persona razonable, acerca de si el acusado es o no culpable. Más allá de "la sombra de una duda" es a veces utilizado como duda razonable, pero esto extiende más allá el último, a una dimensión en que puede ser considerado un estándar imposible. El término "duda razonable" es por lo tanto el usado. Si la duda afecta la creencia de una "persona razonable" sobre si el acusado es culpable, el jurado no es satisfecho más allá de la "duda razonable". El significado preciso de palabras como "razonable" y "duda" es normalmente definido dentro de la jurisprudencia del país respectivo. (es) Le bénéfice du doute est, en droit pénal, le principe de ne pas condamner une personne si les preuves décisives manquent. Il est parfois désigné par l'expression latine in dubio pro reo. (fr) Beyond a reasonable doubt is a legal standard of proof required to validate a criminal conviction in most adversarial legal systems. It is a justifiably higher standard of proof than the balance of probabilities (which are commonly used in civil cases), because the stakes are much higher in a criminal case: a person could be deprived of liberty, or in extreme cases, life, as well as suffer the collateral consequences and social stigma attached to a conviction should they be found guilty. As such, the prosecution is tasked with discharging this burden in order to get a conviction; failure to do so entitles the accused to an acquittal. Beyond a reasonable doubt is widely accepted in many criminal justice systems, and its origin can be traced to Blackstone's ratio, "It is better that ten guilty persons escape than that one innocent suffer." Because a defendant is presumed to be innocent, the prosecution has the burden of proving their guilt on every element of the crime charged beyond a reasonable doubt. This means that in order to overcome such presumption and get a conviction, the prosecution must adduce compelling evidence that leaves no real doubt in the mind of the trier of fact (the judge or jury) that the defendant is almost certainly guilty. For any reasonable doubt to exist, it must come from insufficient evidence or conflict on the evidence that leaves an impartial factfinder less than fully satisfied or entirely convinced of the defendant's guilt. Accordingly, the standard of proof forces the factfinder to ignore unreasonable doubts—doubts that are frivolous, hypothetical, or not logically linked to the evidence—as well as duly consider evidence favoring the accused, for any shred of reasonable doubt entitles them to an acquittal. The term reasonable doubt can be criticised for having a circular definition. Therefore, jurisdictions using this standard often rely on additional or supplemental measures, such as a judge's specific instructions to a jury, to simplify or qualify reasonable doubt. Legal systems have tended to avoid quantifying the reasonable doubt standard (for example, as "over 90% probability"), although legal scholars from a variety of analytical perspectives have argued in favor of quantification of the criminal standard of proof. Medieval Roman law, followed by the English jurist Edward Coke, expressed a similar idea by requiring "proofs clearer than light" for criminal conviction. The formulation "beyond reasonable doubt" is characteristic of Anglophone legal systems since the eighteenth century. (en) 合理的な疑い（ごうりてきなうたがい、英：reasonable doubt）とは、刑事訴訟において要求される証明の程度を表す際に用いられる用語である。合理的な疑問とも呼ばれる。 (ja) 합리적 의심(reasonable doubt)은 법원에서 형사 사건에서 유죄 평결을 확보하기 위해 검찰측 증거가 넘어서야 하는 최고의 기준선을 말한다. 대한민국 형사소송법 307조 2항에 있는 문장은 다음과 같다.②범죄사실의 인정은 합리적인 의심이 없는 정도의 증명에 이르러야 한다. 이것은 형사소송법의 대원칙인 무죄추정의 원칙의 맥락에서 이해될 수 있다. 피고인은 유죄가 입증될 때까지 무죄로 간주된다. 판사나 배심원단이 피고인의 유죄에 대해 합리적인 의심이 있는 경우 피고인은 유죄 판결을 받을 수 없다. 따라서 합리적인 의심은 법원에서 사용되는 증거의 수준 중 가장 높은 것이 된다. 민사 사건이 아닌 형사 사건에 적용되는 원리로서 형사 유죄 판결은 피고인의 자유 또는 생명을 박탈할 수 있기 때문이다. 이 기준을 넘는 것을 영미법에서 beyond a reasonable doubt라고 표현한다. 이 원리는 가설검정의 오류로 생각해보면 간단한데, 가령 살인을 저지르지 않은 피고인에게 유죄를 선고하는 것을 1종 오류, 살인을 저지른 피고인에게 무죄를 선고하는 것을 2종 오류하고 한다면 일반적으로 2종보다는 1종오류의 심각성이 크므로 형사소송에 국한하여 1종 오류가 발생하지 않도록 이런 견제장치를 두는 것이다. 따라서 입증책임은 합리적 의심의 여지 없이 자신의 사건을 입증해야하는 검찰의 몫이 된다. 다시 말해 '의심하다'의 주어는 검경이 아니고 제출된 증거를 평가할 판사나 배심원단이며 판사와 배심원단은 피고인에 대한 판단 이전에 먼저 검찰측 증거의 불법성을 검증해야한다는 의미이다. 벤자민 프랭클린의 유명한 명언 "한 명의 무고한 사람이 고통받는 것보다 100명의 죄인이 도망가는 것이 낫다."가 바로 합리적 의심을 말하는 것이다. (ko) A dúvida razoável é o padrão tradicional de prova que deve ser excedido para garantir um veredicto de culpado em um caso criminal em um tribunal, da jurisdições do common law. A frase "além de uma dúvida razoável" significa que as provas apresentadas e os argumentos apresentados pela acusação estabelecem a culpa do réu tão claramente que devem ser aceitos como fatos por qualquer pessoa racional. (pt) За межами обґрунтованого сумніву — стандарт доведення, необхідним для визнання особи винною у більшості правових систем зі змагальним судовим процесом. Особливо поширений у країнах загального права.Загалом прокурор несе тягар доведення вини і зобов'язаний доводити свою версію подій за цим стандартом. Це означає, що позиція, яка представлена обвинуваченням, має бути доведена в тій мірі, що у «розсудливої людини» не може лишатися «обґрунтованого сумніву», що підсудний винен. Сумнів все ще може бути, але тільки в тій мірі, що це не вплине на переконання розумної людини щодо того, винен підсудний чи ні.Концепція поза «тінню сумніву» іноді використовується нарівні з розумним сумнівом, але вона виходить за рамки останнього в тій мірі, що її не можна вважати можливим стандартом. Ось чому використовується термін «розумний сумнів».Якщо сумнів таки впливає на переконання «розумної людини» щодо того, чи винен обвинувачений, присяжні не є переконаними поза розумним сумнівом.Точний зміст таких слів, як «розумний» і «сумнів», як правило, визначається в юриспруденції відповідної країни. (uk) 合理懷疑（英語：reasonable doubt），是源於18世紀英國的法律術語，在大多數的當事人進行主義式訴訟裡，是驗證刑事罪行時必要的舉證標準。 舉證責任落於檢控的一方，並須要證明其提出的主張已超越合理懷疑，即是說不能在理性自然人心目中存有任何疑點，方能判定被告有罪。 (zh) |
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| rdfs:comment | Le bénéfice du doute est, en droit pénal, le principe de ne pas condamner une personne si les preuves décisives manquent. Il est parfois désigné par l'expression latine in dubio pro reo. (fr) 合理的な疑い（ごうりてきなうたがい、英：reasonable doubt）とは、刑事訴訟において要求される証明の程度を表す際に用いられる用語である。合理的な疑問とも呼ばれる。 (ja) A dúvida razoável é o padrão tradicional de prova que deve ser excedido para garantir um veredicto de culpado em um caso criminal em um tribunal, da jurisdições do common law. A frase "além de uma dúvida razoável" significa que as provas apresentadas e os argumentos apresentados pela acusação estabelecem a culpa do réu tão claramente que devem ser aceitos como fatos por qualquer pessoa racional. (pt) 合理懷疑（英語：reasonable doubt），是源於18世紀英國的法律術語，在大多數的當事人進行主義式訴訟裡，是驗證刑事罪行時必要的舉證標準。 舉證責任落於檢控的一方，並須要證明其提出的主張已超越合理懷疑，即是說不能在理性自然人心目中存有任何疑點，方能判定被告有罪。 (zh) La evidencia que está más allá de la duda razonable es el estándar de evidencia requerido para validar una condena criminal en la mayoría de los sistemas acusatorios. Generalmente el fiscal tiene la carga de prueba, y se le exige probar su versión de los hechos conforme este estándar. Esto significa que la proposición que es presentada por la fiscalía tiene que ser probada en la medida en que no podría haber ninguna "duda razonable" en la mente de una "persona razonable" sobre si el acusado es o no culpable. Todavía puede haber una duda, pero solo en una medida que no afectaría la creencia, de una persona razonable, acerca de si el acusado es o no culpable. Más allá de "la sombra de una duda" es a veces utilizado como duda razonable, pero esto extiende más allá el último, a una dimensión (es) Beyond a reasonable doubt is a legal standard of proof required to validate a criminal conviction in most adversarial legal systems. It is a justifiably higher standard of proof than the balance of probabilities (which are commonly used in civil cases), because the stakes are much higher in a criminal case: a person could be deprived of liberty, or in extreme cases, life, as well as suffer the collateral consequences and social stigma attached to a conviction should they be found guilty. As such, the prosecution is tasked with discharging this burden in order to get a conviction; failure to do so entitles the accused to an acquittal. Beyond a reasonable doubt is widely accepted in many criminal justice systems, and its origin can be traced to Blackstone's ratio, "It is better that ten guil (en) 합리적 의심(reasonable doubt)은 법원에서 형사 사건에서 유죄 평결을 확보하기 위해 검찰측 증거가 넘어서야 하는 최고의 기준선을 말한다. 대한민국 형사소송법 307조 2항에 있는 문장은 다음과 같다.②범죄사실의 인정은 합리적인 의심이 없는 정도의 증명에 이르러야 한다. 이것은 형사소송법의 대원칙인 무죄추정의 원칙의 맥락에서 이해될 수 있다. 피고인은 유죄가 입증될 때까지 무죄로 간주된다. 판사나 배심원단이 피고인의 유죄에 대해 합리적인 의심이 있는 경우 피고인은 유죄 판결을 받을 수 없다. 따라서 합리적인 의심은 법원에서 사용되는 증거의 수준 중 가장 높은 것이 된다. 민사 사건이 아닌 형사 사건에 적용되는 원리로서 형사 유죄 판결은 피고인의 자유 또는 생명을 박탈할 수 있기 때문이다. 이 기준을 넘는 것을 영미법에서 beyond a reasonable doubt라고 표현한다. 벤자민 프랭클린의 유명한 명언 "한 명의 무고한 사람이 고통받는 것보다 100명의 죄인이 도망가는 것이 낫다."가 바로 합리적 의심을 말하는 것이다. (ko) За межами обґрунтованого сумніву — стандарт доведення, необхідним для визнання особи винною у більшості правових систем зі змагальним судовим процесом. Особливо поширений у країнах загального права.Загалом прокурор несе тягар доведення вини і зобов'язаний доводити свою версію подій за цим стандартом. Це означає, що позиція, яка представлена обвинуваченням, має бути доведена в тій мірі, що у «розсудливої людини» не може лишатися «обґрунтованого сумніву», що підсудний винен. (uk) |
| rdfs:label | Duda razonable (es) Bénéfice du doute (droit pénal) (fr) 합리적 의심 (ko) 合理的な疑い (ja) Reasonable doubt (en) Dúvida razoável (pt) 合理懷疑 (zh) Обґрунтований сумнів (uk) |
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