Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials (original) (raw)

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De verwijdering van confederale monumenten in de Verenigde Staten is ingezet na de schietpartij door in de , een Afro-Amerikaanse kerkgemeenschap in Charleston in juni 2015. Verschillende gemeentes in de Verenigde Staten besloten monumenten ter ere van oorlogshelden van de Confederatie, die streden voor het behoud van de slavernij, te verwijderen.

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dbo:abstract إزالة الآثار الكونفدرالية والنصب التذكارية هي عملية مستمرة في الولايات المتحدة منذ الستينيات. قامت العديد من البلديات في الولايات المتحدة بإزالة الآثار والنصب التذكارية من الممتلكات العامة المخصصة لـ الولايات الكونفدرالية الأمريكية، وبعضها مثل سايلنت سام في نورث كارولينا تم هدمها من قبل المتظاهرين. زاد الزخم لإزالة النصب التذكارية الكونفدرالية بشكل كبير في أعقاب الأحداث البارزة بما في ذلك إطلاق النار في كنيسة تشارلستون (2015)، وحشد توحيد اليمين (2017)، ومقتل جورج فلويد (2020). كانت عمليات الإزالة مدفوعة بالاعتقاد بأن الآثار تمجد التفوق الأبيض، وتخليد ذكرى حكومة خائنة غير معترف بها، كانت الكونفدرالية التي كان مبدأها التأسيسي هو إدامة وتوسيع العبودية، وأن وجود هذه النصب التذكارية الكونفدرالية بعد أكثر من مائة عام من هزيمة الكونفدرالية، يستمر حرمان الأمريكيين من أصل أفريقي وعزلهم. تم بناء الغالبية العظمى من هذه الآثار الكونفدرالية خلال حقبة قوانين جيم كرو من 1877 إلى 1964. يدعي المنتقدون أنها لم تُبنى كنصب تذكارية ولكن كوسيلة لترهيب الأمريكيين من أصل أفريقي وإعادة تأكيد تفوق البيض بعد الحرب الأهلية. وهكذا أصبحت الآثار مسيسة إلى حد كبير. وفقًا لإلينور هارفي أمينة متحف سميثسونيان للفنون الأمريكية وباحثة في تاريخ الحرب الأهلية: «إذا كان القوميون البيض والنازيون الجدد يدعون الآن أن هذا جزء من تراثهم، فقد اختاروا تلك الصور وتلك تماثيل تفوق القدرة على تحييدها مرة أخرى». في رد فعل مضاد على حركة إزالة الآثار الكونفدرالية أصدرت بعض الولايات الجنوبية قوانين للولاية تقيد أو تحظر إزالة أو تغيير المعالم العامة. كجزء من الاحتجاجات التي أعقبت مقتل جورج فلويد في عام 2020، كانت هناك موجة جديدة من إزالة الآثار الكونفدرالية. تم خرق قانون ألاباما الذي يحظر إزالة الآثار التاريخية من قبل عمدة برمنغهام ألاباما، ومجلس مدينة أنيستون ألاباما، وآخرين غيرها. قال العمدة إن عقوبة الغرامة كانت مفضلة على الاضطرابات التي ستتبعها إذا لم يتم إزالتها. أزال حاكم ولاية كارولينا الشمالية لأسباب تتعلق بالسلامة العامة ثلاثة آثار كونفدرالية في مبنى الكابيتول بولاية نورث كارولينا، وكان المجلس التشريعي قد جعل إزالتها أمرًا غير قانوني. قال الجيش الأمريكي إنه سيعيد تسمية فورت براج وقواعده العسكرية الأخرى التي تحمل اسم جنرالات الكونفدرالية. حظرت البحرية الأمريكية ومشاة البحرية الأمريكية عرض علم الكونفدرالية، حتى كملصقات ممتصة للصدمات على السيارات الخاصة في القاعدة، كما تبع ذلك موجة من إعادة تصنيف منتجات الشركات. خلال احتجاجات جورج فلويد امتدت حملة إزالة الآثار إلى خارج الولايات المتحدة، تم إزالة أو تدمير العديد من التماثيل والأعمال الفنية العامة الأخرى المتعلقة بتجارة الرقيق عبر المحيط الأطلسي والاستعمار الأوروبي حول العالم. (ar) Since the 1960s, many municipalities in the United States have removed monuments and memorials on public property dedicated to the Confederate States of America (CSA; the Confederacy), and some, such as Silent Sam in North Carolina, have been torn down by protestors. Efforts to remove Confederate memorials increased in the late 2010s after high-profile incidents including the Charleston church shooting (2015), the Unite the Right rally (2017), and the murder of George Floyd (2020). The removals have been driven by historical analysis that the monuments express and re-enforce white supremacy; memorialize an unrecognized, treasonous government, the Confederacy, whose founding principle was the perpetuation and expansion of slavery; and that the presence of these Confederate memorials over a hundred years after the defeat of the Confederacy continues to disenfranchise and alienate African Americans. The vast majority of these Confederate monuments were built during the era of Jim Crow laws, from 1877 to 1964. Critics of the monuments point out that they were not built as memorials, but as a means of intimidating African Americans and reaffirming white supremacy after the Civil War. The monuments have thus become highly politicized; according to Eleanor Harvey, a senior curator at the Smithsonian American Art Museum and a scholar of Civil War history: "If white nationalists and neo-Nazis are now claiming this as part of their heritage, they have essentially co-opted those images and those statues beyond any capacity to neutralize them again". In a counter-reaction to the movement to remove Confederate monuments, some Southern states passed state laws restricting or prohibiting the removal or alteration of public monuments. As part of the protests that followed the murder of George Floyd in 2020, there was a new wave of removal of Confederate monuments. An Alabama law prohibiting the removal of historical monuments was deliberately broken by the mayor of Birmingham, Alabama; the city council of Anniston, Alabama; and others. The mayor said that the penalty fine was preferable to the unrest that would follow if it were not removed. The governor of North Carolina removed, on the grounds of public safety, three Confederate monuments at the North Carolina Capitol that the legislature had in effect made illegal to remove. The U.S. Army said it would rename Fort Bragg and its other military bases named for Confederate generals. The U.S. Navy and U.S. Marines prohibited the display of the Confederate flag, including as bumper stickers on private cars on base; a wave of corporate product re-branding has also ensued. During the George Floyd protests, the campaign to remove monuments extended beyond the United States; numerous statues and other public works of art related to the transatlantic slave trade and European colonialism around the world were removed or destroyed. The 2021 Defense Authorization Bill set up The Naming Commission to consider changes to the nine U.S. Army bases named for Confederate leaders. In May 2022, the Commission reported that it was recommending to Congress the following changes: * Fort Benning, Georgia, would be renamed Fort Moore, in honor of Lt. Gen. Hal Moore and his wife Julia Moore. * Fort Bragg, North Carolina, would be renamed Fort Liberty. * Fort Gordon, Georgia, would be renamed Fort Eisenhower. * Fort A. P. Hill, Virginia, would be renamed Fort Walker, in honor of Dr. Mary Edwards Walker, the first female Army surgeon. * Fort Hood, Texas, would be renamed Fort Cavazos, in honor of Gen. Richard E. Cavazos, who won the Distinguished Service Cross during the Korean War. * Fort Lee, Virginia, would be renamed Fort Gregg–Adams, in honor of Lt. Gen. Arthur J. Gregg and Lt. Col. Charity Adams * Fort Pickett, Virginia, would be renamed Fort Barfoot, in honor of Tech. Sgt. Van T. Barfoot, who received the Medal of Honor for service during World War II. * Fort Polk, Louisiana, would be renamed Fort Johnson, in honor of Sgt. William Henry Johnson, who performed heroically in the first African American unit of the United States Army to engage in combat in World War I. * Fort Rucker, Alabama, would be renamed Fort Novosel, in honor of Army aviator CW4 Michael J. Novosel, who received the Medal of Honor for service in Vietnam. (en) Sulla scia di indignazione scaturita da una ristretta parte dell'opinione pubblica statunitense a seguito della sparatoria e relativo massacro di Charleston avvenuto all'interno della "Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church" di Charleston (Carolina del Sud) per mano del 21enne Dylann Roof nel giugno del 2015 (con un conteggio di 9 morti afroamericani compreso il reverendo che stava celebrando il culto) diversi contee e centri urbani comunali degli Stati Uniti d'America hanno preso la decisione di rimuovere tutti i memoriali e monumenti dedicati agli Stati Confederati d'America situati in terreni di proprietà pubblica. Lo slancio di questa scelta, seppur in certi casi specifici provocando vasti dibattiti e serrate polemiche di parte - allargando il caso a livello nazionale - è stato accelerato nell'agosto del 2017 dopo l'"Unite the Right rally", un raduno accompagnato da tutta una serie di manifestazioni organizzato dall'estrema destra politica ed extraparlamentare americana a Charlottesville (nella Virginia). Un nuovo cambio d'opinione pubblica negli Stati Uniti cominciato con la omicidio di George Floyd, uno statunitense d'origine africana, dalla polizia nel maggio 2020. Durante le proteste razziali che seguirono, molti memoriali dedicati agli Stati Confederati d'America furono abbattuti o rimossi. La massiccia rimozione dei memoriali e monumenti confederati era guidata dalla convinzione che tali opere all'imperituro ricordo glorificassero in realtà la presunzione di supremazia del potere bianco e commemorassero un governo - quello della presidenza di Jefferson Davis in aperta antitesi alla presidenza di Abraham Lincoln posta in essere dal neonato Partito Repubblicano - il cui principio fondante era stato eminentemente quello non solo della perpetuazione ma anche dell'espansione della schiavitù negli Stati Uniti d'America. Molti tra coloro che si oppongono alle rimozioni sostengono invece che simili manufatti facciano oramai parte del patrimonio culturale della nazione, dell'intera cultura degli Stati Uniti d'America: si tratta in ogni modo di una questione che pare lasciare aperta una ferita ancora non del tutto facilmente rimarginata nella storia degli Stati Uniti d'America. Emblema del Ku Klux Klan - Una croce bianca all'interno di un cerchio con la "goccia di sangue" al centro; inscritta talvolta in un quadrato girato di 45° La maggior parte di questi monumenti inneggianti alla guerra civile furono costruiti nel corso del lungo periodo in cui rimasero in vigore le Leggi Jim Crow - subito dopo il termine dell'Era della Ricostruzione - le quali misero nei fatti in atto una rigida segregazione razziale negli Stati Uniti d'America, amplificando il razzismo americano e dando il via alla storia del Ku Klux Klan e allo scatenamento della politica del linciaggio negli Stati Uniti d'America in aperta e feroce contrapposizione nei confronti del movimento per i diritti civili degli afroamericani. Ulteriori dedicazioni ai presunti eroi della parte risultata irrimediabilmente sconfitta della guerra di secessione americana saranno inaugurate durante l'epoca del successivo movimento per i diritti civili degli afroamericani con l'intento - e come mezzo - dichiarato d'intimidire gli afroamericani e riaffermare il suprematismo socio-biologico della cosiddetta "razza bianca". I diversi monumenti Sudisti sono così rapidamente diventati altamente politicizzati; seguendo le considerazioni che ne ha tratte Eleanor Harvey, curatrice senior dello Smithsonian American Art Museum e studiosa dello svolgimento della guerra di secessione americana "se i fautori più fanatici del nazionalismo bianco, del neocolonialismo e finanche del neonazismo ora li rivendicano come parte del loro patrimonio, hanno essenzialmente cooptato quelle immagini e quelle statue oltre ogni capacità di neutralizzarle nuovamente in un senso il più possibile obiettivamente storico". In alcuni degli Stati Uniti meridionali la legislazione statale continua a proibire o limita fortemente la rimozione o l'alterazione dei monumenti pubblici confederati. Secondo Stan Deaton, uno degli storici anziani della "Georgia Historical Society" di Savannah (Georgia): "queste disposizioni non rappresentano altro che il Vecchio e profondo Sud il quale impone la sua morale preordinata e le proprie settarie opinioni politiche su tutti noi e per sempre. Ma questo è propriamente ciò che ha condotto direttamente alla guerra civile, ed è una cosa che ci divide ancora come paese. Abbiamo visioni in competizione non solo sul futuro, ma perfino sul passato. È ancora una volta la stessa identica storia". Grafico dei simboli pubblici della Confederazione e dei suoi leader, esaminati dal Southern Poverty Law Center, per anno di costituzione (it) De verwijdering van confederale monumenten in de Verenigde Staten is ingezet na de schietpartij door in de , een Afro-Amerikaanse kerkgemeenschap in Charleston in juni 2015. Verschillende gemeentes in de Verenigde Staten besloten monumenten ter ere van oorlogshelden van de Confederatie, die streden voor het behoud van de slavernij, te verwijderen. (nl)
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dbp:align right (en)
dbp:date August 2017 (en)
dbp:footer 0001-02-22 (xsd:gMonthDay) The removed statues on Monument Avenue, Richmond, clockwise from top left: Stonewall Jackson, Matthew Fontaine Maury, J. E. B. Stuart and Jefferson Davis. (en)
dbp:image 0001-02-22 (xsd:gMonthDay) Jefferson Davis Monument, Monument Ave Richmond VA - panoramio.jpg (en) Jefferson Davis Monument Foundation.jpg (en) Matthew Fontaine Maury Statue.jpg (en) Mon-Ave-Stonewall Jackson-Sievers.jpg (en) Monument Ave Jeb Stuart.jpg (en)
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rdfs:comment De verwijdering van confederale monumenten in de Verenigde Staten is ingezet na de schietpartij door in de , een Afro-Amerikaanse kerkgemeenschap in Charleston in juni 2015. Verschillende gemeentes in de Verenigde Staten besloten monumenten ter ere van oorlogshelden van de Confederatie, die streden voor het behoud van de slavernij, te verwijderen. (nl) إزالة الآثار الكونفدرالية والنصب التذكارية هي عملية مستمرة في الولايات المتحدة منذ الستينيات. قامت العديد من البلديات في الولايات المتحدة بإزالة الآثار والنصب التذكارية من الممتلكات العامة المخصصة لـ الولايات الكونفدرالية الأمريكية، وبعضها مثل سايلنت سام في نورث كارولينا تم هدمها من قبل المتظاهرين. زاد الزخم لإزالة النصب التذكارية الكونفدرالية بشكل كبير في أعقاب الأحداث البارزة بما في ذلك إطلاق النار في كنيسة تشارلستون (2015)، وحشد توحيد اليمين (2017)، ومقتل جورج فلويد (2020). كانت عمليات الإزالة مدفوعة بالاعتقاد بأن الآثار تمجد التفوق الأبيض، وتخليد ذكرى حكومة خائنة غير معترف بها، كانت الكونفدرالية التي كان مبدأها التأسيسي هو إدامة وتوسيع العبودية، وأن وجود هذه النصب التذكارية الكونفدرالية بعد أكثر من مائة عام من هزيمة الكونفدرالية، يستمر حرمان الأمريكيين من أصل أفريقي وعزلهم. (ar) Since the 1960s, many municipalities in the United States have removed monuments and memorials on public property dedicated to the Confederate States of America (CSA; the Confederacy), and some, such as Silent Sam in North Carolina, have been torn down by protestors. Efforts to remove Confederate memorials increased in the late 2010s after high-profile incidents including the Charleston church shooting (2015), the Unite the Right rally (2017), and the murder of George Floyd (2020). The removals have been driven by historical analysis that the monuments express and re-enforce white supremacy; memorialize an unrecognized, treasonous government, the Confederacy, whose founding principle was the perpetuation and expansion of slavery; and that the presence of these Confederate memorials over a (en) Sulla scia di indignazione scaturita da una ristretta parte dell'opinione pubblica statunitense a seguito della sparatoria e relativo massacro di Charleston avvenuto all'interno della "Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church" di Charleston (Carolina del Sud) per mano del 21enne Dylann Roof nel giugno del 2015 (con un conteggio di 9 morti afroamericani compreso il reverendo che stava celebrando il culto) diversi contee e centri urbani comunali degli Stati Uniti d'America hanno preso la decisione di rimuovere tutti i memoriali e monumenti dedicati agli Stati Confederati d'America situati in terreni di proprietà pubblica. (it)
rdfs:label إزالة الآثار الكونفدرالية والنصب التذكارية (ar) Rimozione dei memoriali e monumenti confederati (it) Verwijdering van confederale monumenten in de Verenigde Staten (nl) Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials (en)
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