Strategic lawsuit against public participation (original) (raw)
SLAPP (engl. strategic lawsuit against public participation = Strategische Klage gegen öffentliche Beteiligung; engl. slap = Ohrfeige, Schlag ins Gesicht) ist ein Apronym für eine rechtsmissbräuchliche Form der Klage, die den Zweck hat, Kritiker einzuschüchtern und ihre öffentlich vorgebrachte Kritik zu unterbinden. Sie wird in den meisten Fällen von Unternehmen, seltener von Privatpersonen oder Behörden, gegen NGOs oder Individuen angestrengt, welche die Geschäftspraktiken des Unternehmens, die Aktivitäten des Individuums oder der Behörde öffentlich kritisieren.
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| dbo:abstract | الدعاوى القضائية الإستراتيجية ضد المشاركة العامة (بالإنجليزية: Strategic lawsuit against public participation)، (تُعرف أيضًا باسم دعاوي تعسفية ضد الناشطين - SLAPP، أو دعاوى التخويف). أو التقاضي الإستراتيجي ضد المشاركة العامة، هي دعاوى قضائية تهدف إلى فرض الرقابة على النقاد، والناشطين، وترهيبهم، وإسكاتهم من خلال تحميلهم تكلفة الدفاع القانوني. حتى يتخلوا عن نقدهم أو معارضتهم. في دعاوي التخويف النموذجية، لا يتوقع المدعي عادةً الفوز في الدعوى. حيث تتحقق أهداف المدعي، إذا استسلم المدعى عليه، للخوف، أو الترهيب، أو التكاليف القانونية المتصاعدة، أو الإرهاق البسيط، وترك الانتقاد. في بعض الحالات، قد يؤدي التقاضي التافه المتكرر ضد المدعى عليه، إلى زيادة تكلفة تأمين المديرين والموظفين لهذا الطرف، مما يتعارض مع قدرة المنظمة على العمل. قد يقوم SLAPP أيضًا بتخويف الآخرين من المشاركة في النقاش. غالبًا ما يسبق «القضايا التعسفية» تهديد قانوني. تسبب «القضايا التعسفية» مخاوف تتعلق بحرية التعبير، بسبب تأثيرها المخيف، وغالبًا ما يكون من الصعب اكتشافهم ومعاقبتهم، لأن المدعين يحاولون التعتيم على نيتهم في فرض الرقابة على منتقديهم، أو ترهيبهم، أو إسكاتهم. لحماية حرية التعبير، أصدرت بعض السلطات القضائية قوانين مناهضة «للقضايا التعسفية» (تسمى غالبًا قوانين SLAPP الخلفية). غالبًا ما تعمل هذه القوانين من خلال السماح للمدعى عليه، بتقديم طلب للإضراب و/أو الرفض، على أساس أن القضية تتضمن خطابًا محميًا في مسألة تهم الجمهور. ثم يتحمل المدعي عبء إظهار احتمالية فوزه. إذا فشل المدعون في الوفاء بعبئهم، يتم رفض مطالبتهم، وقد يُطلب من المدعين دفع غرامة لرفع القضية. تتعرض قوانين مكافحة (SLAPP) أحيانًا لانتقادات، من أولئك الذين يعتقدون أنه لا ينبغي أن تكون هناك حواجز أمام الحق في تقديم الالتماس لأولئك الذين يعتقدون بصدق أنهم تعرضوا للظلم، بغض النظر عن الدوافع الخفية. ومن ثم، فإن الصعوبة في صياغة تشريعات SLAPP، وتطبيقها، تكمن في صياغة نهج يتيح الإنهاء المبكر للدعاوى التعسفية الباطلة، دون حرمان المحكمة من قضاء يوم شرعي في الدعاوى الصالحة بحسن النية. يُنظر إلى قوانين مكافحة (SLAPP) بشكل عام، على أنها ذات تأثير إيجابي، وقد كافح العديد من المحامين لسن قوانين أقوى للحماية من (SLAPPs). (ar) Ο όρος Στρατηγικές αγωγές κατά της συμμετοχής του κοινού αποτελεί απόδοση του αγγλικού Strategic lawsuits against public participation (SLAPP) και αναφέρεται στις αγωγές που κατατίθενται από κάποιο ισχυρό πρόσωπο ή οργανισμό (για παράδειγμα μια επιχείρηση ή έναν υψηλά ιστάμενο αξιωματούχο) ενάντια σε μη κυβερνητικά πρόσωπα ή οργανισμούς, που εκφράζουν κριτική απέναντί τους, σχετικά με κάποιο ζήτημα κοινωνικού ή πολιτικού ενδιαφέροντος. Σκοπός τέτοιων αγωγών δεν είναι να κερδηθεί η δικαστική υπόθεση, αλλά ο εκφοβισμός όσων ασκούν κριτική μέσω της ηθικής και οικονομικής εξουθένωσής τους. Ο όρος προέρχεται από τον καθηγητή George W. Pring και την καθηγήτρια Penelope Canan που παρατήρησαν το 1989, μια μεγάλη αύξηση στις αγωγές που ασκούνταν με σκοπό την αποσιώπηση δημόσιας κριτικής. Σύμφωνα με τον George W. Pring, σκοπός των SLAPP είναι: “να σταματήσουν τους πολίτες από το να ασκούν τα πολιτικά τους δικαιώματα ή να τους τιμωρήσει που το έκαναν. Οι αγωγές SLAPP στέλνουν ένα ξεκάθαρο μήνυμα: ότι υπάρχει "τίμημα" για την ανοικτή πολιτική έκφραση”. (el) SLAPP (engl. strategic lawsuit against public participation = Strategische Klage gegen öffentliche Beteiligung; engl. slap = Ohrfeige, Schlag ins Gesicht) ist ein Apronym für eine rechtsmissbräuchliche Form der Klage, die den Zweck hat, Kritiker einzuschüchtern und ihre öffentlich vorgebrachte Kritik zu unterbinden. Sie wird in den meisten Fällen von Unternehmen, seltener von Privatpersonen oder Behörden, gegen NGOs oder Individuen angestrengt, welche die Geschäftspraktiken des Unternehmens, die Aktivitäten des Individuums oder der Behörde öffentlich kritisieren. (de) Un pleito estratégico contra la participación pública, o litigio estratégico contra la participación pública, conocido como 'SLAPP' por sus siglas en inglés (Strategic lawsuit against public participation), es un pleito cuya intención es la intimidación y silenciamiento de los críticos, habitualmente periodistas, activistas, sindicalistas y oposición política, que pueden desistir de sus objetivos ante la presión jurídica, el elevado costo de su defensa legal, y por tanto, acaben abandonando su oposición o crítica y autocensurándose. Los pleitos estratégicos son uno de los instrumentos de la guerra jurídica. (es) Une procédure-bâillon, ou poursuite-bâillon ou poursuite stratégique contre la mobilisation publique est une action en justice visant à intimider et à faire taire un journaliste ou lanceur d'alerte ou à entraver la participation politique et le militantisme. Il s'agit le plus souvent d’une poursuite civile en diffamation, intentée contre un individu ou un organisme ayant pris parti dans le cadre d’un enjeu public. Le concept inclut les menaces de poursuite. Le succès d'une telle opération n'est pas tant une victoire devant les tribunaux qu'une intimidation suffisante de la partie défenderesse (celle attaquée) et/ou un épuisement financier la réduisant au silence. Le plaignant attaque généralement des individus isolés ou des organismes de petite taille ; il brandit la menace de dommages-intérêts démesurés par rapport au tort qui lui est prétendument causé. Si les menaces n'ont pas l'effet désiré, de longues procédures judiciaires peuvent être entamées, visant à transformer un enjeu public en litige privé. Souvent, toutes les ressources financières et humaines du défendeur sont monopolisées pour sa défense, au détriment de la promotion de la cause socio-économique, environnementale ou culturelle qu'il défendait.Bon nombre de menaces de poursuite restent sans suites (ou le sont plusieurs années après les faits), et la procédure bâillon est souvent abandonnées quand elles ont atteint leur objectif (paralysie politique du défendeur), ce qui rend une l'ampleur et l'efficacité du phénomène difficile à évaluer. Ces procédures instrumentalisant la loi portent atteinte à la vie démocratique, et peuvent se retourner contre leur auteur ; elles sont en effet dénoncées par leurs victimes, commencent à être combattues en Europe (sous l'unique prisme de la protection des lanceurs d'alerte, tandis qu'aux États-Unis, il existe un arsenal juridique permettant de les contrer). (fr) Strategic lawsuits against public participation (also known as SLAPP suits or intimidation lawsuits), or strategic litigation against public participation, are lawsuits intended to censor, intimidate, and silence critics by burdening them with the cost of a legal defense until they abandon their criticism or opposition. In a typical SLAPP, the plaintiff does not normally expect to win the lawsuit. The plaintiff's goals are accomplished if the defendant succumbs to fear, intimidation, mounting legal costs, or simple exhaustion and abandons the criticism. In some cases, repeated frivolous litigation against a defendant may raise the cost of directors and officers liability insurance for that party, interfering with an organization's ability to operate. A SLAPP may also intimidate others from participating in the debate. A SLAPP is often preceded by a legal threat. SLAPPs bring about freedom of speech concerns due to their chilling effect and are often difficult to filter out and penalize because the plaintiffs attempt to obfuscate their intent to censor, intimidate, or silence their critics. To protect freedom of speech, some jurisdictions have passed anti-SLAPP laws (often called SLAPP-back laws). These laws often function by allowing a defendant to file a motion to strike and/or dismiss on the grounds that the case involves protected speech on a matter of public concern. The plaintiff then bears the burden of showing a probability that they will prevail. If the plaintiffs fail to meet their burden their claim is dismissed and the plaintiffs may be required to pay a penalty for bringing the case. Anti-SLAPP laws sometimes come under criticism from those who believe that there should not be barriers to the right to petition for those who sincerely believe they have been wronged, regardless of ulterior motives. Hence, the difficulty in drafting SLAPP legislation, and in applying it, is to craft an approach which affords an early termination to invalid, abusive suits, without denying a legitimate day in court to valid good faith claims. Anti-SLAPP laws are generally considered to have a favorable effect, and many lawyers have fought to enact stronger laws protecting against SLAPPs. (en) SLAPP (simile a "slap" schiaffo in lingua inglese) è un termine nato dall'acronimo di Strategic lawsuit against public participation (traducibile in italiano con "azione legale strategica contro la partecipazione pubblica") per identificare le azioni legali tese a bloccare la partecipazione alla vita pubblica.È una pratica scorretta e nell'ordinamento italiano viene punita come "causa temeraria" (art. 96 del Codice di procedura civile); ma i codici italiani non entrano in questo specifico caso che potrebbe verificarsi delle ONG ambientaliste o di rispetto dei diritti criticano pubblicamente un'organizzazione ricca e forte, come una multinazionale, e quest'ultima cerca di intimidire la ONG con citazioni in giudizio e richieste danni notevoli. Vincere non è l'obiettivo principale di questa azione legale. L'obiettivo è intimorire l'avversario e reprimere il dibattito pubblico. La SLAPP non è fondata su reali motivi giuridici. Fu coniato nel 1988 da due professori dell'università di Denver. È un termine usato nell'ambito giudiziario e si è diffuso partendo inizialmente dai paesi anglosassoni e proprio in questi paesi, negli ultimi anni, sono state varate leggi che limitano le possibilità di ricorso a questa pratica. (it) 전략적 봉쇄소송(Strategic lawsuit against public participation, SLAPP) 또는 입막음 소송은 공적 의제에 관한 비판이나 반대 여론을 위축시킬 목적으로 제기하는 소송을 말한다. 대한민국에서는 노동쟁의를 위축시킬 목적으로도 전략적 봉쇄소송이 제기되기도 한다. 전략적 봉쇄소송에서 원고는 승소판결을 받는 것을 목적으로 하는 것이 아니라 상대방에게 법적 대응에 필요한 비용을 지불하게 하고, 두려움과 정신적 고통으로 인해 활동을 단념하게 하는 데 있다. 미국의 사회과학자 Canan과 법학자 Prigg이 전략적 봉쇄소송 개념을 고안했다. 전략적 봉쇄소송은 헌법상 청원권과 표현의 자유를 침해한다는 문제가 제기되어 분쟁을 신속히 종결하는 전략적 봉쇄소송 규제법(Anti-SLAPP law)가 제정된 곳도 있다. 미국의 캘리포니아 주에서 최초로 전략적 봉쇄소송 규제법을 제정했고, 미국의 10개 주 이상이 이를 계수했다. (ko) スラップ（英: SLAPP、strategic lawsuit against public participation）とは、訴訟の形態の一つであり、特に金銭さえあれば裁判が容易に起こせる民事訴訟において、に関わる反社会的言動・行為に対する誹謗中傷を除いたまたはのある批判・発信に対して、金銭的余裕のある側が最終的に敗訴・棄却される結果となろう事例に名誉毀損を主張する訴訟提起をし、裁判費用・時間消費・肉体的精神的疲労などを相手に負わせることを目的に起こされる加罰的・報復的訴訟を指す言葉である。批判的言論威嚇目的訴訟などとも訳される。なお、アメリカの一部の州では後述のように「スクラップ」ではないことの立証責任を課したり、スラップ提起そのものを禁止している。スラップ訴訟、口封じ訴訟、威圧訴訟とも言われる。 原語を直訳すると「公的参加に対する戦略的訴訟」というような意味になるが、名誉毀損損害賠償裁判を利用する言論抑圧訴訟を意味する、これは頭字語のSLAPPと、平手打ちを意味する「slap」をかけた呼称である。 (ja) SLAPP (Engels acroniem voor Strategic Lawsuit Against Public Participation) is een rechtszaak die aangespannen wordt met het oogmerk om een kritische partij te intimideren en tot zwijgen te brengen. De strategie van de klagende partij kan onder meer zijn dat deze de aangeklaagde kritische partij probeert te dwingen tot het maken van dusdanig hoge juridische kosten dat de aangeklaagde partij de kritiek of oppositie dient op te geven. Het beoogde doel kan door de klagende partij via meerdere rechtszaken worden bereikt. Het uitgangspunt van de klagende partij hoeft niet altijd te zijn dat deze de rechtszaak wil winnen. Het dreigen met rechtszaken kan op zichzelf een chilling effect hebben. Het acroniem SLAPP werd in de jaren 80 van de 20e eeuw voor het eerst gebruikt door twee professoren van de Universiteit van Denver. Hun definitie destijds voor SLAPP is in de loop der tijd opgerekt. (nl) Стратегические судебные иски, направленные против участия общественности (англ. Strategic lawsuits against public participation, SLAPP) — термин права США, означающий особый тип недобросовестно заявляемых исков о диффамации (защите чести, достоинства, репутации). Данный термин появился в 1980-е годы (в том числе, по созвучию с англ. slap «пощёчина»). (ru) 針對公眾參與的策略性訴訟是指當企業或政治人物因為事關公共利益的議題而引發社會大眾批評時，被批評者藉由提起一個訴訟，企圖令批評者難以忍受訴訟程序所需的勞力、時間、費用等等成本而放棄其批評的诉讼。 通常原告並不期待勝訴。提告的真實用意在於透過法律費用及上法庭的冗長過程，讓被告心生恐懼、身心俱疲，最終放棄原本的言論與主張。一旦提出訴訟，其他人可能就更不敢參與理性辯論，而原告也就達到了製造寒蟬效應的目的。 針對公眾參與的策略性訴訟有很多種形式，最常見的是提起誹謗罪訴訟。 這類訴訟的原告可能採取的手段包含：將不相關的其他人（例如關鍵被告的親戚、僱主）納入被告、將那些並沒有具體訴求的其他人（例如關鍵原告的企業夥伴）納入原告、運用模棱兩可或刻意複雜化的措辭讓原告不至於吃上偽證官司、拒絕和解（或者除了金錢之外拒絕其他和解方式）、對於被告任何企圖和解的努力都指稱為「欠缺誠意」、企圖指認匿名或半匿名反對者、在法律細微枝節上打轉、一意企圖提高被告花費（而不在乎原告自身花費是否更高）。 (zh) |
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| rdfs:comment | SLAPP (engl. strategic lawsuit against public participation = Strategische Klage gegen öffentliche Beteiligung; engl. slap = Ohrfeige, Schlag ins Gesicht) ist ein Apronym für eine rechtsmissbräuchliche Form der Klage, die den Zweck hat, Kritiker einzuschüchtern und ihre öffentlich vorgebrachte Kritik zu unterbinden. Sie wird in den meisten Fällen von Unternehmen, seltener von Privatpersonen oder Behörden, gegen NGOs oder Individuen angestrengt, welche die Geschäftspraktiken des Unternehmens, die Aktivitäten des Individuums oder der Behörde öffentlich kritisieren. (de) 전략적 봉쇄소송(Strategic lawsuit against public participation, SLAPP) 또는 입막음 소송은 공적 의제에 관한 비판이나 반대 여론을 위축시킬 목적으로 제기하는 소송을 말한다. 대한민국에서는 노동쟁의를 위축시킬 목적으로도 전략적 봉쇄소송이 제기되기도 한다. 전략적 봉쇄소송에서 원고는 승소판결을 받는 것을 목적으로 하는 것이 아니라 상대방에게 법적 대응에 필요한 비용을 지불하게 하고, 두려움과 정신적 고통으로 인해 활동을 단념하게 하는 데 있다. 미국의 사회과학자 Canan과 법학자 Prigg이 전략적 봉쇄소송 개념을 고안했다. 전략적 봉쇄소송은 헌법상 청원권과 표현의 자유를 침해한다는 문제가 제기되어 분쟁을 신속히 종결하는 전략적 봉쇄소송 규제법(Anti-SLAPP law)가 제정된 곳도 있다. 미국의 캘리포니아 주에서 최초로 전략적 봉쇄소송 규제법을 제정했고, 미국의 10개 주 이상이 이를 계수했다. (ko) スラップ（英: SLAPP、strategic lawsuit against public participation）とは、訴訟の形態の一つであり、特に金銭さえあれば裁判が容易に起こせる民事訴訟において、に関わる反社会的言動・行為に対する誹謗中傷を除いたまたはのある批判・発信に対して、金銭的余裕のある側が最終的に敗訴・棄却される結果となろう事例に名誉毀損を主張する訴訟提起をし、裁判費用・時間消費・肉体的精神的疲労などを相手に負わせることを目的に起こされる加罰的・報復的訴訟を指す言葉である。批判的言論威嚇目的訴訟などとも訳される。なお、アメリカの一部の州では後述のように「スクラップ」ではないことの立証責任を課したり、スラップ提起そのものを禁止している。スラップ訴訟、口封じ訴訟、威圧訴訟とも言われる。 原語を直訳すると「公的参加に対する戦略的訴訟」というような意味になるが、名誉毀損損害賠償裁判を利用する言論抑圧訴訟を意味する、これは頭字語のSLAPPと、平手打ちを意味する「slap」をかけた呼称である。 (ja) Стратегические судебные иски, направленные против участия общественности (англ. Strategic lawsuits against public participation, SLAPP) — термин права США, означающий особый тип недобросовестно заявляемых исков о диффамации (защите чести, достоинства, репутации). Данный термин появился в 1980-е годы (в том числе, по созвучию с англ. slap «пощёчина»). (ru) 針對公眾參與的策略性訴訟是指當企業或政治人物因為事關公共利益的議題而引發社會大眾批評時，被批評者藉由提起一個訴訟，企圖令批評者難以忍受訴訟程序所需的勞力、時間、費用等等成本而放棄其批評的诉讼。 通常原告並不期待勝訴。提告的真實用意在於透過法律費用及上法庭的冗長過程，讓被告心生恐懼、身心俱疲，最終放棄原本的言論與主張。一旦提出訴訟，其他人可能就更不敢參與理性辯論，而原告也就達到了製造寒蟬效應的目的。 針對公眾參與的策略性訴訟有很多種形式，最常見的是提起誹謗罪訴訟。 這類訴訟的原告可能採取的手段包含：將不相關的其他人（例如關鍵被告的親戚、僱主）納入被告、將那些並沒有具體訴求的其他人（例如關鍵原告的企業夥伴）納入原告、運用模棱兩可或刻意複雜化的措辭讓原告不至於吃上偽證官司、拒絕和解（或者除了金錢之外拒絕其他和解方式）、對於被告任何企圖和解的努力都指稱為「欠缺誠意」、企圖指認匿名或半匿名反對者、在法律細微枝節上打轉、一意企圖提高被告花費（而不在乎原告自身花費是否更高）。 (zh) الدعاوى القضائية الإستراتيجية ضد المشاركة العامة (بالإنجليزية: Strategic lawsuit against public participation)، (تُعرف أيضًا باسم دعاوي تعسفية ضد الناشطين - SLAPP، أو دعاوى التخويف). أو التقاضي الإستراتيجي ضد المشاركة العامة، هي دعاوى قضائية تهدف إلى فرض الرقابة على النقاد، والناشطين، وترهيبهم، وإسكاتهم من خلال تحميلهم تكلفة الدفاع القانوني. حتى يتخلوا عن نقدهم أو معارضتهم. في دعاوي التخويف النموذجية، لا يتوقع المدعي عادةً الفوز في الدعوى. حيث تتحقق أهداف المدعي، إذا استسلم المدعى عليه، للخوف، أو الترهيب، أو التكاليف القانونية المتصاعدة، أو الإرهاق البسيط، وترك الانتقاد. (ar) Ο όρος Στρατηγικές αγωγές κατά της συμμετοχής του κοινού αποτελεί απόδοση του αγγλικού Strategic lawsuits against public participation (SLAPP) και αναφέρεται στις αγωγές που κατατίθενται από κάποιο ισχυρό πρόσωπο ή οργανισμό (για παράδειγμα μια επιχείρηση ή έναν υψηλά ιστάμενο αξιωματούχο) ενάντια σε μη κυβερνητικά πρόσωπα ή οργανισμούς, που εκφράζουν κριτική απέναντί τους, σχετικά με κάποιο ζήτημα κοινωνικού ή πολιτικού ενδιαφέροντος. Σκοπός τέτοιων αγωγών δεν είναι να κερδηθεί η δικαστική υπόθεση, αλλά ο εκφοβισμός όσων ασκούν κριτική μέσω της ηθικής και οικονομικής εξουθένωσής τους. (el) Un pleito estratégico contra la participación pública, o litigio estratégico contra la participación pública, conocido como 'SLAPP' por sus siglas en inglés (Strategic lawsuit against public participation), es un pleito cuya intención es la intimidación y silenciamiento de los críticos, habitualmente periodistas, activistas, sindicalistas y oposición política, que pueden desistir de sus objetivos ante la presión jurídica, el elevado costo de su defensa legal, y por tanto, acaben abandonando su oposición o crítica y autocensurándose. (es) Une procédure-bâillon, ou poursuite-bâillon ou poursuite stratégique contre la mobilisation publique est une action en justice visant à intimider et à faire taire un journaliste ou lanceur d'alerte ou à entraver la participation politique et le militantisme. (fr) Strategic lawsuits against public participation (also known as SLAPP suits or intimidation lawsuits), or strategic litigation against public participation, are lawsuits intended to censor, intimidate, and silence critics by burdening them with the cost of a legal defense until they abandon their criticism or opposition. (en) SLAPP (simile a "slap" schiaffo in lingua inglese) è un termine nato dall'acronimo di Strategic lawsuit against public participation (traducibile in italiano con "azione legale strategica contro la partecipazione pubblica") per identificare le azioni legali tese a bloccare la partecipazione alla vita pubblica.È una pratica scorretta e nell'ordinamento italiano viene punita come "causa temeraria" (art. 96 del Codice di procedura civile); ma i codici italiani non entrano in questo specifico caso che potrebbe verificarsi delle ONG ambientaliste o di rispetto dei diritti criticano pubblicamente un'organizzazione ricca e forte, come una multinazionale, e quest'ultima cerca di intimidire la ONG con citazioni in giudizio e richieste danni notevoli. Vincere non è l'obiettivo principale di questa a (it) SLAPP (Engels acroniem voor Strategic Lawsuit Against Public Participation) is een rechtszaak die aangespannen wordt met het oogmerk om een kritische partij te intimideren en tot zwijgen te brengen. De strategie van de klagende partij kan onder meer zijn dat deze de aangeklaagde kritische partij probeert te dwingen tot het maken van dusdanig hoge juridische kosten dat de aangeklaagde partij de kritiek of oppositie dient op te geven. Het beoogde doel kan door de klagende partij via meerdere rechtszaken worden bereikt. Het uitgangspunt van de klagende partij hoeft niet altijd te zijn dat deze de rechtszaak wil winnen. Het dreigen met rechtszaken kan op zichzelf een chilling effect hebben. (nl) |
| rdfs:label | دعاوى قضائية إستراتيجية ضد المشاركة العامة (ar) SLAPP (de) Στρατηγικές νομικές αγωγές ενάντια στη συμμετοχή του κοινού (el) Pleito estratégico contra la participación pública (es) Procédure-bâillon (fr) Slapp (it) スラップ (ja) 전략적 봉쇄소송 (ko) SLAPP (nl) Strategic lawsuit against public participation (en) Стратегические судебные иски, направленные против участия общественности (ru) 針對公眾參與的策略性訴訟 (zh) |
| rdfs:seeAlso | dbr:Kyriakos_Mitsotakis |
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| foaf:homepage | http://SLAPPSUIT.com |
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