Self-assembled monolayer (original) (raw)
自己組織化単分子膜（じこそしきかたんぶんしまく、英: Self-Assembled Monolayer：SAM膜）とは自己組織化によって形成される単分子膜。
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| dbo:abstract | Die selbstorganisierende Monoschicht (engl. self-assembled monolayer, SAM) ist einwichtiger Bestandteil der Nanotechnologie. Eine selbstorganisierende Monoschicht bildet sich spontan beim Eintauchen von oberflächenaktiven oder organischen Substanzen in eine Lösung bzw. Suspension. Geeignete Substanzen sind dabei z. B. Alkanthiole, Alkyltrichlorsilane und Fettsäuren. Diese bilden auf Metallen wie Gold, Silber, Platin und Kupfer sowie Graphit und Silicium einfache Monoschichten mit einer hohen inneren Ordnung. Im Allgemeinen wird die Ausbildung von geordneten Schichten nur auf Terrassen der Einkristalle beobachtet, an Defekten wie Stufenversetzungen beobachtet man ein davon abweichendes Verhalten. Derartig behandelte Oberflächen sind in Luft über Monate stabil. Im Gegensatz zu herkömmlichen Beschichtungsverfahren wie chemischer Gasphasenabscheidung (engl. chemical vapor deposition, CVD) haben SAM eine definierte Dicke, die je nach verwendetem Molekül im Bereich von 0,1 nm bis zu einigen Nanometern liegt. Die Empfindlichkeit von organischen Schichten gegenüber reaktivem Gas kann mit Hilfe der Rastertunnelmikroskopie sichtbar gemacht werden. Auf Grund dieser möglichen Reaktivität werden organische Monolagen oft in Ultrahochvakuum untersucht. In der Halbleitertechnologie wird die selbstorganisierende Monoschicht zur Oberflächenstabilisierung und maßgeschneiderten Funktionalisierung von Elektroden verwendet. Je nach Länge der verwendeten Alkylketten wird dabei die Permeabilität und die Ladungstransfergeschwindigkeit beeinflusst.Das Anwendungsgebiet von SAM-modifizierten Elektroden ist sehr breit. Unter anderem wird die Technik der selbstorganisierenden Monoschicht beim elektrochemischen Rastertunnelmikroskop, bei Zelluntersuchungen, Sensorik und in der Nanoelektronik verwendet. (de) Οι αυτοσυναρμολογούμενες μονοστιβάδες ( SAM ) οργανικών μορίων είναι μοριακά συγκροτήματα που σχηματίζονται αυθόρμητα σε επιφάνειες με προσρόφηση και οργανώνονται σε περισσότερο ή λιγότερο μεγάλες διατεταγμένες περιοχές. Σε ορισμένες περιπτώσεις τα μόρια που σχηματίζουν τη μονοστιβάδα δεν αλληλεπιδρούν έντονα με το υπόστρωμα. Αυτό συμβαίνει, για παράδειγμα, με τα δισδιάστατα υπερμοριακά δικτύα π.χ. υπερυλενοτετρακαρβοξυλικού διανυδρίτη ( PTCDA ) σε χρυσό ή π.χ. πορφυρινών σε πυρολιτικό γραφίτη υψηλού προσανατολισμού (HOPG). Σε άλλες περιπτώσεις τα μόρια διαθέτουν μια ομάδα κεφαλής που έχει ισχυρή συγγένεια με το υπόστρωμα και αγκυρώνει το μόριο σε αυτό. Ένα τέτοιο SAM που αποτελείται από μια ομάδα κεφαλής, ουρά και λειτουργική ακραία ομάδα απεικονίζεται στο Σχήμα 1. Οι κοινές ομάδες κεφαλής περιλαμβάνουν θειόλες, σιλάνια, φωσφονικά κ.λπ. (el) Self-assembled monolayers (SAM) of organic molecules are molecular assemblies formed spontaneously on surfaces by adsorption and are organized into more or less large ordered domains. In some cases molecules that form the monolayer do not interact strongly with the substrate. This is the case for instance of the two-dimensional supramolecular networks of e.g. perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride (PTCDA) on gold or of e.g. porphyrins on highly oriented pyrolitic graphite (HOPG). In other cases the molecules possess a head group that has a strong affinity to the substrate and anchors the molecule to it. Such a SAM consisting of a head group, tail and functional end group is depicted in Figure 1. Common head groups include thiols, silanes, phosphonates, etc. SAMs are created by the chemisorption of "head groups" onto a substrate from either the vapor or liquid phase followed by a slow organization of "tail groups". Initially, at small molecular density on the surface, adsorbate molecules form either a disordered mass of molecules or form an ordered two-dimensional "lying down phase", and at higher molecular coverage, over a period of minutes to hours, begin to form three-dimensional crystalline or semicrystalline structures on the substrate surface. The "head groups" assemble together on the substrate, while the tail groups assemble far from the substrate. Areas of close-packed molecules nucleate and grow until the surface of the substrate is covered in a single monolayer. Adsorbate molecules adsorb readily because they lower the surface free-energy of the substrate and are stable due to the strong chemisorption of the "head groups." These bonds create monolayers that are more stable than the physisorbed bonds of Langmuir–Blodgett films. A Trichlorosilane based "head group", for example in a FDTS molecule, reacts with a hydroxyl group on a substrate, and forms very stable, covalent bond [R-Si-O-substrate] with an energy of 452 kJ/mol. Thiol-metal bonds are on the order of 100 kJ/mol, making them fairly stable in a variety of temperatures, solvents, and potentials. The monolayer packs tightly due to van der Waals interactions, thereby reducing its own free energy. The adsorption can be described by the Langmuir adsorption isotherm if lateral interactions are neglected. If they cannot be neglected, the adsorption is better described by the Frumkin isotherm. (en) 自己組織化単分子膜（じこそしきかたんぶんしまく、英: Self-Assembled Monolayer：SAM膜）とは自己組織化によって形成される単分子膜。 (ja) Un monostrato auto-assemblato o, secondo l'acronimo anglosassone, SAM (Self-Assembled Monolayer), è uno strato organizzato di molecole anfifiliche in cui una delle estremità della molecola, il “gruppo di testa” (head group), mostra una speciale affinità per un substrato. I SAM sono costituiti anche da una coda (tail) a cui può essere legato un gruppo funzionale nella parte finale come mostrato nella figura 1. Figure 1. Rappresentazione di una struttura di SAM I monostrati auto-assemblati (SAM) vengono creati tramite il di “gruppi di testa” idrofili sopra un substrato dalla fase sia di vapore che liquida seguita da una lenta organizzazione bi-dimensionale di gruppi terminali idrofobici. Inizialmente, le molecole di formano una massa disordinata di molecole o una “fase lying down ”, e per un certo periodo di ore, cominciano a formare strutture cristalline o semicristalline sulla superficie del substrato. I “gruppi di testa” idrofili si assemblano insieme sul substrato, mentre i gruppi di coda idrofobici si aggregano lontano dal substrato. Le aree di molecole impacchettate compatte (close-packed) si raccolgono nel nucleo e crescono fino a che la superficie del substrato non si copra di un unico monostrato. Le molecole di adsorbato adsorbono facilmente perché riescono ad abbassare l'energia superficiale del substrato e sono stabili a causa del forte chemioassorbimento dei “gruppi di testa”. Questi legami creano monostrati che sono più stabili dei legami fisioassorbiti degli strati di Langmuir–Blodgett. I legami tiolo-metallici, per esempio, sono dell'ordine di 100 kJ/mol, rendendo il legame stabile in un'ampia varietà di temperature, solventi e potenziali. I monostrati si ammassano strettamente a causa delle interazioni di van der Waals, riducendo in tal modo la propria energia libera. L'adsorbimento può essere descritto dalla isoterma di adsorbimento di Langmuir se vengono trascurate le interazioni laterali. Se non lo possono essere, l'adsorbimento viene meglio descritto dalla isoterma di Frumkin. (it) Самособирающиеся монослои (англ. self-assembled monolayers, сокр., SAM) — монослои амфифильных молекул, образовавшиеся на поверхности подложки (субстрата) путем самосборки. (ru) |
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| rdfs:comment | 自己組織化単分子膜（じこそしきかたんぶんしまく、英: Self-Assembled Monolayer：SAM膜）とは自己組織化によって形成される単分子膜。 (ja) Самособирающиеся монослои (англ. self-assembled monolayers, сокр., SAM) — монослои амфифильных молекул, образовавшиеся на поверхности подложки (субстрата) путем самосборки. (ru) Οι αυτοσυναρμολογούμενες μονοστιβάδες ( SAM ) οργανικών μορίων είναι μοριακά συγκροτήματα που σχηματίζονται αυθόρμητα σε επιφάνειες με προσρόφηση και οργανώνονται σε περισσότερο ή λιγότερο μεγάλες διατεταγμένες περιοχές. Σε ορισμένες περιπτώσεις τα μόρια που σχηματίζουν τη μονοστιβάδα δεν αλληλεπιδρούν έντονα με το υπόστρωμα. Αυτό συμβαίνει, για παράδειγμα, με τα δισδιάστατα υπερμοριακά δικτύα π.χ. υπερυλενοτετρακαρβοξυλικού διανυδρίτη ( PTCDA ) σε χρυσό ή π.χ. πορφυρινών σε πυρολιτικό γραφίτη υψηλού προσανατολισμού (HOPG). Σε άλλες περιπτώσεις τα μόρια διαθέτουν μια ομάδα κεφαλής που έχει ισχυρή συγγένεια με το υπόστρωμα και αγκυρώνει το μόριο σε αυτό. Ένα τέτοιο SAM που αποτελείται από μια ομάδα κεφαλής, ουρά και λειτουργική ακραία ομάδα απεικονίζεται στο Σχήμα 1. Οι κοινές ομάδες (el) Die selbstorganisierende Monoschicht (engl. self-assembled monolayer, SAM) ist einwichtiger Bestandteil der Nanotechnologie. Eine selbstorganisierende Monoschicht bildet sich spontan beim Eintauchen von oberflächenaktiven oder organischen Substanzen in eine Lösung bzw. Suspension. Geeignete Substanzen sind dabei z. B. Alkanthiole, Alkyltrichlorsilane und Fettsäuren. Diese bilden auf Metallen wie Gold, Silber, Platin und Kupfer sowie Graphit und Silicium einfache Monoschichten mit einer hohen inneren Ordnung. Im Allgemeinen wird die Ausbildung von geordneten Schichten nur auf Terrassen der Einkristalle beobachtet, an Defekten wie Stufenversetzungen beobachtet man ein davon abweichendes Verhalten. (de) Self-assembled monolayers (SAM) of organic molecules are molecular assemblies formed spontaneously on surfaces by adsorption and are organized into more or less large ordered domains. In some cases molecules that form the monolayer do not interact strongly with the substrate. This is the case for instance of the two-dimensional supramolecular networks of e.g. perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride (PTCDA) on gold or of e.g. porphyrins on highly oriented pyrolitic graphite (HOPG). In other cases the molecules possess a head group that has a strong affinity to the substrate and anchors the molecule to it. Such a SAM consisting of a head group, tail and functional end group is depicted in Figure 1. Common head groups include thiols, silanes, phosphonates, etc. (en) Un monostrato auto-assemblato o, secondo l'acronimo anglosassone, SAM (Self-Assembled Monolayer), è uno strato organizzato di molecole anfifiliche in cui una delle estremità della molecola, il “gruppo di testa” (head group), mostra una speciale affinità per un substrato. I SAM sono costituiti anche da una coda (tail) a cui può essere legato un gruppo funzionale nella parte finale come mostrato nella figura 1. Figure 1. Rappresentazione di una struttura di SAM (it) |
| rdfs:label | Selbstorganisierende Monoschicht (de) Αυτοσυναρμολογούμενες μονοστιβάδες (el) Monostrato auto-assemblato (it) 自己組織化単分子膜 (ja) Self-assembled monolayer (en) Самособирающиеся монослои (ru) |
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