Glutamate transporter (original) (raw)

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Glutamate transporters are a family of neurotransmitter transporter proteins that move glutamate – the principal excitatory neurotransmitter – across a membrane. The family of glutamate transporters is composed of two primary subclasses: the excitatory amino acid transporter (EAAT) family and vesicular glutamate transporter (VGLUT) family. In the brain, EAATs remove glutamate from the synaptic cleft and extrasynaptic sites via glutamate reuptake into glial cells and neurons, while VGLUTs move glutamate from the cell cytoplasm into synaptic vesicles. Glutamate transporters also transport aspartate and are present in virtually all peripheral tissues, including the heart, liver, testes, and bone. They exhibit stereoselectivity for L-glutamate but transport both L-aspartate and D-aspartate.

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dbo:abstract Glutamate transporters are a family of neurotransmitter transporter proteins that move glutamate – the principal excitatory neurotransmitter – across a membrane. The family of glutamate transporters is composed of two primary subclasses: the excitatory amino acid transporter (EAAT) family and vesicular glutamate transporter (VGLUT) family. In the brain, EAATs remove glutamate from the synaptic cleft and extrasynaptic sites via glutamate reuptake into glial cells and neurons, while VGLUTs move glutamate from the cell cytoplasm into synaptic vesicles. Glutamate transporters also transport aspartate and are present in virtually all peripheral tissues, including the heart, liver, testes, and bone. They exhibit stereoselectivity for L-glutamate but transport both L-aspartate and D-aspartate. The EAATs are membrane-bound secondary transporters that superficially resemble ion channels. These transporters play the important role of regulating concentrations of glutamate in the extracellular space by transporting it along with other ions across cellular membranes. After glutamate is released as the result of an action potential, glutamate transporters quickly remove it from the extracellular space to keep its levels low, thereby terminating the synaptic transmission. Without the activity of glutamate transporters, glutamate would build up and kill cells in a process called excitotoxicity, in which excessive amounts of glutamate acts as a toxin to neurons by triggering a number of biochemical cascades. The activity of glutamate transporters also allows glutamate to be recycled for repeated release. (en) Transporter glutamat (bahasa Inggris: Excitatory Amino Acid Transporters) merupakan permease dari kelompok neurotransmiter. Tanpa aktivitas transporter glutamat, asam glutamat akan mengendap dan mematikan sel dengan suatu proses yang disebut , suatu lintasan biokimia yang dipicu asam glutamat yang menjadi toksin terhadap neuron setelah difusinya pada transporter glutamat dihambat oleh sitokina TNF-α. Aktivitas transporter glutamat juga memungkinkan daur ulang asam glutamat untuk disekresi kembali. Cacat yang terjadi pada transporter ini akan menginduksi beberapa penyakit atau sindrom seperti:stroke/iskemia, epilepsi lobus temporal, Alzheimer, sklerosis lateral amiotrofik, penyakit Huntington, demesia yang terkait HIV-1, dan pertumbuhan . (in) グルタミン酸トランスポーター（グルタミンさんトランスポーター、英: glutamate transporter）は、膜を越えたグルタミン酸の輸送を担うファミリーである。グルタミン酸は、主要な興奮性神経伝達物質である。グルタミン酸トランスポーターファミリーは、興奮性アミノ酸トランスポーター (excitatory amino acid transporter, EAAT) ファミリーと小胞型グルタミン酸トランスポーター (vesicular glutamate transporter, VGLUT) ファミリーの2つの主要なサブクラスから構成される。脳では、EAATはグリア細胞と神経細胞へのグルタミン酸のによって、シナプス間隙やシナプス外部位からグルタミン酸を除去する。一方、VGLUTは細胞質からシナプス小胞へのグルタミン酸の移動を担う。グルタミン酸トランスポーターはアスパラギン酸も輸送し、心臓、肝臓、精巣、骨を含む、事実上すべての末梢組織に存在している。グルタミン酸に関してはL-グルタミン酸に対する立体選択性を示すが、アスパラギン酸に関してはL-アスパラギン酸もD-アスパラギン酸も輸送が行われる。 EAATは二次性能動輸送を行う膜輸送体で、表面的にはイオンチャネルと類似している。これらの輸送体は、グルタミン酸を他のイオンとともに細胞膜を越えて輸送することで、細胞外空間のグルタミン酸濃度を調節する重要な役割を果たしている。活動電位によってグルタミン酸が放出された後、グルタミン酸トランスポーターは迅速に細胞外空間からグルタミン酸を除去して濃度を低下させ、神経伝達を終結させる。 グルタミン酸トランスポーターの活性が存在しない場合、グルタミン酸が蓄積して興奮毒性と呼ばれる過程で細胞死が起こる。過剰量のグルタミン酸は神経細胞に対する毒素として作用し、多数の生化学的カスケードを引き起こす。グルタミン酸トランスポーターの活性は、グルタミン酸をリサイクルして繰り返し放出することも可能にする。 (ja)
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dbp:align right (en)
dbp:alt EAAT2 reuptake diagram (en)
dbp:caption This diagram shows the tissue distribution of glutamate transporter 1 in the brain. EAAT2 is responsible for over 90% of glutamate reuptake. (en)
dbp:direction vertical (en)
dbp:image Glutamate reuptake via EAAT2 .jpg (en)
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rdfs:comment Glutamate transporters are a family of neurotransmitter transporter proteins that move glutamate – the principal excitatory neurotransmitter – across a membrane. The family of glutamate transporters is composed of two primary subclasses: the excitatory amino acid transporter (EAAT) family and vesicular glutamate transporter (VGLUT) family. In the brain, EAATs remove glutamate from the synaptic cleft and extrasynaptic sites via glutamate reuptake into glial cells and neurons, while VGLUTs move glutamate from the cell cytoplasm into synaptic vesicles. Glutamate transporters also transport aspartate and are present in virtually all peripheral tissues, including the heart, liver, testes, and bone. They exhibit stereoselectivity for L-glutamate but transport both L-aspartate and D-aspartate. (en) Transporter glutamat (bahasa Inggris: Excitatory Amino Acid Transporters) merupakan permease dari kelompok neurotransmiter. Tanpa aktivitas transporter glutamat, asam glutamat akan mengendap dan mematikan sel dengan suatu proses yang disebut , suatu lintasan biokimia yang dipicu asam glutamat yang menjadi toksin terhadap neuron setelah difusinya pada transporter glutamat dihambat oleh sitokina TNF-α. Aktivitas transporter glutamat juga memungkinkan daur ulang asam glutamat untuk disekresi kembali. (in) グルタミン酸トランスポーター（グルタミンさんトランスポーター、英: glutamate transporter）は、膜を越えたグルタミン酸の輸送を担うファミリーである。グルタミン酸は、主要な興奮性神経伝達物質である。グルタミン酸トランスポーターファミリーは、興奮性アミノ酸トランスポーター (excitatory amino acid transporter, EAAT) ファミリーと小胞型グルタミン酸トランスポーター (vesicular glutamate transporter, VGLUT) ファミリーの2つの主要なサブクラスから構成される。脳では、EAATはグリア細胞と神経細胞へのグルタミン酸のによって、シナプス間隙やシナプス外部位からグルタミン酸を除去する。一方、VGLUTは細胞質からシナプス小胞へのグルタミン酸の移動を担う。グルタミン酸トランスポーターはアスパラギン酸も輸送し、心臓、肝臓、精巣、骨を含む、事実上すべての末梢組織に存在している。グルタミン酸に関してはL-グルタミン酸に対する立体選択性を示すが、アスパラギン酸に関してはL-アスパラギン酸もD-アスパラギン酸も輸送が行われる。 (ja)
rdfs:label Transporter glutamat (in) Glutamate transporter (en) グルタミン酸トランスポーター (ja)
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