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والتر فرانسيس وايت (بالإنجليزية: Walter Francis White) (و. 1893 – 1955 م) هو روائي، وصحفي، ومقالاتي من الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية. ولد في أتلانتا، جورجيا. أدار برنامجًا واسعًا من التحديات القانونية للفصل العنصري والحرمان من حق التصويت. وكان أيضًا صحفيًا وروائيًا وكاتبًا. تخرج في عام 1916 من جامعة أتلانتا (جامعة كلارك أتلانتا حاليًا)، وهي كلية تم إنشاءها لأجل السود تاريخيا. في عام 1918، انضم وايت إلى الطاقم الوطني المصغر في جمعية (NAACP) في نيويورك بدعوة من جيمس ويلدون جونسون. وشغل منصب الأمين المساعد الوطني لجونسون وسافر إلى الجنوب للتحقيق في أعمال الشغب والقتل. متحدرًا من أصل عرقي متعدد أغلبيته من البيض، اعتبر نفسه في بعض الأحيان أبيضًا لتسهيل تحقيقاته وحماية نفسه في المواقف المتوترة. خَلًف وايت جونسون كرئيس لمنظمة (NAACP) قاد المنظمة من 1929 إلى 1955. انضم إلى المجلس الاستشاري لحكومة جزر العذراء الأمريكية في عام 1934 واستقال منه في عام 1935 احتجاجًا على صمت الرئيس روزفلت تجاه عرقلة الديمقراطيين الجنوبيين عملية تشريع قانون تجريم القتل من أجل اجتناب رد فعلهم الثأري الذي قد يعرقل من سياسات الصفقة الجديدة التي استحدثها الرئيس روزفلت. أشرف وايت على الخطط والهيكل التنظيمي لمحاربة الفصل العام. عمل مع الرئيس ترومان على إلغاء التمييز العنصري في القوات المسلحة بعد الحرب العالمية الثانية وقدم له مسودة للأمر التنفيذي لتطبيقها. تحت قيادة وايت، أنشأت جمعية (NAACP) صندوق الدفاع القانوني، الذي أجرى العديد من التحديات القانونية لعمليات الفصل والحرمان من التصويت، وحقق العديد من النجاحات. وكان من بين هذه الأحكام حكم المحكمة العليا في قضية براون ضد مجلس التعليم التي رفعها عام 1954، والتي أقرت بأن التعليم المنفصل غير عادل بطبيعة الحال. كما ضاعف وايت عضوية (NAACP) إلى ما يقرب من 500000 عضو. (ar) Walter Francis Marin White (né le 1er juillet 1893, à Atlanta - mort le 21 mars 1955, à New York) faisait partie de la NAACP, une organisation américaine de défense des Afro-américains. Il fit ses études à l'université d'Atlanta jusqu'en 1916 ; puis il rejoignit la NAACP à New York à l'invitation de James Weldon Johnson. Il mena une campagne contre le lynchage des Noirs-américains et fit pression sur le sénat et le congrès américains. White était également un journaliste, romancier et essayiste. Il se lia d'amitié avec d'autres défenseurs de la cause afro-américaine, tels que Carl Van Vechten et Alfred A. Knopf. Avec eux, il fut le fondateur de la Renaissance de Harlem. (fr) Walter Francis White (July 1, 1893 – March 21, 1955) was a civil rights activist who led the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) for a quarter of a century, 1929–1955, after joining the organization as an investigator in 1918. He directed a broad program of legal challenges to racial segregation and disfranchisement. He was also a journalist, novelist, and essayist. He graduated in 1916 from Atlanta University (now Clark Atlanta University). In 1918, White joined the small national staff of the NAACP in New York at the invitation of James Weldon Johnson. He acted as Johnson's assistant national secretary and traveled to the South to investigate lynchings and riots. Being fair skinned, at times he passed as white to facilitate his investigations and protect himself in tense situations. White succeeded Johnson as the head of the NAACP, leading the organization from 1929 to 1955. He joined the Advisory Council for the Government of the Virgin Islands in 1934 and resigned in 1935 to protest President Roosevelt's silence at Southern Democrats' blocking of anti-lynching legislation to avoid retaliatory obstruction of his New Deal policies. White oversaw the plans and organizational structure of the fight against public segregation. He worked with President Truman on desegregating the armed forces after the Second World War and gave him a draft for the Executive Order to implement this. Under White's leadership, the NAACP set up its Legal Defense Fund, which conducted numerous legal challenges to segregation and disfranchisement, and achieved many successes. Among these was the Supreme Court ruling in Brown v. Board of Education (1954), which determined that segregated education was inherently unequal. White also quintupled NAACP membership to nearly 500,000. (en) Walter Francis White (Atlanta, 1 juli 1893 - New York, 21 maart 1955) was een Afrikaans-Amerikaans burgerrechten-activist die zich actief inzette om de rassenscheiding te beëindigen. Hij gaf gedurende bijna vijfentwintig jaar leiding aan de National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. (nl) Walter Francis White (1 de julho de 1893 — 21 de março de 1955) foi um ativista dos direitos civis americano que chefiou a Associação Nacional para o Progresso de Pessoas de Cor (NAACP) por quase um quarto de século e dirigiu um amplo programa de desafios legais para segregação e privação de direitos. Ele também foi um jornalista, romancista e ensaísta. Ele se formou em 1916 pela Universidade de Atlanta, uma faculdade historicamente negra. (pt) |
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Walter Francis Marin White (né le 1er juillet 1893, à Atlanta - mort le 21 mars 1955, à New York) faisait partie de la NAACP, une organisation américaine de défense des Afro-américains. Il fit ses études à l'université d'Atlanta jusqu'en 1916 ; puis il rejoignit la NAACP à New York à l'invitation de James Weldon Johnson. Il mena une campagne contre le lynchage des Noirs-américains et fit pression sur le sénat et le congrès américains. White était également un journaliste, romancier et essayiste. Il se lia d'amitié avec d'autres défenseurs de la cause afro-américaine, tels que Carl Van Vechten et Alfred A. Knopf. Avec eux, il fut le fondateur de la Renaissance de Harlem. (fr) Walter Francis White (Atlanta, 1 juli 1893 - New York, 21 maart 1955) was een Afrikaans-Amerikaans burgerrechten-activist die zich actief inzette om de rassenscheiding te beëindigen. Hij gaf gedurende bijna vijfentwintig jaar leiding aan de National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. (nl) Walter Francis White (1 de julho de 1893 — 21 de março de 1955) foi um ativista dos direitos civis americano que chefiou a Associação Nacional para o Progresso de Pessoas de Cor (NAACP) por quase um quarto de século e dirigiu um amplo programa de desafios legais para segregação e privação de direitos. Ele também foi um jornalista, romancista e ensaísta. Ele se formou em 1916 pela Universidade de Atlanta, uma faculdade historicamente negra. (pt) والتر فرانسيس وايت (بالإنجليزية: Walter Francis White) (و. 1893 – 1955 م) هو روائي، وصحفي، ومقالاتي من الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية. ولد في أتلانتا، جورجيا. أدار برنامجًا واسعًا من التحديات القانونية للفصل العنصري والحرمان من حق التصويت. وكان أيضًا صحفيًا وروائيًا وكاتبًا. تخرج في عام 1916 من جامعة أتلانتا (جامعة كلارك أتلانتا حاليًا)، وهي كلية تم إنشاءها لأجل السود تاريخيا. (ar) Walter Francis White (July 1, 1893 – March 21, 1955) was a civil rights activist who led the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) for a quarter of a century, 1929–1955, after joining the organization as an investigator in 1918. He directed a broad program of legal challenges to racial segregation and disfranchisement. He was also a journalist, novelist, and essayist. He graduated in 1916 from Atlanta University (now Clark Atlanta University). (en) |
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والتر فرانسيس وايت (ar) Walter White (fr) Walter Francis White (nl) Walter Francis White (pt) Walter Francis White (en) |
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