Women in Pakistan (original) (raw)
- وضع المرأة في باكستان هو نظام تمييز جنسي على الرغم من أن النظام يختلف كثيرا في جميع فئات ومناطق باكستان إلا أن الفجوة التي بين المناطق الريفية والحضرية هي نتيجة للتنمية الاجتماعية والاقتصادية غير المتكافئة وتأثير التكوينات الاجتماعية القبلية والإقطاعية والرأسمالية على حياة المرأة، ومع ذلك فإن المرأة الباكستانية اليوم تتمتع بوضع أفضل من الماضي. وكان موقف الهيئات الدينية في الأساس معاديا تجاه المرأة ولم يسمح حتى لضحايا الاغتصاب باستخدام أدلة الحمض النووي لإثبات قضاياهم. ولكن مؤخرا أصدر مجلس العلماء الباكستاني فتاوى تستنكر «جرائم الشرف»، وحصلت أيضا تحسينات أخرى في مدينة لاهور مثل افتتاح أول خدمة للحراسة النسائية في المرور لإدارة حركة السير وايضا أكثر المحافظات تشددا في البلاد خيبر باختونخوا تخطط لزيادة نسبة النساء في قوات الشرطة. ولكن حتى مع هذه التحسينات لا يزال انتشار العنف المنزلي وارتفاع معدل زواج الأطفال والزواج القسري قائماً في باكستان وحاليا تعتبر واحدة من أكثر البلدان في العالم خطورة بالنسبة للنساء.لدى باكستان نظام مزدوج يجمع القانون المدني والشريعة الإسلامية، وقد أقر الدستور الباكستاني المساواة بين الرجل والمرأة في (المادة 25 (2) التي تنص على أنه «يجب ألا يكون هناك أي تمييز على أساس الجنس»)، وأيضا تقر الشريعة الإسلامية (بصلاحية هذه المادة) في (الفصل 3أ- محكمة الشريعة الاتحادية). (ar)
- Segons el cens del Pakistan de 2017, les dones al Pakistan representaven el 48,76% de la població. Les dones del Pakistan han jugat un paper important al llarg de la història del Pakistan, i se les permet votar a les eleccions des del 1956. Al Pakistan, les dones han ocupat alts càrrecs, inclòs el de primera ministra, presidenta de l’Assemblea nacional, líder de l'oposició, etc. com a ministres federals, jutgesses, i llocs comissionats a les forces armades. La general major ha assolint el càrrec militar més alt per a una dona. La situació de les dones al Pakistan difereix considerablement segons les classes, les regions i la divisió rural / urbana a causa del desenvolupament socioeconòmic desigual i de l’impacte de les formacions socials tribals i feudals en la vida de les dones al Pakistan. Gender Concerns International informa que els drets generals de les dones al Pakistan han millorat amb un nombre creixent de dones educades i alfabetitzades. No obstant això, les dones del Pakistan s'enfronten a la discriminació com a resultat de la societat patriarcal del Pakistan. Alguns dels problemes amb què s’enfronten les dones al Pakistan són la violència domèstica, els crims d'honor, la violació i el segrest, la , els matrimonis forçats i els avortaments induïts. L' de 2020 situava Pakistan al 151 del total de 153 països. Una enquesta duta a terme per la Fundació Thomson Reuters (TRF) va situar el Pakistan com el sisè país més perillós per a les dones. (ca)
- La condition des femmes au Pakistan varie considérablement selon les classes sociales, les régions et la division ville/campagne due à un développement socio-économique inégal ainsi que l'impact des structures sociales tribales, féodales ou capitalistes sur la vie des femmes. Les femmes pakistanaises d'aujourd'hui ont un meilleur statut que par le passé. Cependant, en moyenne, la situation des femmes vis-à-vis des hommes est systématiquement une subordination du genre. Grâce à une prise de conscience accrue parmi la population, l'accès à l'éducation pour les femmes pakistanaises a augmenté ces dernières années. En 2014, le forum économique mondial classe le Pakistan comme le second pire pays dans le monde pour l'égalité des sexes. Certains groupes religieux ont travaillé avec d'autres membres de la société civile pour dénoncer les violences envers les femmes, notamment le All Pakistan Ulema Council. (fr)
- Lo status delle donne (condizione femminile, diritti delle donne e identità di genere) in Pakistan è sistematicamente subordinato al ruolo di genere (vedi sessismo), anche se esso può variare notevolmente tra le classi sociali, nelle regioni prese in considerazione e per il forte divario rurale/urbano; questo a causa dello sviluppo socioeconomico sconnesso e dell'impatto dovuto alle formazioni sociali tribali, feudali e capitalistiche sulla vita delle donne. Le donne pakistane dei giorni nostri godono, tuttavia, di un migliore status rispetto al passato. Quasi tutti i gruppi religiosi presenti nel territorio citano il Corano a sostegno della visione che vuole le donne subordinate agli uomini. È accaduto che anche le vittime di stupro non venissero autorizzate ad utilizzare la prova dell'impronta genetica per poter dimostrare le loro ragioni; tuttavia l'"All Pakistan Ulema Council" ha recentemente rilasciato delle fatwā denunciando il verificarsi sempre più frequente del "delitto d'onore". Nonostante tutto, nel novembre 2016 il delitto d'onore viene abolito, anche se rimane frequente che molte donne vengano uccise o picchiate dai loro familiari. In diversi casi sono i capivillagio a scegliere. Dei timidi miglioramenti si sono verificati anche grazie al fatto che Lahore ha inaugurato il suo primo servizio di vigili urbani femminili per gestire il traffico e la provincia più conservatrice del paese, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, intende far aumentare la percentuale di donne all'interno del corpo di polizia. Ma anche con questi segni di evoluzione rimangono molto attuali i casi di abuso e di violenza domestica con un numero assai elevato di matrimonio infantile e di matrimonio forzato. Il Pakistan rimane attualmente uno dei paesi più pericolosi del mondo nei riguardi della sicurezza delle donne. Il paese possiede un doppio sistema legale, quella civile e quella rifacentesi alla Sharia. La costituzione del Pakistan riconosce l'uguaglianza tra uomini e donne; l'articolo 25 al paragrafo 2 afferma che non esiste discriminazione sulla base del sesso, ma riconosce anche la validità della legislazione religiosa della Sharia (capitolo 3 - Federal Shariat Court). Il "Gender Inequality Index" (GII) per il 2014 è fissato a 0.536 (alla 121ª posizione su 157 paesi), mentre il Global Gender Gap Report per il 2016 è fissato a 0.556, in penultima posizione su 144 paesi. Il Global Gender Gap Report del 2019 posiziona il Pakistan 151º su 153 Paesi con un punteggio di 0,564 su 1,000 (nel 2006 la posizione era 112ª con un punteggio di 0,543/1,000). La partecipazione economica è gravemente insufficiente con un punteggio di 0,327 su 1,000 (2006 112ª posizione 0,369/1,000). Il 25,2% delle donne sono occupate, il 4,9% delle donne sono magistrato e il 23,3% sono operaie e lavoratrici professioniste. Il tasso di alfabetizzazione rimane molto basso rispetto ai Paesi occidentali e della stessa Asia, ovvero il 46,5%. Le donne che hanno concluso gli studi primari, secondari e terziari sono, rispettivamente, il 61,6%, 36,4% e 8,5%. Le donne che compongono il Parlamento sono il 20,2% e le donne ministro sono il 12%. 28,6 è l'età media delle donne quando mettono al mondo un figlio e 3,55 figli a donna in media. (it)
- Women in Pakistan make up 48.76% of the population according to the 2017 census of Pakistan. Women in Pakistan have played an important role throughout Pakistan's history and they are allowed to vote in elections since 1956. In Pakistan, women have held high offices including that of the Prime Minister, Speaker of the National Assembly, Leader of the Opposition, as well as federal ministers, judges, and serving commissioned posts in the armed forces. Lieutenant General Nigar Johar, attaining the highest military post for a woman. Benazir Bhutto was sworn in as the first woman Prime Minister of Pakistan on 2 December 1988. The status of women in Pakistan differs considerably across classes, regions and the rural/urban divide due to the uneven socioeconomic development and the impact of tribal and feudal social formations on lives of women in Pakistan. Gender Concerns International reports that the overall women's rights in Pakistan have improved with increasing number of women being educated and literate. However, Pakistan does face issues where woman are kept behind in the field of education. This is also associated with low government funding, less schools and colleges for women, and a low enrollment rate of women in educational institutions due to lack of awareness and women rights in certain areas. Cases of rape, honor killing, murder, and forced marriages in backward areas are also reported. All these issues are related to constraints due to a lack of education, poverty, a judicial system of Pakistan that is disrupted, the negligence of government authorities to implement laws and widespread underperformance of law enforcement agencies such as the Police. (en)
- 巴基斯坦女性面临着系统性的性别歧视,由于社会经济发展不平衡以及部落、封建和资本主义社会形态对女性生活的影响,在不同的阶级、地区和城乡之间女性地位存在很大差异。今天的巴基斯坦妇女享有比过去更好的地位。在现代巴基斯坦,女性可以担任高级职务,包括总理,国民议会议长,反对党领袖,以及联邦部长,法官和武装部队的将军。 自1980年代齊亞·哈克的伊斯蘭化政策实施以来,巴基斯坦的许多宗教团体拥有了更多的政治权力,他们主张巴基斯坦女性的从属地位。甚至强奸受害者也未被允许使用 DNA证据证明其案件,不过最近发布了谴责“名譽殺人”的消息。在拉合爾成立了第一个女交通督导员服务机构来管理交通的同时,其他改进措施也在推行中,该国最保守的省份开伯尔-普赫图赫瓦省正在计划提高警察部队中女性的比例。 即使有了这些改善,猖獗的家庭暴力以及高比率的童婚和强迫婚姻仍然存在。 巴基斯坦有民法和伊斯蘭教法的双重制度。“巴基斯坦宪法”承认男女平等(第25(2)条规定“不得基于性别而歧视”)但也承认有效的伊斯蘭教法(第3A章 - 联邦伊斯兰教法法院)。 (zh)
- https://web.archive.org/web/20060909041030/https:/www.lib.washington.edu/southasia/women/pakistan.html
- https://tribune.com.pk/story/2189508/4-sharmila-farooqis-cooking-video-social-media-fits
- http://www.na.gov.pk/en/mna_list_w2.php%3Flist=women
- http://www.pakistan.gov.pk/ministries/index.jsp%3FMinID=17&cPath=182
- http://punjablaws.gov.pk/laws/777a.html
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- 巴基斯坦女性面临着系统性的性别歧视,由于社会经济发展不平衡以及部落、封建和资本主义社会形态对女性生活的影响,在不同的阶级、地区和城乡之间女性地位存在很大差异。今天的巴基斯坦妇女享有比过去更好的地位。在现代巴基斯坦,女性可以担任高级职务,包括总理,国民议会议长,反对党领袖,以及联邦部长,法官和武装部队的将军。 自1980年代齊亞·哈克的伊斯蘭化政策实施以来,巴基斯坦的许多宗教团体拥有了更多的政治权力,他们主张巴基斯坦女性的从属地位。甚至强奸受害者也未被允许使用 DNA证据证明其案件,不过最近发布了谴责“名譽殺人”的消息。在拉合爾成立了第一个女交通督导员服务机构来管理交通的同时,其他改进措施也在推行中,该国最保守的省份开伯尔-普赫图赫瓦省正在计划提高警察部队中女性的比例。 即使有了这些改善,猖獗的家庭暴力以及高比率的童婚和强迫婚姻仍然存在。 巴基斯坦有民法和伊斯蘭教法的双重制度。“巴基斯坦宪法”承认男女平等(第25(2)条规定“不得基于性别而歧视”)但也承认有效的伊斯蘭教法(第3A章 - 联邦伊斯兰教法法院)。 (zh)
- وضع المرأة في باكستان هو نظام تمييز جنسي على الرغم من أن النظام يختلف كثيرا في جميع فئات ومناطق باكستان إلا أن الفجوة التي بين المناطق الريفية والحضرية هي نتيجة للتنمية الاجتماعية والاقتصادية غير المتكافئة وتأثير التكوينات الاجتماعية القبلية والإقطاعية والرأسمالية على حياة المرأة، ومع ذلك فإن المرأة الباكستانية اليوم تتمتع بوضع أفضل من الماضي. (ar)
- Segons el cens del Pakistan de 2017, les dones al Pakistan representaven el 48,76% de la població. Les dones del Pakistan han jugat un paper important al llarg de la història del Pakistan, i se les permet votar a les eleccions des del 1956. Al Pakistan, les dones han ocupat alts càrrecs, inclòs el de primera ministra, presidenta de l’Assemblea nacional, líder de l'oposició, etc. com a ministres federals, jutgesses, i llocs comissionats a les forces armades. La general major ha assolint el càrrec militar més alt per a una dona. (ca)
- La condition des femmes au Pakistan varie considérablement selon les classes sociales, les régions et la division ville/campagne due à un développement socio-économique inégal ainsi que l'impact des structures sociales tribales, féodales ou capitalistes sur la vie des femmes. Les femmes pakistanaises d'aujourd'hui ont un meilleur statut que par le passé. Cependant, en moyenne, la situation des femmes vis-à-vis des hommes est systématiquement une subordination du genre. Grâce à une prise de conscience accrue parmi la population, l'accès à l'éducation pour les femmes pakistanaises a augmenté ces dernières années. En 2014, le forum économique mondial classe le Pakistan comme le second pire pays dans le monde pour l'égalité des sexes. (fr)
- Lo status delle donne (condizione femminile, diritti delle donne e identità di genere) in Pakistan è sistematicamente subordinato al ruolo di genere (vedi sessismo), anche se esso può variare notevolmente tra le classi sociali, nelle regioni prese in considerazione e per il forte divario rurale/urbano; questo a causa dello sviluppo socioeconomico sconnesso e dell'impatto dovuto alle formazioni sociali tribali, feudali e capitalistiche sulla vita delle donne. Le donne pakistane dei giorni nostri godono, tuttavia, di un migliore status rispetto al passato. (it)
- Women in Pakistan make up 48.76% of the population according to the 2017 census of Pakistan. Women in Pakistan have played an important role throughout Pakistan's history and they are allowed to vote in elections since 1956. In Pakistan, women have held high offices including that of the Prime Minister, Speaker of the National Assembly, Leader of the Opposition, as well as federal ministers, judges, and serving commissioned posts in the armed forces. Lieutenant General Nigar Johar, attaining the highest military post for a woman. Benazir Bhutto was sworn in as the first woman Prime Minister of Pakistan on 2 December 1988. (en)
- Women in Pakistan (en)
- المرأة في باكستان (ar)
- Dones al Pakistan (ca)
- Condition des femmes au Pakistan (fr)
- Condizione della donna in Pakistan (it)
- 巴基斯坦女性 (zh)
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