†Plesiosauria (original) (raw)

After Bardet, Godefroit & Sciau, 1999, O'Keefe, 2001, and Benson, Evans & Druckenmiller, 2012

**<==**o †Plesiosauria de Blainville, 1835 sensu O'Keefe, 2001 [Streptosauria Cope, 1869] (plesiosaurs; joutsenliskot) |-- †Pliosauroidea Welles, 1943 sensu O'Keefe, 2001 (lyhytkaulaiset joutsenliskot; pliosaurs, short-necked plesiosaurs) --o †Plesiosauroidea (Gray, 1825) Welles, 1943 _sensu_ O'Keefe, 2001 (pitkäkaulaiset joutsenliskot; plesiosaurs, long-necked plesiosaurs) |-- †_Eoplesiosaurus antiquior_ Benson, Evans & Druckenmiller, 2012 --+--o †Plesiosauridae Gray, 1825 sensu O'Keefe, 2001 | --o †_Plesiosaurus_ De la Beche & Conybeare, 1821 [_Pentatarsostinus_ Hawkins, 1840] | |?- †_P. macrocephalus_ Conybeare, _in_ Buckland, 1836 | -- †P. dolichodirus Conybeare, 1824 [P. macromus Owen, 1840] --o †Euplesiosauria O'Keefe, 2001 |?- †_Sthenarosaurus dawkinsi_ Watson, 1909 [a Rhomaleosaurid _sensu_ Smith & Dyke, 2008] |?- †_Leurospondylus ultimus_ Brown, 1913 |-- †[Cryptoclidia](cryptoclidoidea.html) Williston, 1925 _sensu_ Ketchum & Benson, 2010 [Cryptoclidoidea Williston, 1925 _sensu_ O'Keefe, 2001] --+--+-- †Djupedalia engeri Knutsen, Druckenmiller & Hurum, 2012b | --o †_Spitrasaurus_ Knutsen, Druckenmiller & Hurum, 2012a | |-- †_S. larseni_ Knutsen, Druckenmiller & Hurum, 2012a | -- †S. wensaasi Knutsen, Druckenmiller & Hurum, 2012a --o †Elasmosauridae Cope, 1869 _sensu_ Bardet, Godefroit & Sciau, 1999 |-- †[Elasmosauridae](elasmosauridae.html) Cope, 1869 _sensu_ O'Keefe, 2001 ?-o †Microcleididae Benson, Evans & Druckenmiller, 2012 |-- †Morenosaurus stocki Welles, 1943 |-- †Eretmosaurus rugosus (Owen, 1840) Seeley, 1874 [Plesiosaurus rugosus Owen, 1840] --+-- †_Westphaliasaurus simonsensii_ Schwermann & Sander, 2011 --+-- †Seelyosaurus guilelmiimperatoris (Dames, 1895) White, 1940 [Plesiosaurus guilelmiimperatoris_ Dames, 1895; incl.? Seeleyosaurus holzmadensis White, 1940; Plesiosaurus tournemirensis Sciau, Crochet & Mattieu 1990] --o †_Microcleidus_ Watson, 1909 _sensu_ Benson, Evans & Druckenmiller, 2012 |-- †_Occitanosaurus tournemirensis_ (Sciau, Crochet & Mattei, 1990) Bardet, Godefroit & Sciau, 1999 [_Plesiosaurus tournemirensis_ Sciau, Crochet & Mattieu 1990] --o †_Microcleidus Watson, 1909 |-- †M. (Hydrorion) brachypterygius von Huene, 1923 [jr. synon. of Plesiosaurus [= Seelyosaurus] guilelmiimperatoris sensu Storrs, 1997] --o †(_Microcleidus_ Watson, 1909) |-- †_M. homalospondylus_ (Owen, 1865) Watson, 1909 -- †M. macropterus (Seeley, 1865) Watson, 1911

Plesiosauria incertae sedis:

†_Aptychodon_ Reuss, 1855
†“Plesiosaurus” _ichthyspondylus_
†“Plesiosaurus” _balticus_
†“Cimoliasaurus” _cantabrigiensis_
†_Discosaurus_ Leidy, 1852
†_Dravidosaurus blanfordi_ Yadagiri & Ayyasami, 1979 [regarded as a [stegosaur](../../Archosauria/Dinosauria/Ornithischia/Stegosauria.htm) by the original descriptors]
†_Opallionectes andamookaensis_ Kear, 2006; E.Cret. Aust.
†_Orophosaurus_ Cope, 1887
†_Pantosaurus_ Marsh, 1893
†_Piptomerus_ Cope, 1887 [nomen dubium]
†_Piratosaurus_ Leidy, 1865 [nomen dubium]

Alternative phylogenies of basal plesiosaurs

| After Carpenter, 1999 (via Ketchum & Benson, 2010) **<==**o †Plesiosauroidea |-- †Cryptoclididae `--+-- †Plesiosauridae `--+-- †Brancasaurus `--+-- †Microcleidus_ `--+?- †_Mureanosaurus (sedis mutabilis) `--+-- †Leptocleidus_ `--o †Elasmosauridae | -- †_Liponectes `--+-- †Elasmosaurus_ `--+-- †_Styxosaurus | -- †Hydrotherosaurus | -- †Hydralmosaurus | -- †Callawayasaurus `--+-- †Thalassomedon_ `-- †_Tuarangisaurus | After Bardet, Godefroit & Sciau, 1999 (via Ketchum & Benson, 2010) **<==**o †Plesiosauroidea |-- †Hydrorion | -- †Plesiosaurus `--+-- †Seeleyosaurus_ `--+--o †Cryptoclididae | | -- †_Tricleidus | `-- †Cryptocleidus_ `--o †Elasmosauridae | --+-- †_Mureanosaurus | `--+-- †Microcleidus_ | `-- †_Occitanosaurus `--+-- †Alzadasaurus_ `--+-- †_Hydrotherosaurus `-- †Thalassomedon_ Reference: Bardet, N., Godefroit, P. & Sciau, J., 1999: A new elasmosaurid plesiosaur from the Lower Jurassic of southern France.–Palaeontology: Vol. 42, #5, pp. 927-952 | After O'Keefe, 2001 **<==**o †Plesiosauria |--o †Pliosauroidea | | -- †Thalassiodracon | `--+-- †_Eurycleidus | | -- †Attemborosaurus | | -- †Rhomaleosauridae | `-- †Pliosauridae `--o †Plesiosauroidea | -- †Plesiosaurus `--o †Euplesiosauria O'Keefe, 2001 | -- †Microcleidus_ | -- †Elasmosauridae `--o †Cryptoclidoidea | -- †Cryptoclididae `--o †Tricleidia | -- †Tricleidus | -- †Cimoliasauridae [= Aristonectidae] `-- †Polycotylidae Reference: O'Keefe, F. R., 2001: A cladistic analysis and taxonomic revision of the Plesiosauria (Reptilia: Sauropterygia).–Acta Zoologica Fennica: Vol. #213, pp. 1-63 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------- | 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----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | After Gasparini et al, 2002 (via Ketchum & Benson, 2010) **<==**o †Plesiosauroidea |-- †_Plesiosaurus `--+-- †Mureanosaurus_ `--+-- †_Tricleidus `--+-- †Vinialesaurus_ `--+-- †_Kimmerosaurus `-- †Cryptocleidus_ | After Gasparini et al, 2003 (via Ketchum & Benson, 2010) **<==**o †Plesiosauroidea |-- †Plesiosaurus `--+--o †Cryptocleididae | | -- †_Tricleidus | `-- †Cryptocleidus_ `--o †Elasmosauridae | -- †_Microcleidus `--+-- †Mureanosaurus_ | -- †Occitanosaurus `--+-- †_Aristonectes | -- †Hydrotherosaurus | -- †Libonectes `-- †Callawayasaurus_ | After Großmann, 2007 (via Ketchum & Benson, 2010) **<==**o †Plesiosauroidea |-- †Thalassiodraco `--+-- †_Plesiosaurus `--+--o †Cryptocleididae | | -- †Cryptocleidus_ | `-- †_Kimmerosaurus `--o †Elasmosauridae | -- †Seeleyosaurus_ | -- SMNS 16812 [_Plesiopterys_] `--+-- †_Mureanosaurus `--+--+-- †Libonectes_ | `-- †_Bracasaurus `--+-- †Occitanosaurus_ `--+-- †_Microcleidus `-- †Hydrorion_ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | After Ketchum & Benson, 2010 (fig. 6) **<==**o †Plesiosauria |--+-- BMNH 49202 | `--+-- †_Archaeonectrus | `-- †Macroplata_ `--+-- †“Plesiosaurus_” macrocephalus `--+-- †_Attemborosaurus `--o †Neoplesiosauria Ketchum & Benson, 2010 | -- †Pliosauroidea `--o †Plesiosauroidea | -- OUMNH J.10337 `--+--+-- †_Hauffiosaurus | `--+-- MMUM LL 8004** | `-- †“Macroplata_” longirostris `--+-- †_Thalassiodragon `--+--o Plesiosauridae | | --+-- †Plesiosaurus_ | | `-- †_Seelyosaurus | `--+-- †Microcleidus_ | `--+-- †_Hydrorion | `-- †Occitanosaurus_ `--+-- †Elasmosauridae [incl. Aristonectidae] `--o †Cryptoclidia | --o †Cryptocleididae | | --+-- †Cryptoclidus | | `-- †_Kimmerosaurus | `--+-- †Mureanosaurus_ | `-- †_Tricleidus `--o †Leptocleidia | -- †Leptocleididae `-- †Polycotylidae Reference(s): Ketchum, H. F. & Benson, R. B. J., 2010: Global interrelationships of Plesiosauria (Reptilia, Sauropterygia) and the pivotal role of taxon sampling in determining the outcome of phylogenetic analyses.–Biological Reviews: Vol. 85, #2, pp. 361-392 [**doi: 10.1111/j.1469-185X.2009.00107.x**] | After Vincent, Bardet, Pereda Suberbiola, Bouya, Amaghzaz & Meslouh, 2011: **<==**o †Plesiosauroidea |-- †Thalassiodraco `--+-- †Plesiosaurus_ `--+-- †_Seeleyosaurus `--+-- †Occitanosaurus_ `--+--+-- †_Eromangasaurus | `--+--+-- †Kaiwhekea_ | | `-- †_Tuarangisaurus | `--+-- †Nichollssaura_ | `--+-- †_Thililua | `-- †Dolichorhynchops_ `--o †Elasmosauridae | -- †_Microcleidus `--+-- †Callawayasaurus_ `--+--+-- †_Thalassomedon | `--+-- †Hydralmosaurus_ | `-- †_Styxosaurus `--+-- †Hydrotherosaurus_ `--+-- †_Terminonatator `--+-- †Libonectes_ | -- †Futabasaurus `-- †_Zarafasaura Reference(s): Vincent, P., Bardet, N., Pereda Suberbiola, X., Bouya, B., Amaghzaz, M. & Meslouh, S., 2011: Zarafasaura oceanis, a new elasmosaurid (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) from the Maastrichtian Phosphates of Morocco and the palaeobiogeography of latest Cretaceous plesiosaurs.–Gondwana Research: Vol. 19, #4, pp. 1062-1073 [**doi: 10.1016/j.gr.2010.10.005**] | After Benson, Evans & Druckenmiller, 2012 **<==**o †Plesiosauria |-- †Rhomaleosauridae `--o †Neoplesiosauria | -- †Pliosauridae `--o †Plesiosauroidea | -- †Eoplesiosaurus `--+-- †Plesiosaurus_ `--o †Euplesiosauria | --+-- †_Plesiospterys | `-- †Cryptoclidoidea `--o †Microcleididae | -- †Eretmosaurus | -- †Westphaliasaurus `--+-- †Seelyosaurus_ `--o †_Microcleidus | -- †M. (Occitanosaurus) tournemirensis `--+-- †M._ (Hydrorion) brachypterygius `-- †_M. (Microcleidus) homalospondylus Reference: Benson, R. B. J., Evans, M. & Druckenmiller, P. S., 2012: High Diversity, Low Disparity and Small Body Size in Plesiosaurs (Reptilia, Sauropterygia) from the Triassic�Jurassic Boundary.–Plos One: Vol. 7, #3, pp. e31838 [doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031838**] |

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