A thrifty variant in CREBRF strongly influences body mass index in Samoans (original) (raw)

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the Samoan participants of the study, and local village authorities and the many Samoan and other field workers over the years. We acknowledge the Samoan Ministry of Health and the Samoan Bureau of Statistics, and the American Samoan Department of Health for their support of this research. We also acknowledge S.S. Shiva and C.G. Corey at the University of Pittsburgh Center for Metabolism and Mitochondrial Biology for assistance with cellular bioenergetic profiling. This work was funded by NIH grants R01-HL093093 (S.T.M.), R01-AG09375 (S.T.M.), R01-HL52611 (I. Kamboh), R01-DK59642 (S.T.M.), P30 ES006096 (S.M. Ho), R01-DK55406. (R.D.), R01-HL090648 (Z.U.), and R01-DK090166 (E.E.K.) and by Brown University student research funds. Genotyping was performed in the Core Genotyping Laboratory at the University of Cincinnati, funded by NIH grant P30 ES006096 (S.M. Ho). Illumina sequencing was conducted at the Genetic Resources Core Facility, Johns Hopkins Institute of Genetic Medicine (Baltimore).

Author information

Author notes

  1. Chi-Ting Su & Olive D Buhule
    Present address: Present addresses: Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Yun-Lin Branch, Yun-Lin, Taiwan (C.-T.S.) and Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA (O.D.B.).,
  2. Ryan L Minster, Nicola L Hawley, Chi-Ting Su and Guangyun Sun: These authors contributed equally to this work.
  3. Zsolt Urban, Ranjan Deka, Daniel E Weeks and Stephen T McGarvey: These authors jointly supervised this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
    Ryan L Minster, Chi-Ting Su, Jerome Lin, Zsolt Urban & Daniel E Weeks
  2. Department of Epidemiology (Chronic Disease), Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
    Nicola L Hawley
  3. Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
    Guangyun Sun, Hong Cheng & Ranjan Deka
  4. Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
    Erin E Kershaw
  5. Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
    Olive D Buhule & Daniel E Weeks
  6. Bureau of Statistics, Government of Samoa, Apia, Samoa
    Muagututi'a Sefuiva Reupena
  7. Samoa National Health Service, Apia, Samoa
    Satupa'itea Viali
  8. Department of Health, American Samoa Government, Pago Pago, American Samoa, USA
    John Tuitele
  9. Ministry of Health, Government of Samoa, Apia, Samoa
    Take Naseri
  10. Department of Epidemiology, International Health Institute, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
    Stephen T McGarvey
  11. Department of Anthropology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
    Stephen T McGarvey

Authors

  1. Ryan L Minster
  2. Nicola L Hawley
  3. Chi-Ting Su
  4. Guangyun Sun
  5. Erin E Kershaw
  6. Hong Cheng
  7. Olive D Buhule
  8. Jerome Lin
  9. Muagututi'a Sefuiva Reupena
  10. Satupa'itea Viali
  11. John Tuitele
  12. Take Naseri
  13. Zsolt Urban
  14. Ranjan Deka
  15. Daniel E Weeks
  16. Stephen T McGarvey

Contributions

R.L.M. performed the genotype quality control and association analyses, with guidance from D.E.W. and assistance from O.D.B. and J.L.; D.E.W. and R.L.M. wrote the relevant sections of the manuscript. N.L.H. led the field work data collection and phenotype analyses with guidance from S.T.M. G.S. led and directed genotyping experiments (using the Affymetrix 6.0 chip) and assay development for validation and replication (using the TaqMan platform) with guidance from R.D. H.C. participated extensively in DNA extraction, genotyping, and quality control of the data under the supervision of G.S. and R.D. Z.U. and C.-T.S. designed and performed the CREBRF overexpression, lipid accumulation, and adipocyte differentiation and starvation experiments, analyzed the data, and wrote the relevant sections of the manuscript. E.E.K. contributed mouse and human gene expression profiling data as well as contributed to the design and analysis of the functional studies. M.S.R., S.V., and J.T. facilitated fieldwork in Samoa and American Samoa. T.N. contributed to the discussion of the public health implications of the findings. All authors contributed to this work, discussed the results, and critically reviewed and revised the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence toStephen T McGarvey.

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Competing interests

Some authors are listed as inventors on a provisional patent application covering aspects of this work that has been filed with the US Patent and Trademark Office (S.T.M., N.L.H., R.D., D.E.W., R.L.M., Z.U., C.-T.S., and E.E.K.).

Integrated supplementary information

Supplementary Figure 1 Principal-components analyses.

(a) Scatterplot of the first three principal components from the principal-components analysis of the Samoan and HapMap phase 3 populations. Continental population abbreviations: SAM, Samoans (n = 250); EUR, Europeans (n = 253); AFR, Africans (n = 511); EAS, East Asians (n = 255); SAS, South Asians (n = 88); AMR, admixed Americans (n = 77). Supplementary Video 1 shows a rotating animation of this figure. (b) Scatterplots of the first six principal components from the principal-components analysis of the Samoans alone (n = 3,094) plotted against each other.

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Supplementary Figure 2 Quantile–quantile plot for the BMI GWAS.

A quantile–quantile (QQ) plot of the observed −log10 (P values) from Figure 1a for association of BMI in the discovery sample versus –log10 (P values) as expected under no association. The second most significant variant, rs3132141, lies between BNIP1 and NKX2-5 and is 184.5 kb from the most significant variant, rs12513649. n = 3,072 Samoans.

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Supplementary Figure 3 Conditional associations of targeted sequencing genotypes with BMI.

(a–d) Associations between SNPs in the targeted sequencing regions and BMI conditioned on rs12513649 (a), rs150207780 (b), rs373863828 (c), and rs3095870 (d). The red line in each plot corresponds to a P value of 5 × 10−8. n = 3,072 Samoans.

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Supplementary Figure 4 Beanplots of BMI in GWAS and replication samples stratified by missense variant rs373863828 genotype, sex, and nation.

Each bean consists of a mirrored density curve containing a one-dimensional scatterplot of the individual data. The heavy dark line shows the average within each group, and the dotted line indicates the overall average. Plots were drawn using the R beanplot package33. Sample sizes are as indicated in Supplementary Table 1.

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Supplementary Figure 5 Expression of CREBRF in human and mouse tissues.

(a) Human CREBRF mRNA expression was determined in multiple human tissues using Human cDNA Arrays from Origene (n = 1/tissue; nutritional status not known). (b) Mouse Crebrf mRNA expression was determined in mouse tissues obtained from 10-week-old, littermate-matched, _ad libitum_–fed, male C56BL/6J mice (n = 6/group). Expression was normalized to the endogenous control gene peptidylprolyl isomerase A/cyclophilin A (PPIA for human; Ppia for mouse). Values represent relative expression and are expressed as means plus s.e.m. No statistical comparisons were performed. pg, perigonadal; sc, inguinal subcutaneous; mes, mesenteric. These data support the presence/absence of CREBRF in specific tissues but should be used with caution when assessing relative expression, particularly in humans where precise conditions at the time of tissue collection are not known. Gene expression can be compared to additional in silico resources including the BGTEx and BioGPS portals (see URLs).

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Supplementary Figure 6 Expression of mouse Crebrf relative to key adipogenic genes during adipocyte differentiation.

3T3-L1 cells were treated with a hormonal differentiation cocktail at 2 d after confluence (day 0, D0), and RNA samples were collected at the indicated time points. mRNA expression relative to the β-actin (Actb) reference gene was determined using quantitative RT–PCR, with day 0 expression values set at 1. Values are given as means ± s.e.m. (n = 8). A representative of five independent experiments is shown.

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Supplementary Figure 7 Bioenergetic profile changes during adipocyte differentiation.

3T3-L1 cells were treated with a hormonal differentiation cocktail at 2 d after confluence (day 0, D0), and key bioenergetic variables were determined on the basis of oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) measurements normalized to protein content. Values are given as means ± s.e.m. (n = 6). *P < 0.01 compared to day 0 (two-tailed t test with unequal variances). As the results were consistent with previously published data24,25, the experiment was performed once.

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Supplementary Figure 8 iHS and nSL scores in an 800-kb region centered on the missense variant rs373863828 (n = 626 non-closely related Samoans).

(a) iHS scores versus physical position. (b) nSL scores versus physical position. In both a and b, the blue dot indicates the score at the missense variant rs373863828 and the yellow dot indicates the score at the discovery variant rs12513649; the dotted horizontal line indicates the score at the missense variant rs373863828.

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Supplementary information

Supplementary Text and Figures

Supplementary Figures 1–8, Supplementary Tables 1–3 and Supplementary Note. (PDF 1946 kb)

Principal-components analyses.

A rotating animation of a scatterplot of the first three principal components from the principal-components analysis of the Samoan and HapMap phase 3 populations. Continental population abbreviations: SAM, Samoans (n = 250); EUR, Europeans (n = 253); AFR, Africans (n = 511); EAS, East Asians (n = 255); SAS, South Asians (n = 88); AMR, admixed Americans (n = 77). (MOV 790 kb)

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Minster, R., Hawley, N., Su, CT. et al. A thrifty variant in CREBRF strongly influences body mass index in Samoans.Nat Genet 48, 1049–1054 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.3620

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