Marginal-zone B cells (original) (raw)

• Goodnow, C. C. Balancing immunity, autoimmunity and self-tolerance. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 815, 55–66 (1997).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Rolink, A. & Melchers, F. B-cell development in the mouse. Immunol. Lett. 54, 157–161 (1996).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Osmond, D. G., Rolink, A. & Melchers, F. Murine B lymphopoiesis: towards a unified model. Immunol. Today 19, 65–68 (1998).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Kantor, A. B., Stall, A. M., Adams, S. & Herzenberg, L. A. Adoptive transfer of murine B-cell lineages. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 651, 168–169 (1992).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Stall, A. M., Wells, S. M. & Lam, K. P. B-1 cells: unique origins and functions. Semin. Immunol. 8, 45–59 (1996).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Gray, D., MacLennan, I. C., Bazin, H. & Khan, M. Migrant μ+δ+ and static μ+δ− B-lymphocyte subsets. Eur. J. Immunol. 12, 564–569 (1982).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Oliver, A. M., Martin, F., Gartland, G. L., Carter, R. H. & Kearney, J. F. Marginal-zone B cells exhibit unique activation, proliferative and immunoglobulin secretory responses. Eur. J. Immunol. 27, 2366–2374 (1997).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Bendelac, A., Bonneville, M. & Kearney, J. F. Autoreactivity by design: innate B and T lymphocytes. Nature Rev. Immunol. 1, 177–186 (2001).
  CAS Google Scholar
• Martin, F. & Kearney, J. F. CD21highIgMhigh splenic B cells enriched in the marginal zone: distinct phenotypes and functions. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 246, 45–50 (1999).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Martin, F. & Kearney, J. F. B-cell subsets and the mature preimmune repertoire. Marginal-zone and B1 B cells as part of a 'natural immune memory'. Immunol. Rev. 175, 70–79 (2000).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Fagarasan, S., Watanabe, N. & Honjo, T. Generation, expansion, migration and activation of mouse B1 cells. Immunol. Rev. 176, 205–215 (2000).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• MacLennan, I. C., Bazin, H., Chassoux, D., Gray, D. & Lortan, J. Comparative analysis of the development of B cells in marginal zones and follicles. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 186, 139–144 (1985).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Mond, J. J., Vos, Q., Lees, A. & Snapper, C. M. T-cell-independent antigens. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 7, 349–354 (1995).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Ridge, J. P., Fuchs, E. J. & Matzinger, P. Neonatal tolerance revisited: turning on newborn T cells with dendritic cells. Science 271, 1723–1726 (1996).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Hardy, R. R. & Hayakawa, K. A developmental switch in B lymphopoiesis. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 88, 11550–11554 (1991).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Hamilton, A. M., Lehuen, A. & Kearney, J. F. Immunofluorescence analysis of B-1 cell ontogeny in the mouse. Int. Immunol. 6, 355–361 (1994).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Goodnow, C. C. et al. Altered immunoglobulin expression and functional silencing of self-reactive B lymphocytes in transgenic mice. Nature 334, 676–682 (1988).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Martin, F., Chen, X. & Kearney, J. F. Development of VH81X transgene-bearing B cells in fetus and adult: sites for expansion and deletion in conventional and CD5/B1 cells. Int. Immunol. 9, 493–505 (1997).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Martin, F. & Kearney, J. F. Positive selection from newly formed to marginal-zone B cells depends on the rate of clonal production, CD19 and btk. Immunity 12, 39–49 (2000).This study shows positive selection of specific clones into the MZ B-cell compartment.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Erikson, J. et al. Expression of anti-DNA immunoglobulin transgenes in non-autoimmune mice. Nature 349, 331–334 (1991).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Wellmann, U., Werner, A. & Winkler, T. H. Altered selection processes of B lymphocytes in autoimmune NZB/W mice, despite intact central tolerance against DNA. Eur. J. Immunol. 31, 2800–2810 (2001).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Kenny, J. J. et al. Autoreactive B cells escape clonal deletion by expressing multiple antigen receptors. J. Immunol. 164, 4111–4119 (2000).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Weaver, D. et al. Altered repertoire of endogenous immunoglobulin gene expression in transgenic mice containing a rearranged μ heavy-chain gene. Cell 45, 247–259 (1986).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Cascalho, M., Wong, J. & Wabl, M. VH gene replacement in hyperselected B cells of the quasimonoclonal mouse. J. Immunol. 159, 5795–5801 (1997).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Qin, X. F. et al. Secondary V(D)J recombination in B-1 cells. Nature 397, 355–359 (1999).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Carvalho, T. L., Mota-Santos, T., Cumano, A., Demengeot, J. & Vieira, P. Arrested B lymphopoiesis and persistence of activated B cells in adult interleukin-7−/− mice. J. Exp. Med. 194, 1141–1150 (2001).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Hao, Z. & Rajewsky, K. Homeostasis of peripheral B cells in the absence of B-cell influx from the bone marrow. J. Exp. Med. 194, 1151–1164 (2001).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Martin, F., Won, W. J. & Kearney, J. F. Generation of the germline peripheral B-cell repertoire: VH81X-λ B cells are unable to complete all developmental programs. J. Immunol. 160, 3748–3758 (1998).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Cariappa, A. et al. The follicular versus marginal-zone B-lymphocyte cell-fate decision is regulated by Aiolos, Btk and CD21. Immunity 14, 603–615 (2001).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Cooper, M. D., Cain, W. A., Van Alten, P. J. & Good, R. A. Development and function of the immunoglobulin producing system. I. Effect of bursectomy at different stages of development on germinal centers, plasma cells, immunoglobulins and antibody production. Int. Arch. Allergy Appl. Immunol. 35, 242–252 (1969).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Kincade, P. W., Self, K. S. & Cooper, M. D. Survival and function of bursa-derived cells in bursectomized chickens. Cell. Immunol. 8, 93–102 (1973).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Sprent, J., Schaefer, M., Hurd, M., Surh, C. D. & Ron, Y. Mature murine B and T cells transferred to SCID mice can survive indefinitely and many maintain a virgin phenotype. J. Exp. Med. 174, 717–728 (1991).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Agenes, F. & Freitas, A. A. Transfer of small resting B cells into immunodeficient hosts results in the selection of a self-renewing activated B-cell population. J. Exp. Med. 189, 319–330 (1999).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Oliver, A. M., Martin, F. & Kearney, J. F. IgMhighCD21high lymphocytes enriched in the splenic marginal zone generate effector cells more rapidly than the bulk of follicular B cells. J. Immunol. 162, 7198–7207 (1999).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Hayakawa, K. et al. Positive selection of natural autoreactive B cells. Science 285, 113–116 (1999).The first demonstration of a defined self antigen (Thy1-associated epitope) that has a role in positive selection and/or maintenance of the B1 repertoire.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Radic, M. Z., Erikson, J., Litwin, S. & Weigert, M. B lymphocytes may escape tolerance by revising their antigen receptors. J. Exp. Med. 177, 1165–1173 (1993).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Li, H., Jiang, Y., Prak, E. L., Radic, M. & Weigert, M. Editors and editing of anti-DNA receptors. Immunity 15, 947–957 (2001).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Chen, X., Martin, F., Forbush, K. A., Perlmutter, R. M. & Kearney, J. F. Evidence for selection of a population of multi-reactive B cells into the splenic marginal zone. Int. Immunol. 9, 27–41 (1997).
  PubMed Google Scholar
• Li, Y., Li, H. & Weigert, M. Autoreactive B cells in the marginal zone that express dual receptors. J. Exp. Med. 195, 181–188 (2002).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Okamoto, M. et al. A transgenic model of autoimmune hemolytic anemia. J. Exp. Med. 175, 71–79 (1992).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Torres, R. M., Flaswinkel, H., Reth, M. & Rajewsky, K. Aberrant B-cell development and immune response in mice with a compromised BCR complex. Science 272, 1804–1808 (1996).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Kraus, M. et al. Interference with immunoglobulin (Ig)α immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) phosphorylation modulates or blocks B-cell development, depending on the availability of an Igβ cytoplasmic tail. J. Exp. Med. 194, 455–469 (2001).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Makowska, A., Faizunnessa, N. N., Anderson, P., Midtvedt, T. & Cardell, S. CD1high B cells: a population of mixed origin. Eur. J. Immunol. 29, 3285–3294 (1999).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Otipoby, K. L. et al. CD22 regulates thymus-independent responses and the lifespan of B cells. Nature 384, 634–637 (1996).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Sato, S. et al. CD22 is both a positive and negative regulator of B-lymphocyte antigen receptor signal transduction: altered signaling in CD22-deficient mice. Immunity 5, 551–562 (1996).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• O'Keefe, T. L., Williams, G. T., Batista, F. D. & Neuberger, M. S. Deficiency in CD22, a B-cell-specific inhibitory receptor, is sufficient to predispose to development of high-affinity autoantibodies. J. Exp. Med. 189, 1307–1313 (1999).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Cornall, R. J. et al. Polygenic autoimmune traits: Lyn, CD22 and SHP-1 are limiting elements of a biochemical pathway regulating BCR signaling and selection. Immunity 8, 497–508 (1998).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Cyster, J. G. et al. Regulation of B-lymphocyte negative and positive selection by tyrosine phosphatase CD45. Nature 381, 325–328 (1996).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Pan, C., Baumgarth, N. & Parnes, J. R. CD72-deficient mice reveal nonredundant roles of CD72 in B-cell development and activation. Immunity 11, 495–506 (1999).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Bikah, G., Carey, J., Ciallella, J. R., Tarakhovsky, A. & Bondada, S. CD5-mediated negative regulation of antigen-receptor-induced growth signals in B-1 B cells. Science 274, 1906–1909 (1996).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Cyster, J. G. & Goodnow, C. C. Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1C negatively regulates antigen receptor signaling in B lymphocytes and determines thresholds for negative selection. Immunity 2, 13–24 (1995).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Schmidt, K. N., Hsu, C. W., Griffin, C. T., Goodnow, C. C. & Cyster, J. G. Spontaneous follicular exclusion of SHP1-deficient B cells is conditional on the presence of competitor wild-type B cells. J. Exp. Med. 187, 929–937 (1998).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Tarakhovsky, A. et al. Defective antigen-receptor-mediated proliferation of B and T cells in the absence of Vav. Nature 374, 467–470 (1995).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Fruman, D. A. et al. Impaired B-cell development and proliferation in absence of phosphoinositide 3-kinase p85α. Science 283, 393–397 (1999).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Suzuki, H. et al. Xid-like immunodeficiency in mice with disruption of the p85α subunit of phosphoinositide 3-kinase. Science 283, 390–392 (1999).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Leitges, M. et al. Immunodeficiency in protein-kinase-Cβ-deficient mice. Science 273, 788–791 (1996).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Wang, J. H. et al. Aiolos regulates B-cell activation and maturation to effector state. Immunity 9, 543–553 (1998).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Hatzivassiliou, G. et al. IRTA1 and IRTA2, novel immunoglobulin superfamily receptors expressed in B cells and involved in chromosome 1q21 abnormalities in B-cell malignancy. Immunity 14, 277–289 (2001).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Davis, R. S., Wang, Y. H., Kubagawa, H. & Cooper, M. D. Identification of a family of Fc receptor homologs with preferential B-cell expression. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. 98, 9772–9777 (2001).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Matsumoto, M. et al. Role of lymphotoxin and the type I TNF receptor in the formation of germinal centers. Science 271, 1289–1291 (1996).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Matsumoto, M. et al. Distinct roles of lymphotoxin-α and the type I tumor-necrosis factor (TNF) receptor in the establishment of follicular dendritic cells from non-bone-marrow-derived cells. J. Exp. Med. 186, 1997–2004 (1997).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Korner, H. et al. Recirculating and marginal-zone B-cell populations can be established and maintained independently of primary and secondary follicles. Immunol. Cell Biol. 79, 54–61 (2001).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Ngo, V. N. et al. Lymphotoxin α/β and tumor-necrosis factor are required for stromal-cell expression of homing chemokines in B- and T-cell areas of the spleen. J. Exp. Med. 189, 403–412 (1999).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Ansel, K. M. et al. A chemokine-driven positive feedback loop organizes lymphoid follicles. Nature 406, 309–314 (2000).Using BLC-deficient mice, this study shows the positive effect of BLC on the lymphotoxin pathway that eventually amplifies B-cell migration; it separates B-cell follicles into two 'migratory' subunits.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Gross, J. A. et al. TACI and BCMA are receptors for a TNF homologue implicated in B-cell autoimmune disease. Nature 404, 995–999 (2000).Together with reference 68 , this paper identifies the first two receptors in the BAFF pathway.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Xu, S. & Lam, K. P. B-cell maturation protein, which binds the tumor-necrosis factor family members BAFF and APRIL, is dispensable for humoral immune responses. Mol. Cell Biol. 21, 4067–4074 (2001).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Yan, M. et al. Identification of a receptor for BLyS demonstrates a crucial role in humoral immunity. Nature Immunol. 1, 37–41 (2000).
  CAS Google Scholar
• Laabi, Y., Egle, A. & Strasser, A. TNF cytokine family: more BAFF-ling complexities. Curr. Biol. 11, R1013–R1016 (2001).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Thompson, J. S. et al. BAFF-R, a newly identified TNF receptor that specifically interacts with BAFF. Science 293, 2108–2111 (2001).Together with reference 70 , this study identifies a third, specific BAFF receptor that has an important impact on B-cell development.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Yan, M. et al. Identification of a novel receptor for B-lymphocyte stimulator that is mutated in a mouse strain with severe B-cell deficiency. Curr. Biol. 11, 1547–1552 (2001).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• MacKay, F. et al. Mice transgenic for BAFF develop lymphocytic disorders along with autoimmune manifestations. J. Exp. Med. 190, 1697–1710 (1999).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Batten, M. et al. BAFF mediates survival of peripheral immature B lymphocytes. J. Exp. Med. 192, 1453–1465 (2000).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Khare, S. D. et al. Severe B-cell hyperplasia and autoimmune disease in TALL-1-transgenic mice. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 97, 3370–3375 (2000).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Schiemann, B. et al. An essential role for BAFF in the normal development of B cells through a BCMA-independent pathway. Science 293, 2111–2114 (2001).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• von Bulow, G. U., van Deursen, J. M. & Bram, R. J. Regulation of the T-independent humoral response by TACI. Immunity 14, 573–582 (2001).Together with reference 76 , this paper implicates TACI as being crucial in T-cell-independent immune responses and as an attenuator of B-cell development and signalling.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Yan, M. et al. Activation and accumulation of B cells in TACI-deficient mice. Nature Immunol. 2, 638–643 (2001).
  CAS Google Scholar
• Nishimura, H., Minato, N., Nakano, T. & Honjo, T. Immunological studies on PD-1-deficient mice: implication of PD-1 as a negative regulator for B-cell responses. Int. Immunol. 10, 1563–1572 (1998).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Nishimura, H., Nose, M., Hiai, H., Minato, N. & Honjo, T. Development of lupus-like autoimmune diseases by disruption of the PD-1 gene encoding an ITIM-motif-carrying immunoreceptor. Immunity 11, 141–151 (1999).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Yoshinaga, S. K. et al. T-cell co-stimulation through B7RP-1 and ICOS. Nature 402, 827–832 (1999).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Yoshinaga, S. K. et al. Characterization of a new human B7-related protein: B7RP-1 is the ligand to the co-stimulatory protein ICOS. Int. Immunol. 12, 1439–1447 (2000).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Gunn, M. D. et al. A B-cell-homing chemokine made in lymphoid follicles activates Burkitt's lymphoma receptor-1. Nature 391, 799–803 (1998).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Cyster, J. G. et al. Chemokines and B-cell homing to follicles. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 246, 87–92 (1999).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Guinamard, R., Okigaki, M., Schlessinger, J. & Ravetch, J. V. Abscence of marginal zone B cells in Pyk-2-deficient mice defines their role in the humoral response. Nature Immunol. 1, 31–36 (2000)The first glimpse of a defect that is related to a migratory pathway that affects marginal-zone (MZ) B-cell development; also indicates a role for the MZ in T-cell-independent immune responses.
  CAS Google Scholar
• Fukui, Y. et al. Haematopoietic cell-specific CDM-family protein DOCK2 is essential for lymphocyte migration. Nature 412, 826–831 (2001).DOCK2 is a crucial molecule for the chemokine-mediated activation of Rac and lymphocyte migration; DOCK2-deficient animals lack marginal-zone and B1 B cells, in addition to other defects.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Girkontaite, I. et al. Lsc is required for marginal-zone B cells, regulation of lymphocyte motility and immune responses. Nature Immunol. 2, 855–862 (2001).Lsc is another player in the lymphocyte-migration pathway, which, when missing, affects marginal-zone but not B1 B cells.
  CAS Google Scholar
• Doody, G. M. et al. Signal transduction through Vav-2 participates in humoral immune responses and B-cell maturation. Nature Immunol. 2, 542–547 (2001).
  CAS Google Scholar
• Tedford, K. et al. Compensation between Vav-1 and Vav-2 in B-cell development and antigen-receptor signaling. Nature Immunol. 2, 548–555 (2001).
  CAS Google Scholar
• Hla, T., Lee, M. J., Ancellin, N., Paik, J. H. & Kluk, M. J. Lysophospholipids – receptor revelations. Science 294, 1875–1878 (2001).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Le, L. Q. et al. Mice lacking the orphan G-protein-coupled receptor G2A develop a late-onset autoimmune syndrome. Immunity 14, 561–571 (2001).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Shi, C. S. & Kehrl, J. H. PYK2 links G(q)α and G(13)α signaling to NF-κB activation. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 31845–31850 (2001).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Moratz, C. et al. Regulator of G protein signaling 1 (RGS1) markedly impairs Giα signaling responses of B lymphocytes. J. Immunol. 164, 1829–1838 (2000).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Reif, K. & Cyster, J. G. RGS molecule expression in murine B lymphocytes and ability to down-regulate chemotaxis to lymphoid chemokines. J. Immunol. 164, 4720–4729 (2000).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Cariappa, A., Liou, H.-C. & Pillai, S. Nuclear factor κB is required for the development of marginal-zone B lymphocytes. J. Exp. Med. 192, 1175–1182 (2000).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Weih, D. S., Yilmaz, Z. B. & Weih, F. Essential role of RelB in germinal-center and marginal-zone formation and proper expression of homing chemokines. J. Immunol. 167, 1909–1919 (2001).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Grossmann, M. et al. The anti-apoptotic activities of Rel and RelA required during B-cell maturation involve the regulation of Bcl-2 expression. EMBO J. 19, 6351–6360 (2000).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Fagarasan, S. et al. Alymphoplasia (aly)-type nuclear-factor-κB-inducing kinase (NIK) causes defects in secondary lymphoid tissue chemokine receptor signaling and homing of peritoneal cells to the gut-associated lymphatic tissue system. J. Exp. Med. 191, 1477–1486 (2000).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Yin, L. et al. Defective lymphotoxin-β-receptor-induced NF-κB transcriptional activity in NIK-deficient mice. Science 291, 2162–2165 (2001).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Senftleben, U. et al. Activation by IKKα of a second, evolutionary conserved, NF-κB signaling pathway. Science 293, 1495–1499 (2001).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Kaisho, T. et al. IκB kinase-α is essential for mature B-cell development and function. J. Exp. Med. 193, 417–426 (2001).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Hu, C. J. et al. PU.1/Spi-B regulation of c-rel is essential for mature B-cell survival. Immunity 15, 545–555 (2001).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Cheng, P. et al. Notch-1 regulates NF-κB activity in hemopoietic progenitor cells. J. Immunol. 167, 4458–4467 (2001).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Koch, U. et al. Subversion of the T/B lineage decision in the thymus by lunatic-fringe-mediated inhibition of Notch-1. Immunity 15, 225–236 (2001).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Wilson, A., MacDonald, H. R. & Radtke, F. Notch-1-deficient common lymphoid precursors adopt a B-cell fate in the thymus. J. Exp. Med. 194, 1003–1012 (2001).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Humbert, P. O. & Corcoran, L. M. Oct-2 gene disruption eliminates the peritoneal B-1 lymphocyte lineage and attenuates B-2 cell maturation and function. J. Immunol. 159, 5273–5284 (1997).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Martin, F. & Kearney, J. F. Selection in the mature B-cell repertoire. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 252, 97–105 (2000).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Martin, F. & Kearney, J. F. Positive selection from newly formed to marginal-zone B cells depends on the rate of clonal production, CD19 and btk. Immunity 12, 39–49 (2000).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Shaw, P. X. et al. Natural antibodies with the T15 idiotype may act in atherosclerosis, apoptotic clearance and protective immunity. J. Clin. Invest. 105, 1731–1740 (2000).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Kearney, J. F. Immune recognition of OxLDL in atherosclerosis. J. Clin. Invest. 105, 1683–1685 (2000).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Gumperz, J. E. et al. Murine CD1d-restricted T-cell recognition of cellular lipids. Immunity 12, 211–221 (2000).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Martin, F., Oliver, A. M. & Kearney, J. F. Marginal-zone and B1 B cells unite in the early response against T-independent blood-borne particulate antigens. Immunity 14, 617–629 (2001).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Qian, Y., Santiago, C., Borrero, M., Tedder, T. F. & Clarke, S. H. Lupus-specific antiribonucleoprotein B-cell tolerance in nonautoimmune mice is maintained by differentiation to B-1 and governed by B-cell receptor signaling thresholds. J. Immunol. 166, 2412–2419 (2001).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Grimaldi, C. M., Michael, D. J. & Diamond, B. Cutting edge: expansion and activation of a population of autoreactive marginal-zone B cells in a model of estrogen-induced lupus. J. Immunol. 167, 1886–1890 (2001).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Wither, J. E., Roy, V. & Brennan, L. A. Activated B cells express increased levels of costimulatory molecules in young autoimmune NZB and (NZB × NZW)F(1) mice. Clin. Immunol. 94, 51–63 (2000).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Segundo, C. et al. Thyroid-infiltrating B lymphocytes in Graves' disease are related to marginal-zone and memory B-cell compartments. Thyroid 11, 525–530 (2001).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Groom, J. et al. Association of BAFF/BLyS overexpression and altered B-cell differentiation with Sjogren's syndrome. J. Clin. Invest. 109, 59–68 (2002).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Korganow, A. S. et al. From systemic T-cell self-reactivity to organ-specific autoimmune disease via immunoglobulins. Immunity 10, 451–461 (1999).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Hori, M. et al. Non-Hodgkin lymphomas of mice. Blood Cells Mol. Dis. 27, 217–222 (2001).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Morse, H. C. et al. Cells of the marginal zone — origins, function and neoplasia. Leuk. Res. 25, 169–178 (2001).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Kraal, G. Cells in the marginal zone of the spleen. Int. Rev. Cytol. 132, 31–74 (1992).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Pettersen, J. C., Borgen, D. F. & Graupner, K. C. A morphological and histochemical study of the primary and secondary immune responses in the rat spleen. Am. J. Anat. 121, 305–317 (1967).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Clark, J. M. & Weiss, L. Effects of a bacterial vaccine on the marginal zone of the spleen. Am. J. Anat. 132, 79–92 (1971).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Kumararatne, D. S., Bazin, H. & MacLennan, I. C. Marginal zones: the major B-cell compartment of rat spleens. Eur. J. Immunol. 11, 858–864 (1981).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Kumararatne, D. S. & MacLennan, I. C. Cells of the marginal zone of the spleen are lymphocytes derived from recirculating precursors. Eur. J. Immunol. 11, 865–869 (1981).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Kumararatne, D. S., MacLennan, I. C., Bazin, H. & Gray, D. Marginal zones: the largest B-cell compartment of the rat spleen. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 149, 67–73 (1982).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Gray, D., Kumararatne, D. S., Lortan, J., Khan, M. & MacLennan, I. C. Relation of intra-splenic migration of marginal-zone B cells to antigen localization on follicular dendritic cells. Immunology 52, 659–669 (1984).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Humphrey, J. H. Splenic macrophages: antigen-presenting cells for T1-2 antigens. Immunol. Lett. 11, 149–152 (1985).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Kraal, G. & Janse, M. Marginal metallophilic cells of the mouse spleen identified by a monoclonal antibody. Immunology 58, 665–669 (1986).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Dijkstra, C. D., Van, V. E., Dopp, E. A., van der Lelij, A. A. & Kraal, G. Marginal-zone macrophages identified by a monoclonal antibody: characterization of immuno- and enzyme-histochemical properties and functional capacities. Immunology 55, 23–30 (1985).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Balazs, M., Horvath, G., Grama, L. & Balogh, P. Phenotypic identification and development of distinct microvascular compartments in the postnatal mouse spleen. Cell. Immunol. 212, 126–137 (2001).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Liu, Y. J., Zhang, J., Lane, P. J., Chan, E. Y. & MacLennan, I. C. Sites of specific B-cell activation in primary and secondary responses to T-cell-dependent and T-cell-independent antigens. Eur. J. Immunol. 21, 2951–2962 (1991).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Dunn-Walters, D. K., Isaacson, P. G. & Spencer, J. Analysis of mutations in immunoglobulin heavy-chain variable-region genes of microdissected marginal-zone (MGZ) B cells suggests that the MGZ of human spleen is a reservoir of memory B cells. J. Exp. Med. 182, 559–566 (1995).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Spencer, J., Perry, M. E. & Dunn–Walters, D. K. Human marginal-zone B cells. Immunol. Today 19, 421–426 (1998).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar