Intrinsic immunity: a front-line defense against viral attack (original) (raw)

• Sommerfelt, M.A. & Weiss, R.A. Receptor interference groups of 20 retroviruses plating on human cells. Virology 176, 58–69 (1990).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Miller, A.D. & Wolgamot, G. Murine retroviruses use at least six different receptors for entry into Mus dunni cells. J. Virol. 71, 4531–4535 (1997).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Ikeda, H. & Sugimura, H. Fv-4 resistance gene: a truncated endogenous murine leukemia virus with ecotropic interference properties. J. Virol. 63, 5405–5412 (1989).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Mura, M. et al. Late viral interference induced by transdominant Gag of an endogenous retrovirus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101, 11117–11122 (2004).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Odaka, T. & Yamamoto, T. Inheritance of susceptibility to Friend mouse leukemia virus. 11. Spleen foci method applied to test the susceptibility of crossbred progeny between a sensitive and a resistant strain. Jpn. J. Exp. Med. 35, 311–314 (1965).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Lilly, F. Susceptibility to two strains of Friend leukemia virus in mice. Science 155, 461–462 (1967).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Suzuki, S. FV-4: a new gene affecting the splenomegaly induction by Friend leukemia virus. Jpn. J. Exp. Med. 45, 473–478 (1975).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Gardner, M.B., Rasheed, S., Pal, B.K., Estes, J.D. & O'Brien, S.J. Akvr-1, a dominant murine leukemia virus restriction gene, is polymorphic in leukemia-prone wild mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77, 531–535 (1980).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Rasheed, S. & Gardner, M.B. Resistance to fibroblasts and hematopoietic cells to ecotropic murine leukemia virus infection; an Akvr-1R gene effect. Int. J. Cancer 31, 491–496 (1983).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Hartley, J.W., Rowe, W.P. & Huebner, R.J. Host-range restrictions of murine leukemia viruses in mouse embryo cell cultures. J. Virol. 5, 221–225 (1970).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Pincus, T., Hartley, J.W. & Rowe, W.P. A major genetic locus affecting resistance to infection with murine leukemia viruses. I. Tissue culture studies of naturally occurring viruses. J. Exp. Med. 133, 1219–1233 (1971).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Rowe, W.P. Studies of genetic transmission of murine leukemia virus by AKR mice. I. Crosses with Fv-1 n strains of mice. J. Exp. Med. 136, 1272–1285 (1972).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Rowe, W.P. & Hartley, J.W. Studies of genetic transmission of murine leukemia virus by AKR mice. II. Crosses with Fv-1 b strains of mice. J. Exp. Med. 136, 1286–1301 (1972).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Kozak, C.A. Analysis of wild-derived mice for Fv-1 and Fv-2 murine leukemia virus restriction loci: a novel wild mouse Fv-1 allele responsible for lack of host range restriction. J. Virol. 55, 281–285 (1985).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• DesGroseillers, L. & Jolicoeur, P. Physical mapping of the Fv-1 tropism host range determinant of BALB/c murine leukemia viruses. J. Virol. 48, 685–696 (1983).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Kozak, C.A. & Chakraborti, A. Single amino acid changes in the murine leukemia virus capsid protein gene define the target of Fv1 resistance. Virology 225, 300–305 (1996).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Decleve, A., Niwa, O., Gelmann, E. & Kaplan, H.S. Replication kinetics of N- and B-tropic murine leukemia viruses on permissive and nonpermissive cells in vitro. Virology 65, 320–332 (1975).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Duran-Troise, G., Bassin, R.H., Rein, A. & Gerwin, B.I. Loss of Fv-1 restriction in Balb/3T3 cells following infection with a single N tropic murine leukemia virus particle. Cell 10, 479–488 (1977).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Pincus, T., Hartley, J.W. & Rowe, W.P. A major genetic locus affecting resistance to infection with murine leukemia viruses. IV. Dose-response relationships in Fv-1-sensitive and resistant cell cultures. Virology 65, 333–342 (1975).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Tennant, R.W., Otten, J.A., Brown, A., Yang, W.K. & Kennel, S.J. Characterization of Fv-1 host range strains of murine retroviruses by titration and p30 protein characteristics. Virology 99, 349–357 (1979).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Boone, L.R., Innes, C.L. & Heitman, C.K. Abrogation of Fv-1 restriction by genome-deficient virions produced by a retrovirus packaging cell line. J. Virol. 64, 3376–3381 (1990).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Bassin, R.H., Duran-Troise, G., Gerwin, B.I. & Rein, A. Abrogation of Fv-1b restriction with murine leukemia viruses inactivated by heat or by gamma irradiation. J. Virol. 26, 306–315 (1978).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Best, S., Le Tissier, P., Towers, G. & Stoye, J.P. Positional cloning of the mouse retrovirus restriction gene Fv1. Nature 382, 826–829 (1996).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Taylor, W.R. & Stoye, J.P. Consensus structural models for the amino terminal domain of the retrovirus restriction gene Fv1 and the murine leukaemia virus capsid proteins. BMC Struct. Biol. 4, 1 (2004).
  Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Ganser, B.K., Cheng, A., Sundquist, W.I. & Yeager, M. Three-dimensional structure of the M-MuLV CA protein on a lipid monolayer: a general model for retroviral capsid assembly. EMBO J. 22, 2886–2892 (2003).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Bock, M., Bishop, K.N., Towers, G. & Stoye, J.P. Use of a transient assay for studying the genetic determinants of Fv1 restriction. J. Virol. 74, 7422–7430 (2000).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Bishop, K.N., Bock, M., Towers, G. & Stoye, J.P. Identification of the regions of Fv1 necessary for murine leukemia virus restriction. J. Virol. 75, 5182–5188 (2001).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Towers, G. et al. A conserved mechanism of retrovirus restriction in mammals. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97, 12295–12299 (2000).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Cowan, S. et al. Cellular inhibitors with Fv1-like activity restrict human and simian immunodeficiency virus tropism. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99, 11914–11919 (2002).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Besnier, C., Takeuchi, Y. & Towers, G. Restriction of lentivirus in monkeys. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99, 11920–11925 (2002).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Munk, C., Brandt, S.M., Lucero, G. & Landau, N.R. A dominant block to HIV-1 replication at reverse transcription in simian cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99, 13843–13848 (2002).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Hofmann, W. et al. Species-specific, postentry barriers to primate immunodeficiency virus infection. J. Virol. 73, 10020–10028 (1999).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Owens, C.M., Yang, P.C., Gottlinger, H. & Sodroski, J. Human and simian immunodeficiency virus capsid proteins are major viral determinants of early, postentry replication blocks in simian cells. J. Virol. 77, 726–731 (2003).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Dorfman, T. & Gottlinger, H.G. The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 capsid p2 domain confers sensitivity to the cyclophilin-binding drug SDZ NIM 811. J. Virol. 70, 5751–5757 (1996).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Hatziioannou, T., Cowan, S., Goff, S.P., Bieniasz, P.D. & Towers, G. Restriction of multiple divergent retroviruses by Lv1 and Ref1. EMBO J. 22, 385–94 (2003).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Stremlau, M. et al. The cytoplasmic body component TRIM5α restricts HIV-1 infection in Old World monkeys. Nature 427, 848–853 (2004).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Reymond, A. et al. The tripartite motif family identifies cell compartments. EMBO J. 20, 2140–2151 (2001).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Hatziioannou, T., Perez-Caballero, D., Yang, A., Cowan, S. & Bieniasz, P.D. Retrovirus resistance factors Ref1 and Lv1 are species-specific variants of TRIM5α. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101, 10774–10779 (2004).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Keckesova, Z., Ylinen, L.M. & Towers, G.J. The human and African green monkey TRIM5alpha genes encode Ref1 and Lv1 retroviral restriction factor activities. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101, 10780–10785 (2004).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Perron, M.J. et al. TRIM5α mediates the postentry block to N-tropic murine leukemia viruses in human cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101, 11827–11832 (2004).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Sayah, D.M., Sokolskaja, E., Berthoux, L. & Luban, J. Cyclophilin A retrotransposition into TRIM5 explains owl monkey resistance to HIV-1. Nature 430, 569–573 (2004).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Towers, G.J. et al. Cyclophilin A modulates the sensitivity of HIV-1 to host restriction factors. Nat. Med. 9, 1138–1143 (2003).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• von Schwedler, U.K. et al. Proteolytic refolding of the HIV-1 capsid protein amino-terminus facilitates viral core assembly. EMBO J. 17, 1555–1568 (1998).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Ganser, B.K., Li, S., Klishko, V.Y., Finch, J.T. & Sundquist, W.I. Assembly and analysis of conical models for the HIV-1 core. Science 283, 80–83 (1999).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Luban, J., Bossolt, K.L., Franke, E.K., Kalpana, G.V. & Goff, S.P. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Gag protein binds to cyclophilins A and B. Cell 73, 1067–1078 (1993).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Yap, M.W. & Stoye, J.P. Intracellular localisation of Fv1. Virology 307, 76–89 (2003).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Xu, L. et al. BTBD1 and BTBD2 colocalize to cytoplasmic bodies with the RBCC/tripartite motif protein, TRIM5delta. Exp. Cell Res. 288, 84–93 (2003).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Schwartz, O., Marechal, V., Friguet, B., Arenzana-Seisdedos, F. & Heard, J.M. Antiviral activity of the proteasome on incoming human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J. Virol. 72, 3845–3850 (1998).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Butler, S.L., Johnson, E.P. & Bushman, F.D. Human immunodeficiency virus cDNA metabolism: notable stability of two-long terminal repeat circles. J. Virol. 76, 3739–3747 (2002).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Hicke, L. A new ticket for entry into budding vesicles-ubiquitin. Cell 106, 527–530 (2001).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Pryciak, P.M. & Varmus, H.E. Fv-1 restriction and its effects on murine leukemia virus integration in vivo and in vitro. J. Virol. 66, 5959–5966 (1992).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Gabuzda, D.H. et al. Role of vif in replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in CD4+ T lymphocytes. J. Virol. 66, 6489–6495 (1992).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Madani, N. & Kabat, D. An endogenous inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus in human lymphocytes is overcome by the viral Vif protein. J. Virol. 72, 10251–10255 (1998).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Simon, J.H., Gaddis, N.C., Fouchier, R.A. & Malim, M.H. Evidence for a newly discovered cellular anti-HIV-1 phenotype. Nat. Med. 4, 1397–1400 (1998).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Sheehy, A.M., Gaddis, N.C., Choi, J.D. & Malim, M.H. Isolation of a human gene that inhibits HIV-1 infection and is suppressed by the viral Vif protein. Nature 418, 646–650 (2002).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Mangeat, B. et al. Broad antiretroviral defence by human APOBEC3G through lethal editing of nascent reverse transcripts. Nature 424, 99–103 (2003).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Zhang, H. et al. The cytidine deaminase CEM15 induces hypermutation in newly synthesized HIV-1 DNA. Nature 424, 94–98 (2003).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Harris, R.S. et al. DNA deamination mediates innate immunity to retroviral infection. Cell 113, 803–809 (2003).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Lecossier, D., Bouchonnet, F., Clavel, F. & Hance, A.J. Hypermutation of HIV-1 DNA in the absence of the Vif protein. Science 300, 1112 (2003).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Yu, Q. et al. Single-strand specificity of APOBEC3G accounts for minus-strand deamination of the HIV genome. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 11, 435–442 (2004).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Sleigh, R., Sharkey, M., Newman, M.A., Hahn, B. & Stevenson, M. Differential association of uracil DNA glycosylase with SIVSM Vpr and Vpx proteins. Virology 245, 338–343 (1998).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Bouhamdan, M. et al. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Vpr protein binds to the uracil DNA glycosylase DNA repair enzyme. J. Virol. 70, 697–704 (1996).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Selig, L. et al. Uracil DNA glycosylase specifically interacts with Vpr of both human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and simian immunodeficiency virus of sooty mangabeys, but binding does not correlate with cell cycle arrest. J. Virol. 71, 4842–4846 (1997).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Willetts, K.E. et al. DNA repair enzyme uracil DNA glycosylase is specifically incorporated into human immunodeficiency virus type 1 viral particles through a Vpr-independent mechanism. J. Virol. 73, 1682–1688 (1999).
  CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Mansky, L.M., Preveral, S., Selig, L., Benarous, R. & Benichou, S. The interaction of vpr with uracil DNA glycosylase modulates the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 In vivo mutation rate. J. Virol. 74, 7039–7047 (2000).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Jarmuz, A. et al. An anthropoid-specific locus of orphan C to U RNA-editing enzymes on chromosome 22. Genomics 79, 285–296 (2002).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Wiegand, H.L., Doehle, B.P., Bogerd, H.P. & Cullen, B.R. A second human antiretroviral factor, APOBEC3F, is suppressed by the HIV-1 and HIV-2 Vif proteins. EMBO J. 23, 2451–2458 (2004).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Zheng, Y.H. et al. Human APOBEC3F is another host factor that blocks human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication. J. Virol. 78, 6073–6076 (2004).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Bishop, K.N. et al. Cytidine deamination of retroviral DNA by diverse APOBEC proteins. Curr. Biol. 14, 1392–1396 (2004).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Liddament, M.T., Brown, W.L., Schumacher, A.J. & Harris, R.S. APOBEC3F properties and hypermutation preferences indicate activity against HIV-1 in vivo. Curr Biol 14, 1385–1391 (2004).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Yu, X. et al. Induction of APOBEC3G ubiquitination and degradation by an HIV-1 Vif-Cul5-SCF complex. Science 302, 1056–1060 (2003).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Sheehy, A.M., Gaddis, N.C. & Malim, M.H. The antiretroviral enzyme APOBEC3G is degraded by the proteasome in response to HIV-1 Vif. Nat. Med. 9, 1404–1407 (2003).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Marin, M., Rose, K.M., Kozak, S.L. & Kabat, D. HIV-1 Vif protein binds the editing enzyme APOBEC3G and induces its degradation. Nat. Med. 9, 1398–1403 (2003).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Mehle, A. et al. Vif overcomes the innate antiviral activity of APOBEC3G by promoting its degradation in the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. J. Biol. Chem. 279, 7792–7798 (2003).
  Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
• Conticello, S.G., Harris, R.S. & Neuberger, M.S. The Vif protein of HIV triggers degradation of the human antiretroviral DNA deaminase APOBEC3G. Curr. Biol. 13, 2009–2013 (2003).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Stopak, K., de Noronha, C., Yonemoto, W. & Greene, W.C. HIV-1 Vif blocks the antiviral activity of APOBEC3G by impairing both its translation and intracellular stability. Mol. Cell 12, 591–601 (2003).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Mariani, R. et al. Species-specific exclusion of APOBEC3G from HIV-1 virions by Vif. Cell 114, 21–31 (2003).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Turelli, P., Mangeat, B., Jost, S., Vianin, S. & Trono, D. Inhibition of hepatitis B virus replication by APOBEC3G. Science 303, 1829 (2004).
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Ngui, S.L., Hallet, R. & Teo, C.G. Natural and iatrogenic variation in hepatitis B virus. Rev. Med. Virol. 9, 183–209 (1999).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Machida, K. et al. Hepatitis C virus induces a mutator phenotype: enhanced mutations of immunoglobulin and protooncogenes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101, 4262–4267 (2004).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Bishop, K.N., Holmes, R.K., Sheehy, A.M. & Malim, M.H. APOBEC-mediated editing of viral RNA. Science 305, 645 (2004).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Gao, G., Guo, X. & Goff, S.P. Inhibition of retroviral RNA production by ZAP a CCCH-type zinc finger protein. Science 297, 1703–1706 (2002).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Bick, M.J. et al. Expression of the zinc-finger antiviral protein inhibits alphavirus replication. J. Virol. 77, 11555–11562 (2003).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Varthakavi, V., Smith, R.M., Bour, S.P., Strebel, K. & Spearman, P. Viral protein U counteracts a human host cell restriction that inhibits HIV-1 particle production. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100, 15154–15159 (2003).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Gottlinger, H.G., Dorfman, T., Cohen, E.A. & Haseltine, W.A. Vpu protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 enhances the release of capsids produced by gag gene constructs of widely divergent retroviruses. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90, 7381–7385 (1993).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Geraghty, R.J., Talbot, K.J., Callahan, M., Harper, W. & Panganiban, A.T. Cell type-dependence for Vpu function. J. Med. Primatol. 23, 146–150 (1994).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Sakai, H., Tokunaga, K., Kawamura, M. & Adachi, A. Function of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Vpu protein in various cell types. J. Gen. Virol. 76, 2717–2722 (1995).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Turelli, P. et al. Cytoplasmic recruitment of INI1 and PML on incoming HIV preintegration complexes: interference with early steps of viral replication. Mol. Cell 7, 1245–1254 (2001).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Yap, M.W., Nisole, S., Lynch, C. & Stoye, J.P. Trim5α protein restricts both HIV-1 and murine leukemia virus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101, 10786–10791 (2004).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Berthoux, L. et al. As2O3 enhances retroviral reverse transcription and counteracts Ref1 antiviral activity. J. Virol. 77, 3167–3180 (2003).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Bogerd, H.P., Doehle, B.P., Wiegand, H.L. & Cullen, B.R. A single amino acid difference in the host APOBEC3G protein controls the primate species specificity of HIV type 1 virion infectivity factor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101, 3770–3774 (2004).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Schrofelbauer, B., Chen, D. & Landau, N.R. A single amino acid of APOBEC3G controls its species-specific interaction with virion infectivity factor (Vif). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101, 3927–3932 (2004).
  Article PubMed CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Mangeat, B., Turelli, P., Liao, S. & Trono, D. A single amino acid determinant governs the species-specific sensitivity of APOBEC3G to Vif action. J. Biol. Chem. 279, 14481–14483 (2004).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Xu, H. et al. A single amino acid substitution in human APOBEC3G antiretroviral enzyme confers resistance to HIV-1 virion infectivity factor-induced depletion. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101, 5652–5657 (2004).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Svarovskaia, E.S. et al. Human APOBEC3G is incorporated into HIV-1 virions through interactions with viral and nonviral RNAs. J. Biol. Chem. 279, 35822–35828 (2004).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Cen, S. et al. The interaction between HIV-1 Gag and APOBEC3G. J. Biol. Chem. 279, 33177–33184 (2004).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Alce, T.M. & Popik, W. APOBEC3G is incorporated into virus-like particles by a direct interaction with HIV-1 Gag nucleocapsid protein. 279, 34083–34086 J. Biol. Chem. (2004).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Zennou, V., Perez-Caballero, D. & Bieniasz, P.D. APOBEC3G incorporation into HIV-1 particles J. Virology (in the press).
• Schafer, A., Bogerd, H.P. & Cullen, B.R. Specific packaging of APOBEC3G into HIV-1 Virions is mediated by the nucleocapsid domain of the Gag polyprotein precursor. Virology (in the press).
• Kobayashi, M. et al. APOBEC3G targets specific virus species. J. Virol. 78, 8238–8244 (2004).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Janeway, C.A. Jr. & Medzhitov, R. Innate immune recognition. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 20, 197–216 (2002).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar