Stem cells and breast cancer: A field in transit (original) (raw)

• Seaberg, R. M. & Van Der Kooy, D. Stem and progenitor cells: the premature desertion of rigorous definitions. Trends Neurosci. 26, 125–131 (2003).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Smith, C. Hematopoietic stem cells and hematopoiesis. Cancer Control 10, 9–16 (2003).
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Galli, R. et al. Neural stem cells: an overview. Circ. Res. 92, 598–608 (2003).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Alonso, L. & Fuchs, E. Stem cells in the skin: waste not, Wnt not. Genes Dev. 17, 1189–1200 (2003).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Potten, C. S. & Loeffler, M. Stem cells: attributes, cycles, spirals, pitfalls and uncertainties. Lessons for and from the crypt. Development 110, 1001–1020 (1990).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Potten, C. S. et al. The small intestine as a model for evaluating adult tissue stem cell drug targets. Cell Prolif. 36, 115–129 (2003).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Hedrick, S. M. T-cell development: bottoms-up. Immunity 16, 619–622 (2002).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Ohneda, K. & Yamamoto, M. Roles of hematopoietic transcription factors Gata-1 and Gata-2 in the development of red blood cell lineage. Acta Haematol. 108, 237–245 (2002).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Frye, M. et al. Evidence that Myc activation depletes the epidermal stem cell compartment by modulating adhesive interactions with the local microenvironment. Development 130, 2793–2808 (2003). An important demonstration of how perturbation of the expression pattern of a single gene can affect the balance between stem and transit cells.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Owens, D. M. & Watt, F. M. Contribution of stem cells and differentiated cells to epidermal tumours. Nature Rev. Cancer 3, 444–451 (2003).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Morgan, J. E. & Partridge, T. A. Muscle satellite cells. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 35, 1151–1156 (2003).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Hawke, T. J. & Garry, D. J. Myogenic satellite cells: physiology to molecular biology. J. Appl. Physiol. 91, 534–551 (2001).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Seale, P. & Rudnicki, M. A. A new look at the origin, function, and 'stem-cell' status of muscle satellite cells. Dev. Biol. 218, 115–124 (2000).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Williams, J. M. & Daniel, C. W. Mammary ductal elongation: differentiation of myoepithelium and basal lamina during branching morphogenesis. Dev. Biol. 97, 274–290 (1983).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Srinivasan, K. et al. Netrin-1/neogenin interaction stabilizes multipotent progenitor cap cells during mammary gland morphogenesis. Dev. Cell 4, 371–382 (2003).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Debnath, J. et al. Morphogenesis and oncogenesis of MCF-10A mammary epithelial acini grown in three-dimensional basement membrane cultures. Methods 30, 256–268 (2003).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Smith, G. H. Experimental mammary epithelial morphogenesis in an in vivo model: evidence for distinct cellular progenitors of the ductal and lobular phenotype. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 39, 21–31 (1996).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Kordon, E. C. & Smith, G. H. An entire functional mammary gland may comprise the progeny from a single cell. Development 125, 1921–1930 (1998). References 17 and 18 provide direct experimental evidence for the existence of dedicated mammary epithelial stem cells.
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Wagner, K. U. et al. An adjunct mammary epithelial cell population in parous females: its role in functional adaptation and tissue renewal. Development 129, 1377–1386 (2002).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Welm, B. E. et al. Sca-1pos cells in the mouse mammary gland represent an enriched progenitor cell population. Dev. Biol. 245, 42–56 (2002). This study was the first to demonstrate prospective enrichment of mammary epithelial cells for cells with stem-cell-like properties.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Naylor, S. et al. Retroviral expression of Wnt-1 and Wnt-7b produces different effects in mouse mammary epithelium. J. Cell Sci. 113, 2129–2138 (2000).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Diallo, R. et al. Monoclonality in normal epithelium and in hyperplastic and neoplastic lesions of the breast. J. Pathol. 193, 27–32 (2001).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Chepko, G. & Dickson, R. B. Ultrastructure of the putative stem cell niche in rat mammary epithelium. Tissue Cell 35, 83–93 (2003).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Chepko, G. & Smith, G. H. Three division-competent, structurally-distinct cell populations contribute to murine mammary epithelial renewal. Tissue Cell 29, 239–253 (1997).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Ellis, S. & Capuco, A. Cell proliferation in bovine mammary epithelium: identification of the primary proliferative cell population. Tissue Cell 34, 155 (2002).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Smith, C. A. et al. Basal clear cells of the normal human breast. Virchows Arch. A Pathol. Anat. Histopathol. 402, 319–329 (1984).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Smith, C. A. et al. Epithelial cells of the normal human breast. J. Pathol. 146, 221–226 (1985).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Ferguson, D. J. An ultrastructural study of mitosis and cytokinesis in normal 'resting' human breast. Cell Tissue Res. 252, 581–587 (1988). References 23–28 provide the basis for an understanding of the heterogeneity of the mammary epithelium and identify the basal clear cell as a putative stem cell.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Clarke, R. B. et al. Dissociation between steroid receptor expression and cell proliferation in the human breast. Cancer Res. 57, 4987–4991 (1997).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Clarke, R. B. et al. P27kip1 expression indicates that steroid receptor-positive cells are a non-proliferating, differentiated subpopulation of the normal human breast epithelium. Eur. J. Cancer 36, S28–S29 (2000).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Shoker, B. S. et al. Estrogen receptor-positive proliferating cells in the normal and precancerous breast. Am. J. Pathol. 155, 1811–1815 (1999).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Zeps, N. et al. Estrogen receptor-negative epithelial cells in mouse mammary gland development and growth. Differentiation 62, 221–226 (1998).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Zeps, N. et al. Detection of a population of long-lived cells in mammary epithelium of the mouse. Cell Tissue Res. 286, 525–536 (1996).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• O'Hare, M. J. et al. Characterization in vitro of luminal and myoepithelial cells isolated from the human mammary gland by cell sorting. Differentiation 46, 209–221 (1991).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Pechoux, C. et al. Human mammary luminal epithelial cells contain progenitors to myoepithelial cells. Dev. Biol. 206, 88–99 (1999).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Stingl, J. et al. Phenotypic and functional characterization in vitro of a multipotent epithelial cell present in the normal adult human breast. Differentiation 63, 201–213 (1998).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Stingl, J. et al. Characterization of bipotent mammary epithelial progenitor cells in normal adult human breast tissue. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 67, 93–109 (2001). References 35–37, together with reference 50, relate in situ heterogeneity of the breast epithelium to in vitro differentiative capacity.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Dontu, G. et al. In vitro propagation and transcriptional profiling of human mammary stem/progenitor cells. Genes Dev. 17, 1253–1270 (2003).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Dundas, S. R. et al. Characterization of luminal and basal cells flow-sorted from the adult rat mammary parenchyma. J. Cell Sci. 100, 459–471 (1991).
  PubMed Google Scholar
• Smalley, M. J. Cell Sorting and Clonal Analysis of Mouse Mammary Luminal Epithelial and Myoepithelial Cells. Thesis, Univ. London (1995).
  Google Scholar
• Smalley, M. J. et al. Clonal characterization of mouse mammary luminal epithelial and myoepithelial cells separated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol. Anim. 34, 711–721 (1998).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Smalley, M. J. et al. Differentiation of separated mouse mammary luminal epithelial and myoepithelial cells cultured on ehs matrix analyzed by indirect immunofluorescence of cytoskeletal antigens. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 47, 1513–1524 (1999).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Goodell, M. A. et al. Isolation and functional properties of murine hematopoietic stem cells that are replicating in vivo. J. Exp. Med. 183, 1797–1806 (1996). The first description of the 'side population' phenomenon.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Zhou, S. et al. The ABC transporter BCRP1/ABCG2 is expressed in a wide variety of stem cells and is a molecular determinant of the side-population phenotype. Nature Med. 7, 1028–1034 (2001).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Bunting, K. D. ABC transporters as phenotypic markers and functional regulators of stem cells. Stem Cells 20, 11–20 (2002).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Bhattacharya, S. et al. Direct identification and enrichment of retinal stem cells/progenitors by Hoechst dye efflux assay. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 44, 2764–2773 (2003).
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Kubota, H. et al. Spermatogonial stem cells share some, but not all, phenotypic and functional characteristics with other stem cells. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 100, 6487–6492 (2003).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Zhou, S. et al. Bcrp1 gene expression is required for normal numbers of side population stem cells in mice, and confers relative protection to mitoxantrone in hematopoietic cells in vivo. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 99, 12339–12344 (2002).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Alvi, A. J. et al. Functional and molecular characterisation of mammary side population cells. Breast Cancer Res. 5, R1–R8 (2002). The first demonstration of side population in human breast epithelium.
  Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Gudjonsson, T. et al. Isolation, immortalization, and characterization of a human breast epithelial cell line with stem cell properties. Genes Dev. 16, 693–706 (2002).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Chepko, G. & Smith, G. H. Mammary epithelial stem cells: our current understanding. J. Mammary Gland Biol. Neoplasia 4, 35–52 (1999).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Reya, T. et al. Stem cells, cancer, and cancer stem cells. Nature 414, 105–111 (2001).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Al-Hajj, M., Wicha, M. S., Benito-Hernandez, A., Morrison, S. J. & Clarke, M. F. Prospective identification of tumorigenic breast cancer cells. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 100, 6890 (2003). Describes the prospective isolation of candidate breast-tumour stem cells.
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Perez-Losada, J. & Balmain, A. Stem-cell hierarchy in skin cancer. Nature Rev. Cancer 3, 434–443 (2003).
  Article CAS Google Scholar
• Boulanger, C. A. & Smith, G. H. Reducing mammary cancer risk through premature stem cell senescence. Oncogene 20, 2264–2272 (2001).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Russo, J. & Russo, I. H. Differentiation and breast cancer. Medicina 57, S81–S91 (1997).
  Google Scholar
• Russo, J. et al. Influence of age and parity on the development of the human breast. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 23, 211–218 (1992).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Layde, P. M. et al. The independent associations of parity, age at first full term pregnancy, and duration of breastfeeding with the risk of breast cancer. Cancer and steroid hormone study group. J. Clin. Epidemiol. 42, 963–973 (1989).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Chie, W. C. et al. Age at any full-term pregnancy and breast cancer risk. Am. J. Epidemiol. 151, 715–722 (2000).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Musey, V. C. et al. Long term effects of a first pregnancy on the hormonal environment: estrogens and androgens. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 64, 111–118 (1987).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Musey, V. C. et al. Long-term effect of a first pregnancy on the secretion of prolactin. N. Engl. J. Med. 316, 229–234 (1987).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Slaughter, D. P. et al. 'Field cancerization' in oral stratified squamous epithelium; clinical implications of multicentric origin. Cancer 6, 963–968 (1953). The original proposal of the field-cancerization concept.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Braakhuis, B. J. et al. A genetic explanation of Slaughter's concept of field cancerization: evidence and clinical implications. Cancer Res. 63, 1727–1730 (2003).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Lakhani, S. R. et al. Genetic alterations in 'normal' luminal and myoepithelial cells of the breast. J. Pathol. 189, 496–503 (1999).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Stappenbeck, T. S. et al. Molecular features of adult mouse small intestinal epithelial progenitors. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 100, 1004–1009 (2003).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Ramalho-Santos, M. et al. 'Stemness': transcriptional profiling of embryonic and adult stem cells. Science 298, 597–600 (2002).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Ivanova, N. B. et al. A stem cell molecular signature. Science 298, 601–604 (2002). References 65–67 describe comparative gene-profile expression studies of different stem-cell types.
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Alexander, C. M. et al. Syndecan-1 is required for Wnt-1-induced mammary tumorigenesis in mice. Nature Genet. 25, 329–332 (2000).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Watt, F. M. The stem cell compartment in human interfollicular epidermis. J. Dermatol. Sci. 28, 173–180 (2002).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Rosner, A. et al. Pathway pathology: histological differences between ErbB/Ras and wnt pathway transgenic mammary tumors. Am. J. Pathol. 161, 1087–1097 (2002).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Lewis, J. Notch signalling and the control of cell fate choices in vertebrates. Semin. Cell Dev. Biol. 9, 583–589 (1998).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Brunner, H. G. et al. P63 gene mutations and human developmental syndromes. Am. J. Med. Genet. 112, 284–290 (2002).
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Lin, H. The stem-cell niche theory: lessons from flies. Nature Rev. Genet. 3, 931–940 (2002).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Nishimura, E. K. et al. Dominant role of the niche in melanocyte stem-cell fate determination. Nature 416, 854–860 (2002).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Kai, T. & Spradling, A. An empty Drosophila stem cell niche reactivates the proliferation of ectopic cells. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 100, 4633–4638 (2003).
  Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Barcellos-Hoff, M. H. & Ravani, S. A. Irradiated mammary gland stroma promotes the expression of tumorigenic potential by unirradiated epithelial cells. Cancer Res. 60, 1254–1260 (2000).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• De Ome, K. B. et al. Development of mammary tumours from hyperplastic alveolar nodules transplanted into gland-free mammary fat pads of female C3H mice. Cancer Res. 78, 515–520 (1959).
  Google Scholar
• Cairns, J. Mutation selection and the natural history of cancer. Nature 255, 197–200 (1975).
  Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Potten, C. S. et al. Intestinal stem cells protect their genome by selective segregation of template DNA strands. J. Cell Sci. 115, 2381–2388 (2002).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar
• Merok, J. R. et al. Cosegregation of chromosomes containing immortal DNA strands in cells that cycle with asymmetric stem cell kinetics. Cancer Res. 62, 6791–6795 (2002).
  CAS PubMed Google Scholar