Ali Choudhary - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Ali Choudhary

Research paper thumbnail of The Quest for Dividends from Structural Change

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Research paper thumbnail of STATE BANK OF PAKISTAN Bank Lending and Monetary Shocks: Evidence from a Developing Economy SBP Working Paper Series SBP Working Paper Series

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Research paper thumbnail of The Art of Making Workplace Innovative: Conceptual Integration of Leader-Member Exchange, Workplace Innovation and Employee Creativity

Journal of Management and Research

An increased engagement in innovative activities has become an essential requirement for modern v... more An increased engagement in innovative activities has become an essential requirement for modern ventures to respond to the threats and opportunities they face. Due to increased globalisation and digitalisation, SME ventures are currently looking for ways to cultivate innovation at different levels such as individual, team and organisational levels to remain competitive. SME ventures need to focus on employee creativity in order to stimulate innovation at the individual level. Moreover, a favourable working environment is required for such cultivation. This short commentary aims to conduct an extant literature review proposing that Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) impacts employee creativity and workplace innovation mediates the relationship between them. Based on the social exchange theory, the literature on LMX, employee creativity, and workplace innovation is reviewed. This study's conceptual model opens new avenues for empirical studies and may help leaders cultivate innovation f...

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Research paper thumbnail of INSTITUTE OF ECONOMIC STUDIES WORKING PAPER SERIES W 07 : 01 February 2007 Testing for customer markets using survey data

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Research paper thumbnail of Accuracy Assessment of the ESA CCI 20M Land Cover Map: Kenya, Gabon, Ivory Coast and South Africa

This working paper presents the overall and spatial accuracy assessment of the European Space Age... more This working paper presents the overall and spatial accuracy assessment of the European Space Agency (ESA) 20 m prototype land cover map for Africa for four countries: Kenya, Gabon, Ivory Coast and South Africa. This accuracy assessment was undertaken as part of the ESA-funded CrowdVal project. The results varied from 44% (for South Africa) to 91% (for Gabon). In the case of Kenya (56% overall accuracy) and South Africa, these values are largely caused by the confusion between grassland and shrubland. However, if a weighted confusion matrix is used, which diminishes the importance of the confusion between grassland and shrubs, the overall accuracy for Kenya increases to 79% and for South Africa, 75%. The overall accuracy for Ivory Coast (47%) is a result of a highly fragmented land cover, which makes it a difficult country to map with remote sensing. The exception was Gabon with a high overall accuracy of 91%, but this can be explained by the high amount of tree cover across the cou...

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Research paper thumbnail of SBP Working Paper Series Sticky Wages in a Developing Country : Lessons from Structured Interviews in Pakistan

We contribute to the growing literature on the empirical evidence for wage rigidity using structu... more We contribute to the growing literature on the empirical evidence for wage rigidity using structured interviews for Pakistan. The novelty of the study consists of using data from a developing country which provides the basis for a comparison with studies performed in the developed countries. Our sample of 1189 managers finds widespread support for downward nominal wage rigidity while real wage rigidity is less pronounced although still present. Concerns about the adverse effects of wage reductions on effort, morale, the most productive workers leaving (adverse selection) and the minimum-wage largely explain the presence of nominal wage rigidity. All sectors, irrespective of time, take minimum-wage changes into account when setting wages so that the law very much sets wage expectations.

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Research paper thumbnail of Informal Labour Markets in Pakistan

This paper describes the results of a survey of informal-sector firms in Pakistan. Firms belong t... more This paper describes the results of a survey of informal-sector firms in Pakistan. Firms belong to the informal sector mainly because of scarce financial resources. There are significant differences in the level of wages and the flexibility of wages with the informal sector having both lower wages and greater flexibility than the formal sector. While minimum wages are less binding in the informal sector, indexation of wages to inflation is more common. In spite of these differences the reasons for not cutting wages in a recession are similar between the two sectors.

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Research paper thumbnail of Measuring Economic Policy Uncertainty in Pakistan

We develop an economic policy uncertainty (EPU) index for Pakistan in accordance with Baker, Bloo... more We develop an economic policy uncertainty (EPU) index for Pakistan in accordance with Baker, Bloom and Davis (2016) by extracting newspaper articles from Websites (i.e., Web-scraping) and we divided this into two indices. The main index, is based on four leading English-language Pakistan newspapers for the period of January 2015 to April 2020. To cover more historical ground, we also present a second index which uses two of the four newspapers and for which Web harvesting is plausible for a longer period of August 2010 to April 2020. The two indices are highly correlated thus they move in tandem and between them they capture events such as: the great floods of 2010; high terrorism activity; heightened exchange rate volatility; political turmoil; reshuffling of economic managers; the IMF program of 2019, and most recently the COVID-19 pandemic.

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Research paper thumbnail of Deposit Volatility, Liquidity and Long-Term Investment: Evidence from a Natural Experiment in Pakistan

Deposit volatility and costly bank liquidity increase the long-term lending rates offered by bank... more Deposit volatility and costly bank liquidity increase the long-term lending rates offered by banks, which reduce loan maturities, long-term investment and output. We formalise this mechanism in a banking model and analyse exogenous variation in deposit volatility induced by a Sharia levy in Pakistan. Data from the credit registry and a firm-level survey show that deposit volatility and liquidity cost: 1) reduce loan maturities and lending rates; 2) leave loan amounts and total investment unchanged; 3) redirect investment from fixed assets towards working capital. A targeted liquidity program is quantified to generate yearly output gains between 0.042% and 0.205%. JEL: O12, G21, O16, E58 Keywords: Development, Banking, Investment, Central Banks

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Research paper thumbnail of in brief... Management practices in Pakistan

CentrePiece-The Magazine for Economic Performance, 2016

For more than a decade, CEP economists have been leading efforts to get measures of management in... more For more than a decade, CEP economists have been leading efforts to get measures of management incorporated into the statistical infrastructure used by governments and researchers. The authors report on the latest initiative, assessing the use of performance monitoring, targets and incentives in firms in Pakistan.

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Research paper thumbnail of Stick Wages in a Developing Country: Lessons from Structured Interviews in Pakistan

We contribute to the growing literature on the empirical evidence for wage rigidity using structu... more We contribute to the growing literature on the empirical evidence for wage rigidity using structured interviews for Pakistan. The novelty of the study consists of using data from a developing country which provides the basis for a comparison with studies performed in the developed countries. Our sample of 1189 managers finds widespread support for downward nominal wage rigidity while real wage rigidity is less pronounced although still present. Concerns about the adverse effects of wage reductions on effort, morale, the most productive workers leaving (adverse selection) and the minimum-wage largely explain the presence of nominal wage rigidity. All sectors, irrespective of time, take minimum-wage changes into account when setting wages so that the law very much sets wage expectations.

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Research paper thumbnail of Impact Of After Sale Service Characteristics on Customer Satisfaction

Information Management and Business Review

Researcher examines the impact of after sale service characteristics on customer satisfaction in ... more Researcher examines the impact of after sale service characteristics on customer satisfaction in home appliance industry of Pakistan. To what extent does characteristics like delivery time, installation of product, warranty time of product, feedback implementations and quality of service provided satisfies customers? In this globalized market, organizations try to differentiate themselves, so they tend to provide value added services to its customers; according their needs and wants. After detail and extensive review of literature researcher found that after sale service is essential in retaining and satisfying customers. Due to limited time, quantitative study is not possible. Practically our study benefitted for the manager of the organization that are mostly related to home appliances, so that they can check the customers trend towards after sale services characteristics i.e. delivery, installation, warranty, service quality and feedback.

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Research paper thumbnail of Exploring the Purchasing Motives of Young Pakistani Consumers for Foreign Brands

Information Management and Business Review

Cross-border service relationships are considerable issues in Pakistan, which tend researchers to... more Cross-border service relationships are considerable issues in Pakistan, which tend researchers to work in this area of research. The core purpose of this study was to explore the impact of quality, satisfaction, and value on purchase intentions for foreign brands among young Pakistani customers. The data was collected from a random sample of 500 university students through questionnaire designed by the researchers. The findings suggest that providing quality and satisfaction to Pakistani ethnocentric customers does not guarantee the brand to earn loyalty in return. Foreign brands can succeed in creating brand value through creating a convinced link with some tangible benefits and by creating means of self-presentation for the customers. The student’s responses can be assumed as a limitation of this study, which can be justified by considering the fact that the study is first of its type in the Pakistani environment.

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Research paper thumbnail of Student Counseling: Adding Value to Educational Institution

Journal of Education and Vocational Research

Quality of education has always remained an issue for the educational researchers. It is widely b... more Quality of education has always remained an issue for the educational researchers. It is widely believed that quality of education in Sub-Continent is below the international standards. To find out how educational institutions are adding value towards the knowledge, skills, market value and moral upbringing of students and how much students are satisfied with the environment of educational system and the quality of education they receive.Using this information, how a student counseler can benefit the student as well the organization to add value in the education process. This is a case study where a Govt. Intermediate College was selected for interviews and document analysis purpose. Findings based on general perception of the respondents, All the respondents have matriculated from Public School. The findings showed that students were really concerned about the poor discipline of their schools and generally they were not satisfied with the commitment and capability of their teachers...

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Research paper thumbnail of Finance and Inequality: The Distributional Impacts of Bank Credit Rationing

International Finance Discussion Paper

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Research paper thumbnail of Sticky Wages in a Developing Country: Lessons from Structured Interviews in Pakistan

School of Economics Discussion Papers, Mar 1, 2013

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Research paper thumbnail of On smoothing macroeconomic time series using HP and modified HP filter

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Research paper thumbnail of Price Setting & Price Stickiness: A Developing Economy Perspective

Journal of Macroeconomics, 2016

We study price setting in Pakistan using 1189 structured interviews of managers organized by the ... more We study price setting in Pakistan using 1189 structured interviews of managers organized by the State Bank of Pakistan–Pakistan’s Central Bank. We find that on an annual basis the incidence of price adjustment is three times higher than in developed countries. The remaining price rigidity is explained by the existence of firms’ interactions with the informal sector, strategic interactions with other firms and the uncertainty about temporariness of shocks. The exchange rate and cost-push shocks matter more and are incorporated faster into prices than financial cost and demand-pull shocks. The roughly bimodal nature of price reviewing strategies together with a high frequency of price adjustment imply that monetary policy will carry low potency. Time-dependent price reviewing strategies tend to dominate state-dependent strategies, but the ratio of price reviews to actual adjustment is too high and inconsistent with the moderate levels of inflation experienced by Pakistan.

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Research paper thumbnail of Economic Effects of Students' Dropouts a Comparative Study of the Causes of Students' Dropouts Globally

In global perspective, it is an incontestable fact that the progress of a nation is highly depend... more In global perspective, it is an incontestable fact that the progress of a nation is highly dependent on the education of their citizens. Education has a cross cutting impact on all aspects of human life. It is a vital investment for human and economic development. The purpose of this study is to explore the causes of students drop outs and their impact on economy. This research find outs the reasons of dropouts in Pakistan and more importantly comparative analysis of the causes of students' dropouts globally. The findings of this study are drawn from the extensive literature review of students' dropout in different countries. A lot of reasons are discussed in this paper that causes students dropouts. This study also find outs the effects of students dropouts on economy and suggest some remedial measures to reduce students' dropouts. Study has some policy implications for policy makers to combat this problem.

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Research paper thumbnail of Collaboration between sales and marketing increases the business performance: Evidence from Pakistani export industry

The purpose of this study is to know whether superior levels of collaboration between marketing a... more The purpose of this study is to know whether superior levels of collaboration between marketing and sales are linked with improved business performance and to highlight factors that are administratively related to this interface. This study aims to explore the marketing and sales working relationship through quantitative research, survey of Pakistani Export companies through questionnaires is being used in this research study. The research concludes that high level of organizational learning, communication, minimizes interdepartmental conflicts, results as better business performance. This study has many implications for managers, for instance, for better sales and marketing department relations, senior management need tocreate a positive coordination, which can help them to reduce interdepartmental conflicts. Top management should provide such training programs and environment that encourage functional departments to work together to get maximum productivity. However, literature si...

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Research paper thumbnail of The Quest for Dividends from Structural Change

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Research paper thumbnail of STATE BANK OF PAKISTAN Bank Lending and Monetary Shocks: Evidence from a Developing Economy SBP Working Paper Series SBP Working Paper Series

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Research paper thumbnail of The Art of Making Workplace Innovative: Conceptual Integration of Leader-Member Exchange, Workplace Innovation and Employee Creativity

Journal of Management and Research

An increased engagement in innovative activities has become an essential requirement for modern v... more An increased engagement in innovative activities has become an essential requirement for modern ventures to respond to the threats and opportunities they face. Due to increased globalisation and digitalisation, SME ventures are currently looking for ways to cultivate innovation at different levels such as individual, team and organisational levels to remain competitive. SME ventures need to focus on employee creativity in order to stimulate innovation at the individual level. Moreover, a favourable working environment is required for such cultivation. This short commentary aims to conduct an extant literature review proposing that Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) impacts employee creativity and workplace innovation mediates the relationship between them. Based on the social exchange theory, the literature on LMX, employee creativity, and workplace innovation is reviewed. This study's conceptual model opens new avenues for empirical studies and may help leaders cultivate innovation f...

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Research paper thumbnail of INSTITUTE OF ECONOMIC STUDIES WORKING PAPER SERIES W 07 : 01 February 2007 Testing for customer markets using survey data

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Research paper thumbnail of Accuracy Assessment of the ESA CCI 20M Land Cover Map: Kenya, Gabon, Ivory Coast and South Africa

This working paper presents the overall and spatial accuracy assessment of the European Space Age... more This working paper presents the overall and spatial accuracy assessment of the European Space Agency (ESA) 20 m prototype land cover map for Africa for four countries: Kenya, Gabon, Ivory Coast and South Africa. This accuracy assessment was undertaken as part of the ESA-funded CrowdVal project. The results varied from 44% (for South Africa) to 91% (for Gabon). In the case of Kenya (56% overall accuracy) and South Africa, these values are largely caused by the confusion between grassland and shrubland. However, if a weighted confusion matrix is used, which diminishes the importance of the confusion between grassland and shrubs, the overall accuracy for Kenya increases to 79% and for South Africa, 75%. The overall accuracy for Ivory Coast (47%) is a result of a highly fragmented land cover, which makes it a difficult country to map with remote sensing. The exception was Gabon with a high overall accuracy of 91%, but this can be explained by the high amount of tree cover across the cou...

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Research paper thumbnail of SBP Working Paper Series Sticky Wages in a Developing Country : Lessons from Structured Interviews in Pakistan

We contribute to the growing literature on the empirical evidence for wage rigidity using structu... more We contribute to the growing literature on the empirical evidence for wage rigidity using structured interviews for Pakistan. The novelty of the study consists of using data from a developing country which provides the basis for a comparison with studies performed in the developed countries. Our sample of 1189 managers finds widespread support for downward nominal wage rigidity while real wage rigidity is less pronounced although still present. Concerns about the adverse effects of wage reductions on effort, morale, the most productive workers leaving (adverse selection) and the minimum-wage largely explain the presence of nominal wage rigidity. All sectors, irrespective of time, take minimum-wage changes into account when setting wages so that the law very much sets wage expectations.

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Research paper thumbnail of Informal Labour Markets in Pakistan

This paper describes the results of a survey of informal-sector firms in Pakistan. Firms belong t... more This paper describes the results of a survey of informal-sector firms in Pakistan. Firms belong to the informal sector mainly because of scarce financial resources. There are significant differences in the level of wages and the flexibility of wages with the informal sector having both lower wages and greater flexibility than the formal sector. While minimum wages are less binding in the informal sector, indexation of wages to inflation is more common. In spite of these differences the reasons for not cutting wages in a recession are similar between the two sectors.

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Research paper thumbnail of Measuring Economic Policy Uncertainty in Pakistan

We develop an economic policy uncertainty (EPU) index for Pakistan in accordance with Baker, Bloo... more We develop an economic policy uncertainty (EPU) index for Pakistan in accordance with Baker, Bloom and Davis (2016) by extracting newspaper articles from Websites (i.e., Web-scraping) and we divided this into two indices. The main index, is based on four leading English-language Pakistan newspapers for the period of January 2015 to April 2020. To cover more historical ground, we also present a second index which uses two of the four newspapers and for which Web harvesting is plausible for a longer period of August 2010 to April 2020. The two indices are highly correlated thus they move in tandem and between them they capture events such as: the great floods of 2010; high terrorism activity; heightened exchange rate volatility; political turmoil; reshuffling of economic managers; the IMF program of 2019, and most recently the COVID-19 pandemic.

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Research paper thumbnail of Deposit Volatility, Liquidity and Long-Term Investment: Evidence from a Natural Experiment in Pakistan

Deposit volatility and costly bank liquidity increase the long-term lending rates offered by bank... more Deposit volatility and costly bank liquidity increase the long-term lending rates offered by banks, which reduce loan maturities, long-term investment and output. We formalise this mechanism in a banking model and analyse exogenous variation in deposit volatility induced by a Sharia levy in Pakistan. Data from the credit registry and a firm-level survey show that deposit volatility and liquidity cost: 1) reduce loan maturities and lending rates; 2) leave loan amounts and total investment unchanged; 3) redirect investment from fixed assets towards working capital. A targeted liquidity program is quantified to generate yearly output gains between 0.042% and 0.205%. JEL: O12, G21, O16, E58 Keywords: Development, Banking, Investment, Central Banks

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Research paper thumbnail of in brief... Management practices in Pakistan

CentrePiece-The Magazine for Economic Performance, 2016

For more than a decade, CEP economists have been leading efforts to get measures of management in... more For more than a decade, CEP economists have been leading efforts to get measures of management incorporated into the statistical infrastructure used by governments and researchers. The authors report on the latest initiative, assessing the use of performance monitoring, targets and incentives in firms in Pakistan.

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Research paper thumbnail of Stick Wages in a Developing Country: Lessons from Structured Interviews in Pakistan

We contribute to the growing literature on the empirical evidence for wage rigidity using structu... more We contribute to the growing literature on the empirical evidence for wage rigidity using structured interviews for Pakistan. The novelty of the study consists of using data from a developing country which provides the basis for a comparison with studies performed in the developed countries. Our sample of 1189 managers finds widespread support for downward nominal wage rigidity while real wage rigidity is less pronounced although still present. Concerns about the adverse effects of wage reductions on effort, morale, the most productive workers leaving (adverse selection) and the minimum-wage largely explain the presence of nominal wage rigidity. All sectors, irrespective of time, take minimum-wage changes into account when setting wages so that the law very much sets wage expectations.

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Research paper thumbnail of Impact Of After Sale Service Characteristics on Customer Satisfaction

Information Management and Business Review

Researcher examines the impact of after sale service characteristics on customer satisfaction in ... more Researcher examines the impact of after sale service characteristics on customer satisfaction in home appliance industry of Pakistan. To what extent does characteristics like delivery time, installation of product, warranty time of product, feedback implementations and quality of service provided satisfies customers? In this globalized market, organizations try to differentiate themselves, so they tend to provide value added services to its customers; according their needs and wants. After detail and extensive review of literature researcher found that after sale service is essential in retaining and satisfying customers. Due to limited time, quantitative study is not possible. Practically our study benefitted for the manager of the organization that are mostly related to home appliances, so that they can check the customers trend towards after sale services characteristics i.e. delivery, installation, warranty, service quality and feedback.

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Research paper thumbnail of Exploring the Purchasing Motives of Young Pakistani Consumers for Foreign Brands

Information Management and Business Review

Cross-border service relationships are considerable issues in Pakistan, which tend researchers to... more Cross-border service relationships are considerable issues in Pakistan, which tend researchers to work in this area of research. The core purpose of this study was to explore the impact of quality, satisfaction, and value on purchase intentions for foreign brands among young Pakistani customers. The data was collected from a random sample of 500 university students through questionnaire designed by the researchers. The findings suggest that providing quality and satisfaction to Pakistani ethnocentric customers does not guarantee the brand to earn loyalty in return. Foreign brands can succeed in creating brand value through creating a convinced link with some tangible benefits and by creating means of self-presentation for the customers. The student’s responses can be assumed as a limitation of this study, which can be justified by considering the fact that the study is first of its type in the Pakistani environment.

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Research paper thumbnail of Student Counseling: Adding Value to Educational Institution

Journal of Education and Vocational Research

Quality of education has always remained an issue for the educational researchers. It is widely b... more Quality of education has always remained an issue for the educational researchers. It is widely believed that quality of education in Sub-Continent is below the international standards. To find out how educational institutions are adding value towards the knowledge, skills, market value and moral upbringing of students and how much students are satisfied with the environment of educational system and the quality of education they receive.Using this information, how a student counseler can benefit the student as well the organization to add value in the education process. This is a case study where a Govt. Intermediate College was selected for interviews and document analysis purpose. Findings based on general perception of the respondents, All the respondents have matriculated from Public School. The findings showed that students were really concerned about the poor discipline of their schools and generally they were not satisfied with the commitment and capability of their teachers...

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Research paper thumbnail of Finance and Inequality: The Distributional Impacts of Bank Credit Rationing

International Finance Discussion Paper

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Research paper thumbnail of Sticky Wages in a Developing Country: Lessons from Structured Interviews in Pakistan

School of Economics Discussion Papers, Mar 1, 2013

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Research paper thumbnail of On smoothing macroeconomic time series using HP and modified HP filter

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Research paper thumbnail of Price Setting & Price Stickiness: A Developing Economy Perspective

Journal of Macroeconomics, 2016

We study price setting in Pakistan using 1189 structured interviews of managers organized by the ... more We study price setting in Pakistan using 1189 structured interviews of managers organized by the State Bank of Pakistan–Pakistan’s Central Bank. We find that on an annual basis the incidence of price adjustment is three times higher than in developed countries. The remaining price rigidity is explained by the existence of firms’ interactions with the informal sector, strategic interactions with other firms and the uncertainty about temporariness of shocks. The exchange rate and cost-push shocks matter more and are incorporated faster into prices than financial cost and demand-pull shocks. The roughly bimodal nature of price reviewing strategies together with a high frequency of price adjustment imply that monetary policy will carry low potency. Time-dependent price reviewing strategies tend to dominate state-dependent strategies, but the ratio of price reviews to actual adjustment is too high and inconsistent with the moderate levels of inflation experienced by Pakistan.

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Research paper thumbnail of Economic Effects of Students' Dropouts a Comparative Study of the Causes of Students' Dropouts Globally

In global perspective, it is an incontestable fact that the progress of a nation is highly depend... more In global perspective, it is an incontestable fact that the progress of a nation is highly dependent on the education of their citizens. Education has a cross cutting impact on all aspects of human life. It is a vital investment for human and economic development. The purpose of this study is to explore the causes of students drop outs and their impact on economy. This research find outs the reasons of dropouts in Pakistan and more importantly comparative analysis of the causes of students' dropouts globally. The findings of this study are drawn from the extensive literature review of students' dropout in different countries. A lot of reasons are discussed in this paper that causes students dropouts. This study also find outs the effects of students dropouts on economy and suggest some remedial measures to reduce students' dropouts. Study has some policy implications for policy makers to combat this problem.

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Research paper thumbnail of Collaboration between sales and marketing increases the business performance: Evidence from Pakistani export industry

The purpose of this study is to know whether superior levels of collaboration between marketing a... more The purpose of this study is to know whether superior levels of collaboration between marketing and sales are linked with improved business performance and to highlight factors that are administratively related to this interface. This study aims to explore the marketing and sales working relationship through quantitative research, survey of Pakistani Export companies through questionnaires is being used in this research study. The research concludes that high level of organizational learning, communication, minimizes interdepartmental conflicts, results as better business performance. This study has many implications for managers, for instance, for better sales and marketing department relations, senior management need tocreate a positive coordination, which can help them to reduce interdepartmental conflicts. Top management should provide such training programs and environment that encourage functional departments to work together to get maximum productivity. However, literature si...

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