BANKOLE I. OLADAPO - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by BANKOLE I. OLADAPO

Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Internet of Things and Machine Learning

In this paper, we have described a novel smart sensing unit for vibration measurement and machine... more In this paper, we have described a novel smart sensing unit for vibration measurement and machinery condition monitoring. Here we have embedded accelerometer with the arduino microcontroller board. Where microprocessor-based smart sensor shall collect 3-D vibrations; and these stored data in microcontroller can be sent to third party devices (Laptop, PC etc.) for further signal analysis. Analytical approaches have demonstrated that vibration monitoring has tremendous potential in detecting localized defects in the machines. When mounted in proximity of a bearing housing (a general case), these module can collect the Stationary as well as non-stationary signature data of vibration of bearing housing reliably. Since, most vibration sensors are mounted in proximity of bearing housings (based on mechanical impedance considerations); bearing fault detection techniques can be implemented for online bearing condition monitoring. This module can be easily deployed for different rotating machines for vibration monitoring purposes. Arduino board is utilized for collecting data from sensor as data acquisition module; which consists of ATMega328P microcontroller having 16 MHz clock speed, hence enabling us to capture high frequency signals from accelerometer.

Materials Today: Proceedings

Abstract Surgical sciences are very important for human existence and survival. Surgery, however,... more Abstract Surgical sciences are very important for human existence and survival. Surgery, however, is not a 100 percent success probability operation. In fact, some decades ago, surgical operations are generally regarded as a 50 percent probable risk operation. This review highlights the invention of nanotechnology to eliminate piercing type of surgery and invent a step by step approach that could bring about the development of a nano-doctor who can operate by minimal invasion and much less invasion. The coming to limelight of nanomedicine as a child’s play of combining nanotechnology with pure sciences such as biology and chemistry were discussed. The possibility of developing a nano-doctor was discussed based on an integration with 4th industrial revolution (4IR) technologies and the pros and cons of inventing and adopting a nano-doctor were explained as a documented review which could serve as a baseline knowledge for its realization. Few challenges such as human body complexity, safety, ethical, regulatory, manufacturing and characterization concerns were also identified and cogently discussed as some upcoming issues. The possible integration of modern 4IR tools such as artificial intelligence (AI), robotics, machine learning, ZigBee technology, and internet of things (IoTs) were briefly touched. This review established the possibility of inventing a nano-doctor for surgical operation which will in turn be of great benefits to human health.

The Injection molding machine is one of the commonly used machines for the production of domestic... more The Injection molding machine is one of the commonly used machines for the production of domestic and industrial plastic products, which differ in sizes, shapes, complexities, and applications. Inadequate pressure load to push the molten plastic pellets through to filling the mold during the molding processes is one of the problems reported in literature. Hydraulic pressure to force the melt into the mold is initiated from the hydraulic pump to the main spindle that often results to product defects. In this work, the characteristics of the pump driving the main spindle of an injection molding machine by an hydraulic motor is explored using the Afe Babalola University Ado Ekiti water plant as a case study. The research designed and simulated a hydraulic model with the FluidSIM® 5.1 and benchmarked with a workbench model. The feeding motion for the tool carriage was investigated with a hydraulic cylinder. The behavior of the pump was determined by analyzing the resultant curve from th...

There is a serious need to design and construct a more convenient drafting table with a reduce co... more There is a serious need to design and construct a more convenient drafting table with a reduce cost for the high number of Students using design studio in mechanical and mechatronics department, Afe Babalola University Ado Ekiti, Nigeria. This project presents the design and fabrication of a standard drafting table with the use of “AutoCAD TM” software. The design helps to find out a precise dimensions of various part of table with great accuracy within small time and gives fine representation of drafting table. The detail drawing enhance the speed of production as each technician working on the table work on different part which makes the fabrication more faster and precised. The joining of the part was done through arc-welding using gauge 10 electrode. The slot on the adjusting hanger was machine on milling machine. The table was fabricated using a 2”*2” square pipe of 2mm thick of mild steal material commonly available in market. Main part are: stand of 2”*2” 3ft long, middle and...

Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 2021

This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the ad... more This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that, during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2021

Abstract Direct structural and purposeful relation between bone and implant is known as osteointe... more Abstract Direct structural and purposeful relation between bone and implant is known as osteointegration. When an implant is inserted into the bone, a bone-implant interface is created, a critical area between the surface of implanted biomaterial and the surrounding bone. This research aimed to summarise the outcome of a crucial review conducted on poly-ether-ether-ketone (PEEK) and its composite materials, such as cellular calcium hydroxyapatite (cHAp) for medical applications. The prospective medical implant interface of PEEK was studied. Also, critical analysis and review on 3D printing of PEEK, its composites and natural macromolecular behaviour interface healing process for a bone implant are highlighted. Scopus database was used for electronic and Google search, and peer-reviewed papers in the last twelve years were studied. The study further includes a novel classification of polymer PEEK, the mechanical strength involved during the regeneration process of bone tissues. Due to the extraordinary power of the PEEK, its composites and their excellent natural behaviour, critical PEEK 3D printability research was reported for various biomedical applications and its natural health sustainable behaviours. In addition, the effectiveness and efficiency of the implant interface of PEEK depend on the natural conditions of the bone, design characteristics of implant and distribution of loads between bone and implant. Also explained, are the ideal options to boost 3D printability and scientific mechanisms of PEEK composites. This detailed review would benefit the scientific and medical community to enhance sustainability. Lastly, the description of the bone-implant interface reported within this compendious review can be used to determine the most relevant characteristics to consider in formulating models for osteointegration of bone-implants.

Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 2021

The pores of bone tissue that play an important part in bone regeneration can emulate the areas o... more The pores of bone tissue that play an important part in bone regeneration can emulate the areas of nanoparticles from porous scaffolds. This work evaluated a novel designed and developed nanostructure surface of polyetheretherketone-reduced graphene oxide, calcium hydroxyapatite (PEEK-rGO-cHAp) composite scaffolds of four different lattice structures. The scaffolds were fabricated through fused deposition modelling (FDM), as rGO-cHAp composite was coated on PEEK. The composite scaffolds' mechanical strength and surface microstructure were studied, using different nanostructure methods of unit cell homogenisation and tensile test. The homogenisation method for the four lattice structures was designed and analysed to mimic spine bone structure. A new approach was introduced to homogenise the mechanical characteristics of a periodical lattice of 3D printing structures based on a semi-rigid frame unit cell. They were taking into consideration the impact of geometric approximation errors and joint tightening. A typical frame element with semi-rigid is integrated to assess combined stiffening effects in a discrete homogenisation process. The analysis was performed by considering the fundamental unit cell as a scaffold that defined the periodic pattern. Also, this study created an avenue to examine and improve the interfacial bonding between PEEK and rGO-cHAp scaffolds for biocompatibility and degradability, using surface functionalisation techniques. This work aimed to compare the manufacturing processes in an intervertebral spacer model and its lattice structure, present the characteristics of the PEEK biomaterial and some parameters used for its processing. In addition to its manufacturing part, a brief theory on the anatomy of the spine region was also presented. The object of the study was applied, which in this case was the cervical region, with a surgical approach through an anterior method to establish its practical applications and benefits in tissue engineering.

Materials Chemistry and Physics, 2021

• 3D printer and software fight against COVID-19,due to the PPE shortage during the pandemic. • P... more • 3D printer and software fight against COVID-19,due to the PPE shortage during the pandemic. • Presents the detailed procedure for printing 3D face shields and ventilator promptly and effectively. • Evaluates the potential of 3D printing for the flow of medical devices for fighting COVID-19. • Reviews innovative breakthroughs in major 3D printing in various institutions. • Proposes a futuristic pathway of a medical device for preventing and treating COVID-19.

Materials Chemistry and Physics, 2021

Polyether ether ketone (PEEK) is a promising biomaterial to replace traditional metals or ceramic... more Polyether ether ketone (PEEK) is a promising biomaterial to replace traditional metals or ceramic components for biomedical mimic the bone tissue. However, PEEK has many challenges to feed into 3D printing fused deposition melting (FDM) machine due to its high melting temperature and high viscosity, the main weakness to use in medical application is bioactivity and cell attachment. In this research, biomaterials such as calcium hydroxyapatite (cHAp) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) is used to combine with PEEK to make a composite material to improve interfaces biocompatibility. The FDM method is applied to print PEEK/rGO/cHAp lattice structures. The effect of nanoparticle on the biocompatibility of the surface newly manufactured composite (PEEK/cHAp/rGO) are thoroughly investigated. Surface treatment with the addition of rGO and cHAp are used to accelerate the biological activity of recombinant surface coating with improved mechanical and biological behaviour for bone grafting. The PEEK/rGO/cHAp composite characteristics are investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and mechanical tests. The result is shown that the composite with the highest ratio of rGO of 5% has more biocompatibility and mechanical strength. The Young modulus and bulk modulus of PEEK increase exponentially with the increase of rGO/cHAp from 3.85 GPa to 54.27 GPa, 25% of 5 wt% addition of rGO. Furthermore, PEEK/cHAp induces apatite formation after several days of immersion in body fluids simulator Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) which contains the ions in body fluid and nutrient agar solution (NAS) to determine their biological viability. The In vivo experimental results are shown that cell aggregation and biological activity in the proposed composite (PEEK/rGO/cHAp) is higher than pure PEEK. The one tested with NAS shows more cell growth compared to DMEM.

Scientific African, 2021

Abstract Radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (EMF) are subjected to a public perceived risk of ... more Abstract Radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (EMF) are subjected to a public perceived risk of adverse effects, and results from many epidemiology studies were largely inconclusive. Results of EMF measurements vary among researchers due to co-varieties of factors among which are temporal variations. This study assessed temporal variation of exposure from radiofrequency electromagnetic fields from some selected MCBSs in Kuje Area Council, in Nigeria. The Mobile phone frequencies band considered in the study area are GSM 900 MHz, GSM 1800 MHz, and Wi-Fi 2400 MHz. Using a selective radiation spectral analyzer HF- 2025E, measurements of peak power densities and their corresponding time of occurrence were made. The result shows that the RF fields vary with time in different locations for various power densities. When the aggregate of maximum exposures was compared with the international commission on Non – ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNRP) guidelines, they were found to be below the recommended limit.

The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 2020

This study analyses a software algorithm developed on MATLAB, which can be used to examine fused ... more This study analyses a software algorithm developed on MATLAB, which can be used to examine fused filament fabrication-based 3D printed materials for porosity and other defects that might affect the mechanical property of the final component under manufacture or the general aesthetic quality of a product. An in-depth literature review into the 3D printed materials reveals a rapidly increasing trend in its application in the industrial sector. Hence the quality of manufactured products cannot be compromised. Despite much research found to be done on this subject, there is still little or no work reported on porosity or defect detection in 3D printed components during (real-time) or after manufacturing operation. The algorithm developed in this study is tested for two different 3-D object geometry and the same filament color. The results showed that the algorithm effectively detected the presence or absence of defects in a 3D printed part geometry and filament colors. Hence, this technique can be generalized to a considerable range of 3-D printer geometries, which solve material wastages by spotting defects during the workpieces layer-wise manufacturing process, thereby improving the economic advantages of additive manufacturing.

Engineering Structures, 2020

3D-printing is an efficient method of designing customised structures and producing synthetic bon... more 3D-printing is an efficient method of designing customised structures and producing synthetic bone grafts appropriate for bone implants. This research aimed to manufacture a new multi-functionalised 3D-printed poly(lactic acid)/carbonated hydroxyapatite (PLA/cHA) scaffolds with mass proportions of 100/0, 95/5 and 90/10 in a bid to verify their potential application in tissue regeneration. The filaments of these hybrid materials were obtained by extrusion technique and subsequently used to manufacture the 3D-printed scaffolds, using a fused deposition modelling (FDM) technique. The scaffolds were characterised based on their thermal properties, microstructure and geometry by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS), respectively, in addition to determination of their apparent porosities. The degradation of the scaffolds and the liberation of degradation products were evaluated in in vitro for different days under simulated physiological conditions. New microanalyses of mechanical behaviour of the materials: tensile and compression stresses, density, frequency analysis and optimisation with DSC were performed. While, evaluation of the surface luminance structure and the profile structure of the nanostructured PLA composite materials was done by SEM, in 3D printed form. The filter profile of cross-sectional view of the specimen was extracted and evaluated with Firestone curve of the Gaussian filter; checking the roughness and waviness profile of the structure. It was observed that the thermal properties of the composites were not affected by the manufacturing process. The microstructural analysis showed the effective incorporation of the ceramic filler in the polymer matrix as well as an acceptable PLA/cHA interaction. The degradation tests showed the presence of calcium and phosphorus in the studied medium, confirming their liberation from the composites during the incubation periods.

Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects, 2020

Abstract This research aims to present computational nanoparticle surface characterisation analys... more Abstract This research aims to present computational nanoparticle surface characterisation analysis of fourth-dimensional wearing tool in a machining process. The effect of hardenability, toughness, heat treatment and feed rate of material removal processes of cutting and machining were investigated. The aim of this research is evaluating the process of nanoparticle in the cutting time, cutting speed, and the wear in the tool part caused by the machining process was observed. It was also possible to watch the flank wear generated in the tool, which can only be seen with a 50 times magnification in microscopes and the observed wear is up to 102.32 μ . The 4D nanostructure composite particle evaluating of the tool, the 3D surface luminance structure, and the profile with cross-sectional views of the atomic force microscope (AFM) are extracted and analysed. The waviness profile, surface roughness and Gaussian filter of the tool are observed and considered in ISO standard parameters. It was found that tool wear nanoparticles are dispersed inside the grains, and spherical nanoparticles grow with an increase in temperature at the 4D. The nanostructure of the wear grain size and the 3D morphology is influenced by motif, furrow segmentation of the grains, and reduced from an average particle of 316grains to an average of 225grains. This allows us to accomplish the goal of identifying the graph the characteristic life curve of the optimum value of the tool life.

Polymer Testing, 2020

Tissue engineering uses some engineering strategies for the reconstruction and repair of the comp... more Tissue engineering uses some engineering strategies for the reconstruction and repair of the compromised tissues, among which the use of biomaterials as an alternative to conventional transplants is significant. However, not many research has been developed on the use of biopolymer nanostructure microanalysis and calcium phosphate composites of carbon apatite in PLA as scaffolds for tissue regeneration. In this work, poly (lactic acid) filaments with 5% and 20%, carbon apatite (cHA) were microanalysis to produce a 3D printing scaffold. The scaffolds were characterised by the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX) techniques, thereby making it possible to notice a good load dispersion. The microstructural analysis of the scaffolds was carried out by computerised micro-tomography to determine the roughness, morphological parameters of pore size distribution, porosity, as well as better visualisation of the distribution of particles. A computational in vitro and microanalysis tests to assess the biocompatibility viability of the PLA/cHA structure with a variation of scaffold geometry to evaluate their effects on morphological, physicochemical and mechanical properties were also carried out. The characterisation of Ca and P release assays were observed for longer incubation times and the dynamic condition control to simulate the stresses suffered by the biomaterial exerted by the flow of fluids was achieved. The results obtained indicated that the micrographs of the cross-sections of the scaffolds showed a flatness in the loaded material when compared to the 100/0 PLA. Furthermore, the apparent porosity of 5% and 20% of cHA scaffolds gave a porosity percentage of approximately 62% and 41% respectively. The reduced summit height, reduced valley depth and the percentage upper and lower bearing area difference of the samples are 16.33 nm, 9.62 nm and 75.07% respectively. The morphological characterisation surface roughness analysis and tolerance insertion gave a favourable reduced porosity result for the composite scaffolds with 5% of cHA. Hence, this work will assist biomaterial industries in the development of biomaterials which have been engineered with biological systems to meet medical purposes.

Journal of King Saud University - Engineering Sciences, 2019

This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the ad... more This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that, during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.

New developments in broadcast technology, such as the ad hoc wireless network and the detection d... more New developments in broadcast technology, such as the ad hoc wireless network and the detection devices that work, enable daily connections to the Internet, commonly referred to as the Internet of Things (IoT). IoT saw this as a support for the development of creative and contextual services and applications. The service can respond to the user's environment and preferences. Finite state machines are recently making waves when the issue of self-controlling systems come into the picture of designs. This research focuses on the design of a fault tolerant system that controls random failures impressed on the network. The method comprises of diodes, Resistors, Optocouplers, ESP8266 WI-FI Module Webpage with button, and two Arduinos which in effect will determine iteratively who to handle a failure at hand modelled as when the button on the webpage is pressed. In this work, a Heartbeat Detection and Monitoring System will be made using Arduino that detect the electrical state using t...

Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 2019

In materials engineers, it is important to determine the cause of failure of a machine component,... more In materials engineers, it is important to determine the cause of failure of a machine component, to prevent prospect occurrences and increase the performance of the component structure. In this study, the parameters of the fatigue life of machine shafts are investigated. An analysis of the nut cracking machine shaft was conceded for plastic deformations. The optimum safe and economical design of a machine shaft was proposed. The 3D model of a shaft was produced with Inventor ® using absolute coordinate. The results of the commercial finite element analysis (FEA) and calculations are compared with results obtained earlier by other methods. The analysis of 30 mm shaft diameters under the maximum torque of 72.0 Nm shows a factor of safety of 10, while the 20 mm shaft diameter under the same torque gives a factor of safety of 2. This will provide designers guidelines to forecast the design on fatigue strength of a machine shaft.

Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 2019

Cogent Engineering, 2019

as soon as possible after acceptance. Copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof... more as soon as possible after acceptance. Copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof will be undertaken on this manuscript before final publication of the Version of Record (VoR). Please note that during production and pre-press, errors may be discovered which could affect the content.

Composites Part B: Engineering, 2018

The evolution of Additive manufacturing technologies (AMT) with Bioengineering production materia... more The evolution of Additive manufacturing technologies (AMT) with Bioengineering production materials have been constantly researched, but not all have the necessary characteristics adequate fracture toughness to resist forces and crack propagation, with an improved mechanical and structural properties. The aim of this research was to analyse the nanoparticle microstructure and possible reinforcement of different resins behaviour to enhance productivities for ADT. Also to analyse the behaviour of different polymer resins in the attempt to make filaments for use in AMT, contributing to the sustainable search for natural resources of resins for 3D printing. Novel test analyses were carried out, which included mechanical evaluation of the materials for tensile and compression stress, density, glass transition temperature, Frequency analysis and optimization as well as the functional analytic behaviour of the samples with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The further analytical structural of the particle was performed, evaluating the surface luminance structure and the profile structure of a resin material in 3D printing, analysing the profile curve of the nanostructure from the scanning electron microscope (SEM). The filter profile of a cross-sectional view of the specimen was extracted and analyse and the Firestone curve of the Gaussian filter checking the roughness and waviness profile of the structure. According to the results, the materials present an in low tensile strength and compression, but excellent moulding to be extruded in the filaments and also injected. The resin sample B give a higher tensile and compressive force of about 365KN/m 2 and 650KN/m 2 respectively compare to others.

Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Internet of Things and Machine Learning

In this paper, we have described a novel smart sensing unit for vibration measurement and machine... more In this paper, we have described a novel smart sensing unit for vibration measurement and machinery condition monitoring. Here we have embedded accelerometer with the arduino microcontroller board. Where microprocessor-based smart sensor shall collect 3-D vibrations; and these stored data in microcontroller can be sent to third party devices (Laptop, PC etc.) for further signal analysis. Analytical approaches have demonstrated that vibration monitoring has tremendous potential in detecting localized defects in the machines. When mounted in proximity of a bearing housing (a general case), these module can collect the Stationary as well as non-stationary signature data of vibration of bearing housing reliably. Since, most vibration sensors are mounted in proximity of bearing housings (based on mechanical impedance considerations); bearing fault detection techniques can be implemented for online bearing condition monitoring. This module can be easily deployed for different rotating machines for vibration monitoring purposes. Arduino board is utilized for collecting data from sensor as data acquisition module; which consists of ATMega328P microcontroller having 16 MHz clock speed, hence enabling us to capture high frequency signals from accelerometer.

Materials Today: Proceedings

Abstract Surgical sciences are very important for human existence and survival. Surgery, however,... more Abstract Surgical sciences are very important for human existence and survival. Surgery, however, is not a 100 percent success probability operation. In fact, some decades ago, surgical operations are generally regarded as a 50 percent probable risk operation. This review highlights the invention of nanotechnology to eliminate piercing type of surgery and invent a step by step approach that could bring about the development of a nano-doctor who can operate by minimal invasion and much less invasion. The coming to limelight of nanomedicine as a child’s play of combining nanotechnology with pure sciences such as biology and chemistry were discussed. The possibility of developing a nano-doctor was discussed based on an integration with 4th industrial revolution (4IR) technologies and the pros and cons of inventing and adopting a nano-doctor were explained as a documented review which could serve as a baseline knowledge for its realization. Few challenges such as human body complexity, safety, ethical, regulatory, manufacturing and characterization concerns were also identified and cogently discussed as some upcoming issues. The possible integration of modern 4IR tools such as artificial intelligence (AI), robotics, machine learning, ZigBee technology, and internet of things (IoTs) were briefly touched. This review established the possibility of inventing a nano-doctor for surgical operation which will in turn be of great benefits to human health.

The Injection molding machine is one of the commonly used machines for the production of domestic... more The Injection molding machine is one of the commonly used machines for the production of domestic and industrial plastic products, which differ in sizes, shapes, complexities, and applications. Inadequate pressure load to push the molten plastic pellets through to filling the mold during the molding processes is one of the problems reported in literature. Hydraulic pressure to force the melt into the mold is initiated from the hydraulic pump to the main spindle that often results to product defects. In this work, the characteristics of the pump driving the main spindle of an injection molding machine by an hydraulic motor is explored using the Afe Babalola University Ado Ekiti water plant as a case study. The research designed and simulated a hydraulic model with the FluidSIM® 5.1 and benchmarked with a workbench model. The feeding motion for the tool carriage was investigated with a hydraulic cylinder. The behavior of the pump was determined by analyzing the resultant curve from th...

There is a serious need to design and construct a more convenient drafting table with a reduce co... more There is a serious need to design and construct a more convenient drafting table with a reduce cost for the high number of Students using design studio in mechanical and mechatronics department, Afe Babalola University Ado Ekiti, Nigeria. This project presents the design and fabrication of a standard drafting table with the use of “AutoCAD TM” software. The design helps to find out a precise dimensions of various part of table with great accuracy within small time and gives fine representation of drafting table. The detail drawing enhance the speed of production as each technician working on the table work on different part which makes the fabrication more faster and precised. The joining of the part was done through arc-welding using gauge 10 electrode. The slot on the adjusting hanger was machine on milling machine. The table was fabricated using a 2”*2” square pipe of 2mm thick of mild steal material commonly available in market. Main part are: stand of 2”*2” 3ft long, middle and...

Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 2021

This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the ad... more This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that, during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2021

Abstract Direct structural and purposeful relation between bone and implant is known as osteointe... more Abstract Direct structural and purposeful relation between bone and implant is known as osteointegration. When an implant is inserted into the bone, a bone-implant interface is created, a critical area between the surface of implanted biomaterial and the surrounding bone. This research aimed to summarise the outcome of a crucial review conducted on poly-ether-ether-ketone (PEEK) and its composite materials, such as cellular calcium hydroxyapatite (cHAp) for medical applications. The prospective medical implant interface of PEEK was studied. Also, critical analysis and review on 3D printing of PEEK, its composites and natural macromolecular behaviour interface healing process for a bone implant are highlighted. Scopus database was used for electronic and Google search, and peer-reviewed papers in the last twelve years were studied. The study further includes a novel classification of polymer PEEK, the mechanical strength involved during the regeneration process of bone tissues. Due to the extraordinary power of the PEEK, its composites and their excellent natural behaviour, critical PEEK 3D printability research was reported for various biomedical applications and its natural health sustainable behaviours. In addition, the effectiveness and efficiency of the implant interface of PEEK depend on the natural conditions of the bone, design characteristics of implant and distribution of loads between bone and implant. Also explained, are the ideal options to boost 3D printability and scientific mechanisms of PEEK composites. This detailed review would benefit the scientific and medical community to enhance sustainability. Lastly, the description of the bone-implant interface reported within this compendious review can be used to determine the most relevant characteristics to consider in formulating models for osteointegration of bone-implants.

Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 2021

The pores of bone tissue that play an important part in bone regeneration can emulate the areas o... more The pores of bone tissue that play an important part in bone regeneration can emulate the areas of nanoparticles from porous scaffolds. This work evaluated a novel designed and developed nanostructure surface of polyetheretherketone-reduced graphene oxide, calcium hydroxyapatite (PEEK-rGO-cHAp) composite scaffolds of four different lattice structures. The scaffolds were fabricated through fused deposition modelling (FDM), as rGO-cHAp composite was coated on PEEK. The composite scaffolds' mechanical strength and surface microstructure were studied, using different nanostructure methods of unit cell homogenisation and tensile test. The homogenisation method for the four lattice structures was designed and analysed to mimic spine bone structure. A new approach was introduced to homogenise the mechanical characteristics of a periodical lattice of 3D printing structures based on a semi-rigid frame unit cell. They were taking into consideration the impact of geometric approximation errors and joint tightening. A typical frame element with semi-rigid is integrated to assess combined stiffening effects in a discrete homogenisation process. The analysis was performed by considering the fundamental unit cell as a scaffold that defined the periodic pattern. Also, this study created an avenue to examine and improve the interfacial bonding between PEEK and rGO-cHAp scaffolds for biocompatibility and degradability, using surface functionalisation techniques. This work aimed to compare the manufacturing processes in an intervertebral spacer model and its lattice structure, present the characteristics of the PEEK biomaterial and some parameters used for its processing. In addition to its manufacturing part, a brief theory on the anatomy of the spine region was also presented. The object of the study was applied, which in this case was the cervical region, with a surgical approach through an anterior method to establish its practical applications and benefits in tissue engineering.

Materials Chemistry and Physics, 2021

• 3D printer and software fight against COVID-19,due to the PPE shortage during the pandemic. • P... more • 3D printer and software fight against COVID-19,due to the PPE shortage during the pandemic. • Presents the detailed procedure for printing 3D face shields and ventilator promptly and effectively. • Evaluates the potential of 3D printing for the flow of medical devices for fighting COVID-19. • Reviews innovative breakthroughs in major 3D printing in various institutions. • Proposes a futuristic pathway of a medical device for preventing and treating COVID-19.

Materials Chemistry and Physics, 2021

Polyether ether ketone (PEEK) is a promising biomaterial to replace traditional metals or ceramic... more Polyether ether ketone (PEEK) is a promising biomaterial to replace traditional metals or ceramic components for biomedical mimic the bone tissue. However, PEEK has many challenges to feed into 3D printing fused deposition melting (FDM) machine due to its high melting temperature and high viscosity, the main weakness to use in medical application is bioactivity and cell attachment. In this research, biomaterials such as calcium hydroxyapatite (cHAp) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) is used to combine with PEEK to make a composite material to improve interfaces biocompatibility. The FDM method is applied to print PEEK/rGO/cHAp lattice structures. The effect of nanoparticle on the biocompatibility of the surface newly manufactured composite (PEEK/cHAp/rGO) are thoroughly investigated. Surface treatment with the addition of rGO and cHAp are used to accelerate the biological activity of recombinant surface coating with improved mechanical and biological behaviour for bone grafting. The PEEK/rGO/cHAp composite characteristics are investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and mechanical tests. The result is shown that the composite with the highest ratio of rGO of 5% has more biocompatibility and mechanical strength. The Young modulus and bulk modulus of PEEK increase exponentially with the increase of rGO/cHAp from 3.85 GPa to 54.27 GPa, 25% of 5 wt% addition of rGO. Furthermore, PEEK/cHAp induces apatite formation after several days of immersion in body fluids simulator Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) which contains the ions in body fluid and nutrient agar solution (NAS) to determine their biological viability. The In vivo experimental results are shown that cell aggregation and biological activity in the proposed composite (PEEK/rGO/cHAp) is higher than pure PEEK. The one tested with NAS shows more cell growth compared to DMEM.

Scientific African, 2021

Abstract Radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (EMF) are subjected to a public perceived risk of ... more Abstract Radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (EMF) are subjected to a public perceived risk of adverse effects, and results from many epidemiology studies were largely inconclusive. Results of EMF measurements vary among researchers due to co-varieties of factors among which are temporal variations. This study assessed temporal variation of exposure from radiofrequency electromagnetic fields from some selected MCBSs in Kuje Area Council, in Nigeria. The Mobile phone frequencies band considered in the study area are GSM 900 MHz, GSM 1800 MHz, and Wi-Fi 2400 MHz. Using a selective radiation spectral analyzer HF- 2025E, measurements of peak power densities and their corresponding time of occurrence were made. The result shows that the RF fields vary with time in different locations for various power densities. When the aggregate of maximum exposures was compared with the international commission on Non – ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNRP) guidelines, they were found to be below the recommended limit.

The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 2020

This study analyses a software algorithm developed on MATLAB, which can be used to examine fused ... more This study analyses a software algorithm developed on MATLAB, which can be used to examine fused filament fabrication-based 3D printed materials for porosity and other defects that might affect the mechanical property of the final component under manufacture or the general aesthetic quality of a product. An in-depth literature review into the 3D printed materials reveals a rapidly increasing trend in its application in the industrial sector. Hence the quality of manufactured products cannot be compromised. Despite much research found to be done on this subject, there is still little or no work reported on porosity or defect detection in 3D printed components during (real-time) or after manufacturing operation. The algorithm developed in this study is tested for two different 3-D object geometry and the same filament color. The results showed that the algorithm effectively detected the presence or absence of defects in a 3D printed part geometry and filament colors. Hence, this technique can be generalized to a considerable range of 3-D printer geometries, which solve material wastages by spotting defects during the workpieces layer-wise manufacturing process, thereby improving the economic advantages of additive manufacturing.

Engineering Structures, 2020

3D-printing is an efficient method of designing customised structures and producing synthetic bon... more 3D-printing is an efficient method of designing customised structures and producing synthetic bone grafts appropriate for bone implants. This research aimed to manufacture a new multi-functionalised 3D-printed poly(lactic acid)/carbonated hydroxyapatite (PLA/cHA) scaffolds with mass proportions of 100/0, 95/5 and 90/10 in a bid to verify their potential application in tissue regeneration. The filaments of these hybrid materials were obtained by extrusion technique and subsequently used to manufacture the 3D-printed scaffolds, using a fused deposition modelling (FDM) technique. The scaffolds were characterised based on their thermal properties, microstructure and geometry by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS), respectively, in addition to determination of their apparent porosities. The degradation of the scaffolds and the liberation of degradation products were evaluated in in vitro for different days under simulated physiological conditions. New microanalyses of mechanical behaviour of the materials: tensile and compression stresses, density, frequency analysis and optimisation with DSC were performed. While, evaluation of the surface luminance structure and the profile structure of the nanostructured PLA composite materials was done by SEM, in 3D printed form. The filter profile of cross-sectional view of the specimen was extracted and evaluated with Firestone curve of the Gaussian filter; checking the roughness and waviness profile of the structure. It was observed that the thermal properties of the composites were not affected by the manufacturing process. The microstructural analysis showed the effective incorporation of the ceramic filler in the polymer matrix as well as an acceptable PLA/cHA interaction. The degradation tests showed the presence of calcium and phosphorus in the studied medium, confirming their liberation from the composites during the incubation periods.

Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects, 2020

Abstract This research aims to present computational nanoparticle surface characterisation analys... more Abstract This research aims to present computational nanoparticle surface characterisation analysis of fourth-dimensional wearing tool in a machining process. The effect of hardenability, toughness, heat treatment and feed rate of material removal processes of cutting and machining were investigated. The aim of this research is evaluating the process of nanoparticle in the cutting time, cutting speed, and the wear in the tool part caused by the machining process was observed. It was also possible to watch the flank wear generated in the tool, which can only be seen with a 50 times magnification in microscopes and the observed wear is up to 102.32 μ . The 4D nanostructure composite particle evaluating of the tool, the 3D surface luminance structure, and the profile with cross-sectional views of the atomic force microscope (AFM) are extracted and analysed. The waviness profile, surface roughness and Gaussian filter of the tool are observed and considered in ISO standard parameters. It was found that tool wear nanoparticles are dispersed inside the grains, and spherical nanoparticles grow with an increase in temperature at the 4D. The nanostructure of the wear grain size and the 3D morphology is influenced by motif, furrow segmentation of the grains, and reduced from an average particle of 316grains to an average of 225grains. This allows us to accomplish the goal of identifying the graph the characteristic life curve of the optimum value of the tool life.

Polymer Testing, 2020

Tissue engineering uses some engineering strategies for the reconstruction and repair of the comp... more Tissue engineering uses some engineering strategies for the reconstruction and repair of the compromised tissues, among which the use of biomaterials as an alternative to conventional transplants is significant. However, not many research has been developed on the use of biopolymer nanostructure microanalysis and calcium phosphate composites of carbon apatite in PLA as scaffolds for tissue regeneration. In this work, poly (lactic acid) filaments with 5% and 20%, carbon apatite (cHA) were microanalysis to produce a 3D printing scaffold. The scaffolds were characterised by the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX) techniques, thereby making it possible to notice a good load dispersion. The microstructural analysis of the scaffolds was carried out by computerised micro-tomography to determine the roughness, morphological parameters of pore size distribution, porosity, as well as better visualisation of the distribution of particles. A computational in vitro and microanalysis tests to assess the biocompatibility viability of the PLA/cHA structure with a variation of scaffold geometry to evaluate their effects on morphological, physicochemical and mechanical properties were also carried out. The characterisation of Ca and P release assays were observed for longer incubation times and the dynamic condition control to simulate the stresses suffered by the biomaterial exerted by the flow of fluids was achieved. The results obtained indicated that the micrographs of the cross-sections of the scaffolds showed a flatness in the loaded material when compared to the 100/0 PLA. Furthermore, the apparent porosity of 5% and 20% of cHA scaffolds gave a porosity percentage of approximately 62% and 41% respectively. The reduced summit height, reduced valley depth and the percentage upper and lower bearing area difference of the samples are 16.33 nm, 9.62 nm and 75.07% respectively. The morphological characterisation surface roughness analysis and tolerance insertion gave a favourable reduced porosity result for the composite scaffolds with 5% of cHA. Hence, this work will assist biomaterial industries in the development of biomaterials which have been engineered with biological systems to meet medical purposes.

Journal of King Saud University - Engineering Sciences, 2019

This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the ad... more This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that, during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.

New developments in broadcast technology, such as the ad hoc wireless network and the detection d... more New developments in broadcast technology, such as the ad hoc wireless network and the detection devices that work, enable daily connections to the Internet, commonly referred to as the Internet of Things (IoT). IoT saw this as a support for the development of creative and contextual services and applications. The service can respond to the user's environment and preferences. Finite state machines are recently making waves when the issue of self-controlling systems come into the picture of designs. This research focuses on the design of a fault tolerant system that controls random failures impressed on the network. The method comprises of diodes, Resistors, Optocouplers, ESP8266 WI-FI Module Webpage with button, and two Arduinos which in effect will determine iteratively who to handle a failure at hand modelled as when the button on the webpage is pressed. In this work, a Heartbeat Detection and Monitoring System will be made using Arduino that detect the electrical state using t...

Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 2019

In materials engineers, it is important to determine the cause of failure of a machine component,... more In materials engineers, it is important to determine the cause of failure of a machine component, to prevent prospect occurrences and increase the performance of the component structure. In this study, the parameters of the fatigue life of machine shafts are investigated. An analysis of the nut cracking machine shaft was conceded for plastic deformations. The optimum safe and economical design of a machine shaft was proposed. The 3D model of a shaft was produced with Inventor ® using absolute coordinate. The results of the commercial finite element analysis (FEA) and calculations are compared with results obtained earlier by other methods. The analysis of 30 mm shaft diameters under the maximum torque of 72.0 Nm shows a factor of safety of 10, while the 20 mm shaft diameter under the same torque gives a factor of safety of 2. This will provide designers guidelines to forecast the design on fatigue strength of a machine shaft.

Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 2019

Cogent Engineering, 2019

as soon as possible after acceptance. Copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof... more as soon as possible after acceptance. Copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof will be undertaken on this manuscript before final publication of the Version of Record (VoR). Please note that during production and pre-press, errors may be discovered which could affect the content.

Composites Part B: Engineering, 2018

The evolution of Additive manufacturing technologies (AMT) with Bioengineering production materia... more The evolution of Additive manufacturing technologies (AMT) with Bioengineering production materials have been constantly researched, but not all have the necessary characteristics adequate fracture toughness to resist forces and crack propagation, with an improved mechanical and structural properties. The aim of this research was to analyse the nanoparticle microstructure and possible reinforcement of different resins behaviour to enhance productivities for ADT. Also to analyse the behaviour of different polymer resins in the attempt to make filaments for use in AMT, contributing to the sustainable search for natural resources of resins for 3D printing. Novel test analyses were carried out, which included mechanical evaluation of the materials for tensile and compression stress, density, glass transition temperature, Frequency analysis and optimization as well as the functional analytic behaviour of the samples with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The further analytical structural of the particle was performed, evaluating the surface luminance structure and the profile structure of a resin material in 3D printing, analysing the profile curve of the nanostructure from the scanning electron microscope (SEM). The filter profile of a cross-sectional view of the specimen was extracted and analyse and the Firestone curve of the Gaussian filter checking the roughness and waviness profile of the structure. According to the results, the materials present an in low tensile strength and compression, but excellent moulding to be extruded in the filaments and also injected. The resin sample B give a higher tensile and compressive force of about 365KN/m 2 and 650KN/m 2 respectively compare to others.