Arqueología Mochica Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Tesis que aborda los componentes del complejo Sipán y lo definen como un centro urbano ceremonial. Se identificaron áreas de producción, áreas residenciales y plataformas de élite, cementerios y templos complementarios. Mucha de las... more

Tesis que aborda los componentes del complejo Sipán y lo definen como un centro urbano ceremonial. Se identificaron áreas de producción, áreas residenciales y plataformas de élite, cementerios y templos complementarios. Mucha de las evidencias halladas en los sectores II y IV corresponden a la fase Mochica Tardío y el Horizonte Medio 2.

Resumen San José de Moro ha sido reconocido como uno de los sitios Mochica Tardíos más importantes en el valle de Jequetepeque. A lo largo de 10 años de excavaciones, se ha obtenido una historia ocupacional detallada y se ha interpretado... more

Resumen San José de Moro ha sido reconocido como uno de los sitios Mochica Tardíos más importantes en el valle de Jequetepeque. A lo largo de 10 años de excavaciones, se ha obtenido una historia ocupacional detallada y se ha interpretado el sitio como un centro ceremonial regional y cementerio de elite. Se han excavado entierros de alto status, como el de la Sacerdotisa de Moro, y es de este sitio que proviene la mayoría de la cerámica de línea fina Mochica Tardío. En este contexto, sorprende encontrar grandes cantidades de cerámica wari, wari derivado o mochica polícromo. Es durante el periodo Mochica Tardío —y, al parecer, a la vez que se incorporaba la decoración de línea fina— que las primeras evidencias de Wari aparecen en San José de Moro. La influencia wari en el sitio parece tener dos fases: la primera asociada con el periodo Mochica Tardío, relacionada con el Horizonte Medio 1, y la segunda con el Periodo Transicional, representa-da por la presencia de la cerámica del Horizonte Medio 2. En este artículo se adelanta una explicación de las condiciones bajo las cuales fue aceptada la influencia wari y las consecuencias de su presencia en el colapso definitivo de la sociedad moche. Abstract WARI PRESENCE IN THE SAN JOSE DE MORO SITE San Jose de Moro has been recognized as one of the most important Late Moche sites in the Jequetepeque Valley. Throughout 10 years of continuous excavations a detailed ocupational history has been obtained, and the site has been interpreted as a regional ceremonial center and an elite cemetery. High status burials, such as the Priestess of Moro, have been excavated, and it is from this site that most of the Late Moche Fine Line Ceramics comes. In this context, finding large quantities of Wari, Wari-derived, and Policrome Moche ceramics is puzzling. It is during Late Moche, and apparently at the same time as Fine Line decoration was being incorporated, that the first evidence of Wari show up at Moro. Wari influence at the site seems to have two phases, the first one associated with Late Moche, and related to the Middle Horizon 1, and the second associated with the Transitional Period, and represented by the presence of Middle Horizon 2 ceramics. In this article I advance an explanation of the conditions under which the Wari influence was accepted, and the consecuences of its presence in the ultimate colapse of Moche society.

This research intends to survey and analyze Moche ceramic artifacts depicting characters associated to sound instruments (aerophones, membranophones and idiophones2). We search in these musicians attributes and features that identify them... more

This research intends to survey and analyze Moche ceramic artifacts depicting characters associated to sound instruments (aerophones, membranophones and idiophones2). We search in these musicians attributes and features that identify them as political-religious power figures. The main goal of the research is to comprehend how these musicians were inserted in the moche power structures, and their relationship with the elites of the Middle Moche Period, marked by the ascension of political groups from the valleys south of Jequetepeque. In this context many musicians arise in moche ritual ceramic`s iconography holding the attributes of high status individuals, like the Nocturnal Lord, the Solar Lord, the Coca Taker, among others. We also intend to discuss if there was a hierarchical relationship between different categories of musicians and their respective instruments (panpipe players, quena players, drum players, rattle players etc.), which reflect their political-religious status. Besides iconographic data, funerary contexts related to the Moche power structures excavated in the last three decades were also analyzed.

Resumen En el presente artículo presentamos los resultados de las investigaciones arqueológicas polaco-peruanas en la provincia de Huarmey, el la costa norte del Perú, llevados a cabo durante diez temporadas subsiguientes. A juzgar por... more

Resumen En el presente artículo presentamos los resultados de las investigaciones arqueológicas polaco-peruanas en la provincia de Huarmey, el la costa norte del Perú, llevados a cabo durante diez temporadas subsiguientes. A juzgar por los resultados de prospecciones y excavaciones sistemáticas, esta zona llegó a formar parte sucesivamente de varios mini sistemas-mundo antes de la conquista incaica. La investigación ha aportado evidencias novedosas al debate sobre las características de los estados Moche del Sur y las razones de su expansión, sobre la cronología y la modalidad de la conquista de la costa norte por parte del hipotético imperio Huari, y sobre las fronteras meridionales del reino Chimor. Abstract The article presents the results of Polish-Peruvian archaeological research conducted in the province of Huarmey (North coast of Peru) for ten consecutive years. Judging from the results of archaeological surveys and excavations in this area, several small (mini) independent political organisms had already been formed before the Inca conquest. This research gathered new evidence for the discussion on the character of Southern Moche states as well as their reasons for expansion, when and how the so-called Huari Empire conquerered the North Coast and additionally on the issue of the southern border of Chimor. Palabras clave: Andes Centrales, Perú prehispánico, costa norte del Perú, arqueología de las fronteras y las zonas limítrofes INTRODUCCIÓN Las investigaciones de las fronteras y las zonas limítrofes poseen gran importancia para el entendimiento de las sociedades complejas. Esas áreas, alejadas de sus núcleos culturales, frecuentemente se convierten en el escenario de intensa interacción sociopolítica y difusión cultural (Elton 1996; Lattimore 1940, 1962). En términos generales, las fronteras se definen como líneas imaginarias que se trazan en los confines de una entidad política, y que la separan de la o las entidades vecinas o áreas despobladas, delimitando así el territorio en el que se ejerce el poder. Las fronteras pueden estar constituidas por elementos del terreno de difícil acceso (mares, lagos, ríos, montañas, etc.) o enmarcadas en la superficie por construcciones de función defensiva (por ejemplo la Gran Muralla de China o la muralla de Adriano en Northumbria, en el Reino Unido). Contr6.indb 7

In this paper we explore the use of coca in the Moche valley of north costal Perú during the Early Intermediate period. To do so we examined the dental remains of 173 residents of Cerro Oreja. These remains date to the Salinar and... more

In this paper we explore the use of coca in the Moche valley of north costal Perú during the Early Intermediate period. To do so we examined the dental remains of 173 residents of Cerro Oreja. These remains date to the Salinar and Gallinazo phases and thus provide us with a picture of coca use before the emergence of the Southern Moche state. We find that patterns of oral health and micro-plant remains recovered from dental calculus suggest shifting use of coca during this period. These data suggest that coca was an important resource in the emergence of social inequality in the Moche valley.

La antara es un instrumento sonoro frecuentemen-te representado en el arte moche, particularmente asociado a rituales y ceremonias ambientados tanto en el mundo de los vivos (kay pacha) como en el mundo de los muertos (hurin o uku pacha).... more

La antara es un instrumento sonoro frecuentemen-te representado en el arte moche, particularmente asociado a rituales y ceremonias ambientados tanto en el mundo de los vivos (kay pacha) como en el mundo de los muertos (hurin o uku pacha). Con esta contribu-ción pretendemos presentar y discutir un corpus icono-gráfico moche protagonizado por parejas de antaristas. Proponemos un ejercicio interdisciplinario, en lo cual la combinación de la arqueología, la historia del arte, la ar-queomusicología y la etnohistoria nos permite interpre-tar el papel que jugó la antara en las grandes ceremonias moche. Al llevar la discusión más allá del período prehis-pánico, identificamos algunas características simbólicas en las prácticas sonoras de la antara en el mundo moche, que pueden ser interpretadas a la luz de los fenómenos musicales andinos contemporáneos, como las tropas de sikuris.

El Proyecto de Investigación Arqueológica Zaña, Lambayeque (PIAZ) realizó durante el año 2015 su segunda etapa de investigaciones en el sitio de Songoy-Cojal ubicado en la margen norte del valle medio de Zaña. Para establecer una... more

El Proyecto de Investigación Arqueológica Zaña, Lambayeque (PIAZ) realizó durante el año 2015 su segunda etapa de investigaciones en el sitio de Songoy-Cojal ubicado en la margen norte del valle medio de Zaña. Para establecer una comprensión amplia de las dinámicas de la interacción social entre los habitantes antiguos del sitio, exploramos las relaciones entre los artefactos, y los contextos físicos y sociales de las actividades cotidianas llevadas a cabo. Dentro de este marco conceptual básico, las investigaciones del PIAZ se centran en cuestiones fundamentales relacionadas a la coexistencia de los pueblos Gallinazo (o Virú) y Mochica (o Moche) durante el primer milenio en la costa norte del Perú. En esta ponente, expongo nuevos datos recuperados en excavaciones recientes y propongo algunas soluciones a las cuestiones fundamentales relacionadas a la coexistencia de los pueblos Gallinazo (o Virú) y Mochica (o Moche).

Aun cuando es evidente que existió una relación entre la sociedad mochica y grupos cajamarca, los escasos testimonios de cerámica cajamarca hallados en sitios mochica no habían permitido estudiar este fenómeno. A partir del hallazgo de... more

Aun cuando es evidente que existió una relación entre la sociedad mochica y grupos cajamarca, los escasos testimonios de cerámica cajamarca hallados en sitios mochica no habían permitido estudiar este fenómeno. A partir del hallazgo de grandes cantidades de este material en tumbas que evidencian nuevos comportamientos funerarios pertenecientes al periodo Transicional en San José de Moro, se da la posibilidad de analizar esta cerámica de forma contextualizada. De esta manera, se abre una vía para entender la evolución y organización del estilo cerámico Cajamarca y su presencia en este importante centro ceremonial, ubicado en el valle de Jequetepeque. Con ello, buscamos comprender la naturaleza de las interacciones interregionales producidas durante el Horizonte Medio.

In this paper we test the hypothesis that an intensification of maize production preceded the development of a regional Moche political economy in the Moche Valley of north coastal Peru during the Early Intermediate period (400 B.C.-A.D.... more

In this paper we test the hypothesis that an intensification of maize production preceded the development of a regional Moche political economy in the Moche Valley of north coastal Peru during the Early Intermediate period (400 B.C.-A.D. 600). To do so we analyze stable isotopic signatures of 48 bone apatite and 17 tooth enamel samples from human remains recovered from the site of Cerro Oreja, a large urban and ceremonial center in the Moche Valley. These remains date to the Guañape, Salinar, or Gallinazo phases and provide a diachronic picture of subsistence before the appearance of the Southern Moche state. The most notable patterns identified in the study include a lack of significant change in δ13Capatite values from the Guañape to Salinar phases, followed by a significant enrichment in δ13Capatite values from the Salinar to Gallinazo phases. Several lines of evidence, including archaeological context, dental data, and comparative carbon stable isotope data from experimental animal studies and studies of archaeological human remains support the interpretation that the observed 13C enrichment in stable isotope values in the Gallinazo phase primarily reflects maize intensification. The stable isotope data from Cerro Oreja thus suggest that a shift in subsistence toward a highly productive and storable crop may have served as an important precursor to state development during the Early Intermediate period in the Moche Valley.

The Moche of north coastal Perú were among the earliest New World societies to develop state socio-political organization. The Moche State (AD 200-800) was a centralized hierarchical society that controlled the Moche Valley as well as... more

The Moche of north coastal Perú were among the earliest New World societies to develop state socio-political organization. The Moche State (AD 200-800) was a centralized hierarchical society that controlled the Moche Valley as well as valleys to the north and south. Prior to the establishment of the state, a series of less hierarchical organizations were present in the valley. Irrigation agriculture has often been cited as central to development of the Moche State. To test this assertion I examined 750 individuals recovered from the largest cemetery at the site of Cerro Oreja. Although the most
important occupation of Cerro Oreja was during the Gallinazo phase (AD 1-200), many individuals were interred here during the earlier Salinar period (400 -1 BC). Consequently, the Cerro Oreja collection holds a key to
understanding the development of one of the earliest and most extensive states in the Americas. The teeth and/or alveoli of each individual were examined for the presence of dental caries, periodontal disease, abscesses, and antemortem tooth loss. My analysis suggests women and children did increasingly focus their diet on agricultural products. These findings seem to support the hypothesis that increased irrigation and reliance on agricultural
production was fundamental to the development of the Moche state. However, men’s diets remained consistent through time. Status seems to have been of little import in determining diet before and during early periods of
state development, in dramatic contrast to what we know of its importance during the zenith of the state’s power. I suggest that increasing differentiation of gender roles was important to the development of the state, and that
gender differences may have been the most salient force in the transition to political hierarchy and social stratification in the Moche valley. Dental Anthropology 2004;17(2):45-54.

La cerámica Cajamarca como evidencia de interacción social en Santa Rosa de Pucalá, valle medio de Lambayeque, durante el Horizonte Medio

Se describen e interpretan las excavaciones en el CA55 del núcleo urbano de Huacas de Moche y se complementan con las realizadas en el CA52 para proponer un nuevo bloque arquitectónico en la trama urbana del sur de esta ciudad mochica... more

Se describen e interpretan las excavaciones en el CA55 del núcleo urbano de Huacas de Moche y se complementan con las realizadas en el CA52 para proponer un nuevo bloque arquitectónico en la trama urbana del sur de esta ciudad mochica (50-850 d.C.).

San José de Moro was an important cemetery and ceremonial center located on the North coast of Peru. The site became known due to the discovery of a set of Late Moche (AD 600-850) funerary chamber tombs belonging to females identified as... more

San José de Moro was an important cemetery and ceremonial center located on the North coast of Peru.
The site became known due to the discovery of a set of Late Moche (AD 600-850) funerary chamber
tombs belonging to females identified as “Moche Priestesses”. This identification was made by the
correlation with very specific elements present in the ritual paraphernalia, while the rest of the objects
were left out from the analysis. In this paper, were-examine the priestesses’ funerary mausoleums by
considering them as real “biographical objects” in order to provide a more accurate portrait of their
funerary identity.

The Moche of north coastal Peru were one of the earliest New World societies to develop a state socio-political organization. The Southern Moche State (A.D. 200-800) was a centralized hierarchical society that controlled the Moche Valley... more

The Moche of north coastal Peru were one of the earliest New World societies to develop a state socio-political organization. The Southern Moche State (A.D. 200-800) was a centralized hierarchical society that controlled the Moche Valley as well as valleys to the north and south. Prior to the establishment of the state, a series of less hierarchical organizations were present in the valley. Irrigation agriculture has often been cited as central to the development of the Moche State. To test this assertion, I examined 751 individuals recovered from the largest cemetery at the site of Cerro Oreja. Although the most important occupation of Cerro Oreja was during the
Gallinazo period (A.D. 1-200), many individuals were interred here during the earlier Salinar period (400 -1 B.C.). Consequently, the Cerro Oreja collection holds the key to understanding the development of one of the earliest and most extensive states in the Americas. Of the 751 individuals I examined, this analysis is based on 61 Salinar and 320 Gallinazo individuals. Site stratigraphy allowed for the Gallinazo burials to be divided into three sub-phases: Pre-Structural (n = 142), Structural (n = 109), and Post-
Structural (n = 69). Each individual was examined for the presence of dental caries, periodontal disease, abscesses, and ante-mortem tooth loss, as an increase in the prevalence of these dental conditions indicates an increase in the consumption of staple agricultural crops. My analysis shows that, while increased agricultural production and access to coca were important loci of pre-state social and political change, gender was the central axis along which these changes occurred. By expanding existing gender differences, Moche elites created the social hierarchies that came to characterize the state.

"In this dissertation the author explores what could be learned about the development of social inequality from a small-scale analysis. The people on whom the author focuses inhabited the Moche valley of north coastal of Perú and were one... more

"In this dissertation the author explores what could be learned about the development of social inequality from a small-scale analysis. The people on whom the author focuses inhabited the Moche valley of north coastal of Perú and were one of the earliest New World groups to develop a state-level political organization (Bawden 1996; Billman 1996; Moseley 1992). Prior to this development, Moche valley residents lived in societies that were far less politically centralized and socially differentiated. The author uses bioarchaeological data to investigate changes in the activities of prehistoric, north coastal Peruvians. The author interprets patterns of change in daily activities within the wider archaeological context and in light of other studies of state societies to explore how people, through their daily actions, effected and reflected large-scale economic, social, and political change.
To address these issues, the remains of 750 individuals recovered from Cerro Oreja, a large prehistoric urban center in the Moche valley of Perú were examined. Cerro Oreja was continuously occupied from the beginning of irrigation agriculture through the formation of the Southern Moche state (1800 BC–AD 400), and residents buried their dead in the site’s cemeteries throughout this period (Carcelen personal comm 1999). The remains of the individuals who are the subject of this study represent women, men, and children of both high and low status.
The author examined each of these individual for dental caries, wear, abscesses, periodontal disease, antemortem tooth loss, and dental trauma. Additionally, the bones and teeth of several individuals were sampled for stable isotopic and dental calculus analyses. These data provide evidence to reconstruct diet and non-dietary tooth use at Cerro Oreja. However, these data are combined with the age-at-death and sex estimations and social status assessments, to trace agricultural intensification, chicha consumption, craft specialization, and coca use in the Moche valley. These findings revealed that although increased agricultural production, chicha consumption, and access to coca were important loci of pre-state social and political change, gender was the central axis along which these changes occurred. By expanding existing gender differences, elites created the social hierarchies that came to characterize the Southern Moche state."

As part of the Interesting and Unusual Ancient Artifacts series, Mark F. Cheney has submitted a most interesting article about some very unusual bean characters from the Moche culture in Peru. The Maya used cacao beans as currency; were... more

As part of the Interesting and Unusual Ancient Artifacts series, Mark F. Cheney has submitted a most interesting article about some very unusual bean characters from the Moche culture in Peru. The Maya used cacao beans as currency; were the Moche using these distinctively-colored lima beans as a form of communication? ReMarkably, Mark presents comparative images of designs from Moche ceramics to comparable images in the Mesoamerican codices. In the Popol Vuh, we discover humans were made from corn by their creator-gods; perhaps the Moche were molded from lima beans by their creator-gods. Explore the Bean Code!

Discusses papers by Richard L. Burger, Catherine M. Bencic, and Michael D. Glascock (Obsidian Procurement and Cosmopolitanism at the Middle Horizon Settlement of Conchopata, Peru); by Edgar Bracamonte (Characteristics and Significance of... more

Discusses papers by Richard L. Burger, Catherine M. Bencic, and Michael D. Glascock (Obsidian Procurement and Cosmopolitanism at the Middle Horizon Settlement of Conchopata, Peru); by Edgar Bracamonte (Characteristics and Significance of Tapia Walls and the Mochica Presence at Santa Rosa de Pucala in the Mid-Lambayeque Valley); by Sara L. Juengst and Maeve Skidmore (Health at the Edge of the Wari Empire: An Analysis of Skeletal Remains from Hatun Cotuyoc, Huaro, Peru); and by Camille Weinberg, Benjamin T. Nigra, Maria Cecilia Lozada, Charles Stanish, Henry Tantalean, Jacob Bongers, and Terrah Jones (Demographic Analysis of a Looted Late Intermediate Period Tomb, Chincha Valley, Peru). Also discusses research reports by David Chicoine, Beverly Clement, and Kyle Stich (Macrobotanical Remains from the 2009 Season at Caylan: Preliminary Insights into Early Horizon Plant Use in the Nepena Valley, North-Central Coast of Peru); by Catherine M. Bencic (Obsidian Technology at the Wari Site of Conchopata in Ayacucho, Peru); by Alejandro Chu (Incahuasi, Canete); by Monica Barnes (Luis Barreda Murillo's Excavations at Huanuco Pampa, 1965), by Simon Urbina, Leonor Adan, Constanza Pellegrino, and Estefania Vidal (Early Village Formation in Desert Areas of Tarapaca, Northern Chile [Eleventh Century B.C.--Thirteenth Century A.D.), and by Alina Alvarez Larrain (Don Mateo-El Cerro, a Newly Rediscovered Late Period Settlement in Yocavil (Catamarca, Argentina). Discusses obituaries of Donald Frederick Sola by Monica Barnes, and Paulina Mercedes Ledergerber-Crespo by A. Jorge Arellano-Lopez, and Death Notices of Robert Ascher, Bernd Lambert, Daniel W. Gade, and George Bankes by Monica Barnes and Bill Sillar.

Este artículo pretende demostrar, mediante la revisión de " El Arte de la Lengua Yunga " de Fernando de la Carrera y otras fuentes, que los términos mochicas aiapaec y chicopaec no eran nombres de divinidades masculinas de las culturas... more

Este artículo pretende demostrar, mediante la revisión de " El Arte de la Lengua Yunga " de Fernando de la Carrera y otras fuentes, que los términos mochicas aiapaec y chicopaec no eran nombres de divinidades masculinas de las culturas Moche y Chimú, sino más bien epítetos del dios de los conquistadores españoles. Palabras claves: Cultura Moche o Mochica, Aiapaec, divinidades moches, lenguas prehispánicas. By analyzing Fernando de la Carrera's " Arte de la Lengua Yunga " and other documents, this article attempts to demonstrate that the terms " aiapaec " and " chicopaec " were not names of Moche and Chimú male gods but epithets of the god of the Spaniards conquistadors.

This study introduces a new method for analyzing oral health indicators and thus reconstructing diet. To this end, we examined the dental remains of 173 individuals recovered from the site of Cerro Oreja in the Moche Valley of Perú, who... more

This study introduces a new method for analyzing oral health indicators and thus reconstructing diet. To this end, we examined the dental remains of 173 individuals recovered from the site of Cerro Oreja in the Moche Valley of Perú, who lived during the Salinar (400–1 BC) or Gallinazo (AD 1–200) phases. The infectious and degenerative conditions analyzed include: dental caries, dental wear, dental abscess, antemortem tooth loss and dental calculus, all of which have been used to track dietary and thus subsistence-related economic and sociopolitical changes. Data were analyzed using generalized estimating equations, an extension of generalized linear models. Significant changes in the frequency of occurrence of most dental conditions suggest that during the period of study, there was an increase in the consumption of agricultural products. However, these changes in oral health did not equally affect females and males. By the end of the Gallinazo phase, significant sex differences developed, with females more often affected by dental caries and males displaying greater mean molar wear scores.