Bioelectromagnetics Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

A hyperpolarized current is predicted from the Nernst equation for conditions of positive temperature derivatives with respect to time. This ion current, coupled with changes in membrane channel conductivities, is expected to contribute to a transient potential shift across the cell membrane for silent cells and to a change in firing rate for pacemaker cells.

- by
- •
- Engineering, Mathematics, Bioelectromagnetics, Biological Sciences
- by Seetal Dodd
- •
- Engineering, Mental Health, Australia, Suicide

As part of the Mobile Radiofrequency Phone Exposed Users&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39; Study (MoRPhEUS), a cross-sectional epidemiological study examined cognitive function in secondary school students. We recruited 317, 7th grade students (144 boys, 173 girls, median age 13 years) from 20 schools around Melbourne, Australia. Participants completed an exposure questionnaire based on the Interphone study, a computerised cognitive test battery, and the Stroop colour-word test. The principal exposure metric was the total number of reported mobile phone voice calls per week. Linear regression models were fitted to cognitive test response times and accuracies. Age, gender, ethnicity, socio-economic status and handedness were fitted as covariates and standard errors were adjusted for clustering by school. The accuracy of working memory was poorer, reaction time for a simple learning task shorter, associative learning response time shorter and accuracy poorer in children reporting more mobile phone voice calls. There were no significant relationships between exposure and signal detection, movement monitoring or estimation. The completion time for Stroop word naming tasks was longer for those reporting more mobile phone voice calls. The findings were similar for total short message service (SMS, also known as text) messages per week, suggesting these cognitive changes were unlikely due to radiofrequency (RF) exposure. Overall, mobile phone use was associated with faster and less accurate responding to higher level cognitive tasks. These behaviours may have been learned through frequent use of a mobile phone.

- by Geza Benke
- •
- Engineering, Cognition, Cell Phones, Bioelectromagnetics

Sixteen multiparous nonpregnant lactating Holstein cows (each weighing 662 { 65 kg in 150.4 { 40 day of lactation) were confined to wooden metabolic cages with 12:12 h light:dark cycle during the experiment. The cows were divided into two sequences of eight cows each and exposed to electric and magnetic fields (EMF) in an exposure chamber. This chamber produced a vertical electric field of 10 kV/m and a uniform horizontal magnetic field of 30 mT at 60 Hz. One sequence was exposed for three estrous cycles of 24 to 27 days. During the first estrous cycle, the electric and magnetic fields were off; during the second estrous cycle, they were on; and during the third estrous cycle, they were off. The second sequence was also exposed for three 24 to 26 days estrous cycles, but the exposure to the fields was reversed (first estrous cycle, on; second estrous cycle, off; third estrous cycle, on). The length of each exposure period (21 to 27 days) varied according to the estrous cycle length. No differences were detected in plasma progesterone concentrations and area under the progesterone curve during estrous cycles between EMF nonexposed and exposed periods (2.28 { 0.17 and 2.25 { 0.17; and 24.5 { 1.9 vs. 26.4 { 1.9 ng/ml, respectively). However, estrous cycle length, determined by the presence of a functional corpus luteum detected by concentrations of progesterone equal to or more than 1 ng/ml plasma, was shorter in nonexposed cows than when they were exposed to EMF (22.0 { 0.9 vs. 25.3 { 1.4 days).

- by Duc Hai Nguyen
- •
- Engineering, Bioelectromagnetics, Electricity, Biological Sciences

- by Duc Hai Nguyen
- •
- Engineering, Bioelectromagnetics, Electricity, Biological Sciences
- by Om Gandhi
- •
- Engineering, Bioelectromagnetics, Biological Sciences, Computer Simulation

The presence of more than one dental alloy in the oral cavity often causes pathological galvanic currents and voltage resulting in superficial erosions of the oral mucosa and eventually in the emergence of oral cancer. In the present study the mechanisms of apoptosis of oral mucosa cancer cells in response to electromagnetic fields was investigated. Direct current (DC) electrical fields with field strengths between 2 and 16 V/m, applied for 24 h to UM-SCC-14-C oral mucosa cancer cells, dosedependently resulted in decreased cell proliferation as evaluated by Ki-67 immunohistochemistry and upregulation of the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors p21 cip1/waf1 and p27 kip1 , which are associated with cell cycle arrest. Electrical field treatment (4 V/m, 24 h) increased apoptosis as evaluated by immunohistochemical analysis of cleaved caspase-3 and poly-(ADP-ribose)-polymerase-1 (PARP-1). Furthermore, robust reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, increased expression of NADPH oxidase subunits as well as Hsp70 was observed. Electrical field treatment (4 V/m, 24 h) resulted in increased expression of Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase and decreased intracellular concentration of reduced glutathione (GSH), whereas the expression of catalase remained unchanged. Pre-treatment with the free radical scavenger N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) and the superoxide dismutase mimetic EUK-8 abolished caspase-3 and PARP-1 induction, suggesting that apoptosis in oral mucosa cancer cells is initated by ROS generation in response to DC electrical field treatment.

- by Wilhelm Niedermeier
- •
- Engineering, Bioelectromagnetics, Apoptosis, Electricity

The effect of continuous (CW; 2.45 GHz carrier frequency) or amplitude-modulated (AM; 50 Hz square wave) microwave radiation on the immune response was tested. CW exposures (6 days, 3 hlday) induced elevations of the number of antibody-producing cells in the spleen of male Balb/c mice (+37%). AM microwave exposure induced elevation of the spleen index (t 15%) and antibody-producing cell number (+55%) in the spleen of male mice. No changes were observed in female mice. It is concluded that both types of exposure conditions induced moderate elevation of antibody production only in male mice. 01996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

- by György Thuróczy
- •
- Engineering, Bioelectromagnetics, Biological Sciences, Spleen

It is an honor and privilege to introduce to you this year's d'Arsonval Award recipient, Dr. Nancy Wertheimer. Dr. Wertheimer has been a member of the Bioelectromagnetics Society for many years and has been recognized by colleagues on an international scale as the person who was most instrumental in pointing out the potential health hazards of power lines and environmental electromagnetic ®elds. Nancy and her long-time associate Ed Leeper published the ®rst report of an association between residential electrical wiring con®guration and childhood leukemia. Dr. Wertheimer was born in New Haven, Connecticut and attended the University of Michigan where she received her B.S. degree in psychology and biology. She received her M.A. and her Ph.D. in experimental psychology from Harvard and Radcliffe. Her postgraduate studies were in biochemistry at the University of Colorado and in Epidemiology at the University of Minnesota. She obtained an academic position in the Department of Preventive Medicine,

- by Betty Sisken
- •
- Engineering, Bioelectromagnetics, Scientific Societies, Biological Sciences

Exposure to extremely-low-frequency (ELF) electric or magnetic fields has been postulated as a potentially contributing factor in depression. Epidemiologic studies have yielded positive correlations between magnetic-andlor electric-field strengths in local environments and the incidence of depression-related suicide. Chronic exposure to ELF electric or magnetic fields can disrupt normal circadian rhythms in rat pineal serotonin-N-acetyltransferase activity as well as in serotonin and melatonin concentrations. Such disruptions in the circadian rhythmicity of pineal melatonin secretion have been associated with certain depressive disorders in human beings. In the rat, ELF fields may interfere with tonic aspects of neuronal input to the pineal gland, giving rise to what may be termed "functional pinealectomy." If long-term exposure to ELF fields causes pineal dysfunction in human beings as it does in the rat, such dysfunction may contribute to the onset of depression or may exacerbate existing depressive disorders.

- by Bary Wilson
- •
- Engineering, Depression, Bioelectromagnetics, Magnetic field

In this study, we investigated subjective and objective effects of mobile phones using a Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (W-CDMA)-like system on human sleep. Subjects were 19 volunteers. Real or sham electromagnetic field (EMF) exposures for 3 h were performed before their usual sleep time on 3 consecutive days. They were exposed to real EMF on the second or third experimental day in a double-blind design. Sleepiness and sleep insufficiency were evaluated the next morning. Polysomnograms were recorded for analyses of the sleep variables and power spectra of electroencephalograms (EEG). No significant differences were observed between the two conditions in subjective feelings. Sleep parameters including sleep stage percentages and EEG power spectra did not differ significantly between real and sham exposures. We conclude that continuous wave EMF exposure for 3 h from a W-CDMA-like system has no detectable effects on human sleep. Bioelectromagnetics 9999:1-10, 2013.

- by Akira Ushiyama
- •
- Engineering, Cell Phones, Electroencephalography, Bioelectromagnetics

The ability non-invasively to detect and monitor the movement of tissues and organs from outside the body provides many worthwhile areas of potential biomedical applications. Several non-invasive microwave techniques for contact and remote sensing of circulatory and respiratory movements and volume changes have been developed. In general, these systems consist of a microwave generator, a sampling device, a transmitting-receiving antenna, a set of signal-conditioning and processing devices, and a display unit. They operate at continuous-wave frequencies between 1 and 35 GHz and make use of amplitude and phase information derived from the received signal. The average power density of energy radiated by present systems ranges from approximately 0.001-1 .O mW/ cmz. These systems are capable of registering instantaneous changes in fluid volume, pressure pulse, heart rate, and respiration rate in contact with body surface or at distances greater than 30 m, or behind thick layers of non-conductive walls. 0 1992 Wiley-Lis.;. lnc.

- by James Lin
- •
- Engineering, Remote Sensing, Bioelectromagnetics, Biological Sciences

We developed stimulating and detecting electrodes. We experimentally examined three dimensional (3-D) distributions of electric fields in living pig skin under and around the stimulating electrodes with the detecting electrodes and rectangular pulsed electrical current stimulation (RPECS). We verified our previous physical assumption, E = I / (A od7), in the skin under the electrode, where E, I, A and odz respectively represent the electric field, the externally imposed peak current, the cross sectional area of the stimulating electrode and the perpendicular conductivity of the skin. Pulses were 30 mA, 140 p and 128 pulses per second (pps). These parameters were previously used in our laboratory to enhance cutaneous regeneration, in vivo, with RPECS. 01996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

- by Peter Tarjan
- •
- Engineering, Bioelectromagnetics, Biological Sciences, Electric Field

Few studies are available that relate conductivity and temperature in solutions commonly used in tissue culture media. The purpose of this paper is to provide equations relating conductivity and temperature (in the range 20 "C-40 "C) for five solutions: 0.9% saline, MEM (Minimum Essential Media), horse serum, MEM with 1 % horse serum, and MEM with 10% horse serum.

- by Betty Sisken
- •
- Engineering, Bioelectromagnetics, Biological Sciences, Temperature
- by Bernt Walther
- •
- Engineering, Bioelectromagnetics, Biological Sciences

The exact transmission co-efficient T c and reflection co-efficient R c of a one dimensional (1D) potential step, potential barrier, deformed step and asymmetrical potential barrier have been obtained. The nature of the T c and R c have been studied by varying potential parameters in all the above cases. Finally,a general FORTRAN program is developed for the calculation of T c and R c for all the above cases by using Gauss Elimination Method.

Distortions in magnetic field intensity generated by commonly used microscope objectives (1ϫ to 100ϫ) were characterized within a Helmholtz coil-based exposure system. Objectives from a variety of manufacturers distorted applied field intensities by up to 23% in the image plane. Components that contribute to distortions include (1) nickel-chrome plating of objective housings, (2) the presence of steel springs in objectives with compression collars, and (3) steel screws or studs used to hold together separately manufactured parts. Steel springs and screws produce radially asymmetric profiles, whereas distortions generated by nickel-chrome plating are typically radially symmetric. All components can produce spatial gradients in field intensity if objectives are not perfectly aligned with exposure systems or if placed in the earth's magnetic field. Alterations in the magnitude of magnetic field intensities as well as the production of spatial gradients might have an effect on biological responses. By maintaining optical glass components and replacing metallic components, functional objectives can be reconstructed that produce no measurable effects on magnetic flux densities. Bioelectromagnetics 20:387-395, 1999.

- by Nelson Publicover
- •
- Engineering, Physics, Microscopy, Bioelectromagnetics

Millimeter wave reflection from the human skin was studied in the frequency range of 37-74 GHz in steps of 1 GHz. The forearm and palm data were used to model the skin with thin and thick stratum corneum (SC), respectively. To fit the reflection data, a homogeneous unilayer and three multilayer skin models were tested. Skin permittivity in the mm-wave frequency range resulted from the permittivity of cutaneous free water which was described by the Debye equation. The permittivity increment found from fitting to the experimental data was used for determination of the complex permittivity and water content of skin layers. Our approach, first tested in pure water and gelatin gels with different water contents, gave good agreement with literature data. The homogeneous skin model fitted the forearm data well. Permittivity of the forearm skin obtained with this model was close to the skin permittivity reported by others. To fit reflection from the palmar skin with a thick SC, a skin model containing at least two layers was required. Multilayer models provided better fitting to both the forearm and palmar skin reflection data. The fitting parameters obtained with different models were consistent with each other.

- by Marvin Ziskin
- •
- Engineering, Water, Bioelectromagnetics, Millimeter Wave Antennas

According to conventional wisdom within the acupuncture community, acupuncture points and meridians are special conduits for electrical signals. This view gained popularity after anecdotal reports and clinical studies asserted that these anatomical structures are characterized by lower electrical impedance compared to adjacent controls. To ascertain whether evidence exists to support or refute this claim, we conducted a systematic review of studies directly evaluating the electrical characteristics of acupuncture structures and appropriate controls. We searched seven electronic databases until August 2007, hand-searched references, and consulted technical experts. We limited the review to primary data human studies published in English. A quality scoring system was created and employed for this review. A total of 16 articles representing 18 studies met inclusion criteria: 9 examining acupuncture points and 9 examining meridians. Five out of 9 point studies showed positive association between acupuncture points and lower electrical resistance and impedance, while 7 out of 9 meridian studies showed positive association between acupuncture meridians and lower electrical impedance and higher capacitance. The studies were generally poor in quality and limited by small sample size and multiple confounders. Based on this review, the evidence does not conclusively support the claim that acupuncture points or meridians are electrically distinguishable. However, the preliminary findings are suggestive and offer future directions for research based on in-depth interpretation of the data. Bioelectromagnetics, 29:245-256,

- by belinda anderson
- •
- Engineering, Bioelectromagnetics, Biological Sciences, Resistance

Radio frequency (RF) dosimetry is the quantification of the magnitude and distribution of absorbed electromagnetic energy within biological objects that are exposed to RF fields. At RF, the dosimetric quantity, which is called the specific absorption rate (SAR), is defined as the rate at which energy is absorbed per unit mass. The SAR is determined not only by the incident electromagnetic waves but also by the electrical and geometric characteristics of the irradiated subject and nearby objects. It is related to the internal electric field strength (E) as well as to the electric conductivity and the density of tissues; therefore, it is a suitable dosimetric parameter, even when a mechanism is determined to be "athermal." SAR distributions are usually determined from measurements in human models, in animal tissues, or from calculations. This tutorial describes experimental techniques that are used commonly to determine SAR distributions along with the SAR limitations and unresolved problems. The methods discussed to obtain point, planar, or whole-body averaged SARs include the use of small E-field probes or measurement of initial rate of temperature rise in an irradiated object. 01996 Wilcy-Liss, Inc.

- by Quirino Balzano
- •
- Engineering, Biophysics, Bioelectromagnetics, Biological Sciences

The effect of magnetic field (MF) exposure on microcirculation and microvasculature is not clear or widely explored. In the limited body of data that exists, there are contradictions as to the effects of MFs on blood perfusion and pressure. Approximately half of the cited studies indicate a vasodilatory effect of MFs; the remaining half indicate that MFs could trigger either vasodilation or vasoconstriction depending on initial vessel tone. Few studies indicate that MFs cause a decrease in perfusion or no effect. There is a further lack of investigation into the cellular effects of MFs on microcirculation and microvasculature. The role of nitric oxide (NO) in mediating microcirculatory MF effects has been minimally explored and results are mixed, with four studies supporting an increase in NO activity, one supporting a biphasic effect, and five indicating no effect. MF effects on angiogenesis are also reported: seven studies supporting an increase and two a decrease. Possible reasons for these contradictions are explored. This review also considers the effects of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and anesthetics on microcirculation. Recommendations for future work include studies aimed at the cellular/mechanistic level, studies involving perfusion measurements both during and postexposure, studies testing the effect of MFs on anesthetics, and investigation into the microcirculatory effects of MRI. Bioelectromagnetics 28: 81-98, 2007. ß

- by Alex Thomas
- •
- Engineering, Microcirculation, Bioelectromagnetics, Magnetic field

The complex permittivity of aqueous solutions at 20 °C has been measured at concentrations between 0.001 and 5 mol/L and over a frequency range 0.13–20 GHz. The results were combined with literature values to derive empirical equations to predict the dielectric behavior of sodium chloride solutions between 0 and 5 mol/L and 5°C–35 °C. Bioelectromagnetics 28:264–274, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

- by carlos gabriel
- •
- Engineering, Bioelectromagnetics, Biological Sciences, Sodium Chloride

The organism is a dynamic liquid crystalline continuum with coherent motions on every scale. Evidence is presented that biological (interfacial) water, aligned and moving coherently with the macromolecular matrix, is integral to the liquid crystallinity of the organism; and that the liquid crystalline continuum facilitates rapid intercommunication throughout the body, enabling it to function as a perfectly coherent whole.

- by Mae-Wan Ho
- •
- Water, Bioelectromagnetics, Quantum Coherence, Quantum Biology

New evidence indicates that hydrogen is quantum delocalized between neighboring water molecules even in the liquid state, predisposing water to proton conduction, especially in confined nanospaces; water nanotubes aligned by collagen fibers fulfill all the criteria for proton superconduction, making them excellent candidates for the meridians of traditional Chinese medicine, as first proposed 15 years ago.

- by Mae-Wan Ho
- •
- Water, Bioelectromagnetics, Quantum Coherence

Both human and non-human living organisms have traditionally been viewed and studied as material organisms. Within this context, life has been defined by the biochemical processes that sustain the living organisms, while mind and consciousness have been relegated to functions within the brain. Yet the body is just a complex pattern of energetic material particle exchanges to physicists when compared to the biochemical processes studied by chemists and biologists. As the scientific view of life has expanded beyond these early limits, new research has centered more upon the electric, magnetic and electromagnetic characteristics of living material bodies as well as the brain, but the overall concept of life has not kept pace or changed at all. Once these new research efforts have been taken into account, it is easy to demonstrate that life, or rather the “living force” as it was once called, can be equated to the overall matter/energy pattern of the organism, while mind and consciousness can be equated to the electric and magnetic counterparts of the matter/energy pattern of living organisms. Doing so does nothing to disrupt or disturb the current thinking that the ‘process of life’ is purely biochemical. In fact, all living organisms, from the simplest one-celled organism to the most complex living organism known, a human, are extremely complex material/energy patterns (comprising the structural and biochemical body) superposed by the extremely complex electric (electromagnetic scalar potential) field patterns and magnetic (electromagnetic vector potential) field patterns that constitute minds and consciousness. As humans, we may have the most complex and advanced mind and consciousness, but all other living organisms display mind and consciousness at various lower levels than our human mind and consciousness. The brain alone should no longer be considered the sole source and home of mind and consciousness. Mind and consciousness have mistakenly become associated with the brain and no other part of the body because of the dense concentration of neurons in the brain, a fact which can only be understood by studying the electric and especially the magnetic characteristics of the neuron. A strict study of the magnetic (electromagnetic vector potential) field patterns associated with neurons and neural nets demonstrates how thoughts and streams of thought originate in the brain and are stored magnetically at and within the points in space-time occupied by the brain and body. Microtubules, which act as magnetic induction coils, are the primary structural bio-unit used for building, storing and retrieving memories in the mind. In a very strict sense of the concepts, mind and consciousness could be considered a mixed four-dimensional electric-magnetic potential field holographic body that maintains a semi-independent existence with the material/energy field or structural/biochemical body of every living organism. The consequences of this physical model of mind and consciousness are revolutionary and imply a physical basis for (Darwinian) evolution as well as simple explanations of many paranormal phenomena, including the survival of mind and consciousness after death of the material body.

- by James (Jim) E Beichler
- •
- Neuroscience, Parapsychology, Biomagnetism, Consciousness

If the Biofield is a true physical field, it must be fundamental to the very structure of physical reality, but the Biofield (LIFE or that which goes beyond the normal biologically explained living system) does not have a specific force associated with it as do other physical fields. Life evolved from chemical reactions that depended upon the four natural forces which were already in place before life evolved, so there must be more to LIFE than these simple known physical forces. LIFE (the Biofield) has the structural qualities of a field, but it is passive, not dynamically active like gravity, electricity and magnetism, so LIFE is either a structural entity or a fundamental construction within the very fabric of physical reality. Under these circumstances, LIFE (the Biofield) can be equated to the matter/energy field in a type of quantized space-time continuum, MIND to the corresponding electric field and CONSCIOUSNESS to the resulting magnetic field. The Biofield must be a product or an extension of if not a specific structural configuration within a five-dimensional single unified field that combines gravity and electromagnetism. As such, the Biofield can be easily described by a modified Einstein-Kaluza five-dimensional model that describes our experiential quantized space-time continuum.

- by James (Jim) E Beichler
- •
- Biophysics, Theoretical Physics, Theory of Mind, Biomagnetism

While a good number of studies have demonstrated that modern, man-made ambient electromagnetic fields can have both stimulatory and inhibitory effect on immune system function, the precise mechanisms have yet to be completely elucidated. It is hypothesized here that, depending on the parameters, one of the means by which long-term electromagnetic field exposure has the potential to eventually lead to immunosuppression is via downstream inhibition of the enzyme calcineurin — a protein phosphatase, which activates the T-cells of the immune system and can be blocked by pharmaceutical agents. Calcineurin is the target of a class of pharmaceuticals called calcineurin inhibitors (e.g., cyclosporine, pimecrolimus and tacrolimus). When organ transplant recipients take such pharmaceuticals to prevent or suppress organ transplant rejection, one of the major side effects is immunosuppression leading to increased risk of opportunistic infection: e.g., fungal, viral (Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus), atypical bacterial (Nocardia, Listeria, mycobacterial, mycoplasma), and parasitic (e.g., toxoplasmosis) infections. Frequent anecdotal reports, as well as a number of scientific studies, have shown that electromagnetic field exposures may indeed produce the same effect: a weakened immune system leading to an increase in the same or similar opportunistic infections: i.e., fungal, viral, atypical bacterial, and parasitic infections. Furthermore, numerous research studies have shown that man-made electromagnetic fields have the potential to open voltage-gated calcium channels, which can in turn produce a pathological increase of intracellular calcium, leading downstream to the pathological production of a series of reactive oxygen species. Finally, there are a number of research studies demonstrating the inhibition of calcineurin by a pathological production of reactive oxygen species. Hence, it is hypothesized here that exposures to electromagnetic fields have the potential to inhibit immune system response by means of an eventual pathological increase in the influx of calcium into the cytoplasm of the cell, which induces a pathological production of reactive oxygen species, which in turn can have an inhibitory effect on calcineurin. Calcineurin inhibition leads to immunosuppression, which in turn leads to a weakened immune system and an increase in opportunistic infection.

An exposure chamber was designed to study the effects of electric and magnetic fields (EMF) on oestrous cycles, hormonal profile during gestation, pineal function, quantity and quality of milk production, feed intake, and central nervous system of dairy cattle. The chamber was 15 × 10 × 3 m; and the control system was fully computerized so that the field intensities can be varied and monitored continuously, on site or remotely. During exposure to EMF, milk production, feed consumption, and health were monitored closely and blood and cerebral spinal fluid were continuously sampled. The chamber characteristics allow use of a wide range of exposure such as electric fields (0–30 kV/m) and magnetic fields (0–100 μT) at frequencies ranging from 45 to 3000 Hz. Bioelectromagnetics 26:138–144, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

- by Duc Hai Nguyen
- •
- Engineering, Bioelectromagnetics, Lactation, Electricity
- by S. Baconnier
- •
- Engineering, Crystallography, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Bioelectromagnetics

EXPOSURE OF RAT BRAIN TO 915 MHz GSM MICROWAVES INDUCES CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION BUT NOT DOUBLE STRANDED DNA BREAKS OR EFFECTS ON CHROMATIN CONFORMATION Igor Y. Belyaev 1* , Catrin Baur‚us Koch 2, 3 , Olle Terenius 1 , Katarina Roxstr”m-Lindquist 1 , Johan Lid‚n 4 , Lars O. G. Malmgren 2 , Wolfgang Sommer 5 , Karin Dahlman-Wright 4 , Leif G. Salford 3 , Bertil R. R. Persson 2 , Mats Harms-Ringdahl 1 1 Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Toxicology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden 2 Department of Radiation Physics, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden 3 Department of Neurosurgery, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden. 4 Department of Biosciences, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden 5 Department of Neurotec, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden * Address for correspondence: Dr. Igor Y. Belyaev, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Toxicology, Stockholm University S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden, Tel: +46-8-16 41 08, FAX: +46-8-16 43 15 E-mail: Igor.Belyaev@gm...

- by Leif Salford
- •
- Engineering, Bioelectromagnetics, Biological Sciences

In recent years a growing number of people have begun to use mobile phone technology. This phenomenon has raised questions and doubts about possible effects on users' brains. This literature review focuses on the human electrophysiological and neuro-metabolic effects of mobile phone (MP)related electromagnetic fields (EMFs) published in the last 10 years. To this end, all relevant papers have been reported and, subsequently, a literature selection has been carried out by taking several criteria into account, such as: blind techniques, randomization or counter-balancing of conditions and subjects, detail of exposure characteristics and the statistical analyses used. As a result, only the studies meeting the selection criteria have been described, evaluated and discussed further. The main goal of this review is to provide a clear scenario of the most reliable experiments carried out over the last decade and to offer a critical point of view in their evaluation. It is concluded that MP-EMFs may influence normal physiology through changes in cortical excitability and that in future research particular care should be dedicated to both methodological and statistical control, the most relevant criteria in this research field.

- by Elia Valentini
- •
- Engineering, Cell Phones, Electroencephalography, Bioelectromagnetics

In recent years, research into biological and medical effects of millimeter waves (MMW) has expanded greatly. This paper analyzes general trends in the area and briefly reviews the most significant publications, proceeding from cell-free systems, dosimetry, and spectroscopy issues through cultured cells and isolated organs to animals and humans. The studies reviewed demonstrate effects of lowintensity MMW (10 mW/cm 2 and less) on cell growth and proliferation, activity of enzymes, state of cell genetic apparatus, function of excitable membranes, peripheral receptors, and other biological systems. In animals and humans, local MMW exposure stimulated tissue repair and regeneration, alleviated stress reactions, and facilitated recovery in a wide range of diseases (MMW therapy). Many reported MMW effects could not be readily explained by temperature changes during irradiation. The paper outlines some problems and uncertainties in the MMW research area, identifies tasks for future studies, and discusses possible implications for development of exposure safety criteria and guidelines.

- by Andrei Pakhomov
- •
- Engineering, Regeneration, Bioelectromagnetics, Cell Division

We investigated whether domestic and professional induction cooktops comply with the basic restrictions defined by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP). Based on magnetic field measurements, a generic numerical model of an induction cooktop was derived in order to model user exposure. The current density induced in the user was simulated for various models and distances. We also determined the exposure of the fetus and of young children. While most measured cooktops comply with the public exposure limits at the distance specified by the International Electrotechnical Commission (standard IEC 62233), the majority exceeds them at closer distances, some of them even the occupational limits. The maximum current density in the tissue of the user significantly exceeds the basic restrictions for the general public, reaching the occupational level. The exposure of the brains of young children reaches the order of magnitude of the limits for the general public. For a generic worst-case cooktop compliant with the measurement standards, the current density exceeds the 1998 ICNIRP basic restrictions by up to 24 dB or a factor of 16. The brain tissue of young children can be overexposed by 6 dB or a factor of 2. The exposure of the tissue of the central nervous system of the fetus can exceed the limits for the general public if the mother is exposed at occupational levels. This demonstrates that the methodology for testing induction cooktops according to IEC 62233 contradicts the basic restrictions. This evaluation will be extended considering the redefined basic restrictions proposed by the ICNIRP in

- by Jurriaan Bakker and +1
- •
- Engineering, Housing, Bioelectromagnetics, Biological Sciences

Millimeter (mm) wave reflectivity was used to determine murine skin permittivity. Reflection was measured in anesthetized Swiss Webster and SKH1-hairless mice in the 37-74 GHz frequency range. Two skin models were tested. Model 1 was a single homogeneous skin layer. Model 2 included four skin layers: (1) the stratum corneum, (2) the viable epidermis plus dermis, (3) fat layer, and (4) muscle which had infinite thickness. We accepted that the permittivity of skin in the mm wave frequency range results from the permittivity of cutaneous free water which is described by the Debye equation. Using Fresnel equations for reflection we determined the skin parameters best fitting to the reflection data and derived the permittivity of skin layers. The permittivity data were further used to calculate the power density and specific absorption rate profiles, and the penetration depth of mm waves in the skin. In both murine models, mm waves penetrate deep enough into tissue to reach muscle. In human skin, mm waves are mostly absorbed within the skin. Therefore, when extrapolating the effects of mm waves found in animals to humans, it is important to take into account the possible involvement of muscle in animal effects.

- by Marvin Ziskin
- •
- Engineering, Bioelectromagnetics, Millimeter Wave Antennas, Biological Sciences

Studies have evaluated the electroencephalography (EEG) of humans and laboratory animals during and after Radiofrequency (RF) exposures. Effects of RF exposure on the blood-brain barrier (BBB) have been generally accepted for exposures that are thermalizing. Low level exposures that report alterations of the BBB remain controversial. Exposure to high levels of RF energy can damage the structure and function of the nervous system. Much research has focused on the neurochemistry of the brain and the reported effects of RF exposure. Research with isolated brain tissue has provided new results that do not seem to rely on thermal mechanisms. Studies of individuals who are reported to be sensitive to electric and magnetic fields are discussed. In this review of the literature, it is difficult to draw conclusions concerning hazards to human health. The many exposure parameters such as frequency, orientation, modulation, power density, and duration of exposure make direct comparison of many experiments difficult. At high exposure power densities, thermal effects are prevalent and can lead to adverse consequences. At lower levels of exposure biological effects may still occur but thermal mechanisms are not ruled out. It is concluded that the diverse methods and experimental designs as well as lack of replication of many seemingly important studies prevents formation of definite conclusions concerning hazardous nervous system health effects from RF exposure. The only firm conclusion that may be drawn is the potential for hazardous thermal consequences of high power RF exposure.

- by Sheila Johnston and +1
- •
- Engineering, Cognition, Electroencephalography, Bioelectromagnetics

In response to the Vieques 2014 FQXi Conference on the Physics of Information (http://fqxi.org/conference/2014), this colloquium brings together over a dozen neuroscientists, physicists and medical researchers to provide a body of empirical data both supporting and extending the quantum information hypotheses recently advanced by Koch, Tononi and Tegmark. Specifically, the evidence presented by the participants describes numerous controlled studies documenting nonlocal correlations between physical parameters of isolated living and non-living targets, as a result of operators’ mental intention, often in conjunction with changes in the target’s biophoton signatures. However, some of the results also suggest that elemental consciousness might not be a property of matter alone, as these quantum versions of panpsychism claim – but possibly a property of spacetime itself. Although relevant clues are scarce at this point, the discussion aims to provide a stepping stone toward the better i...

- by Lyndon Juden-kelly
- •
- Physics, Biophysics, Consciousness, Intentionality

Background: Idiopathic environmental intolerance attributed to electromagnetic fields (IEI-EMF) remains a complex and unclear phenomenon, often characterized by the report of various, non-specific physical symptoms (NSPS) when an EMF source is present or perceived by the individual. The lack of validated criteria for defining and assessing IEI-EMF affects the quality of the relevant research, hindering not only the comparison or integration of study findings, but also the identification and management of patients by health care providers. The objective of this review was to evaluate and summarize the criteria that previous studies employed to identify IEI-EMF participants. Methods: An extensive literature search was performed for studies published up to June 2011. We searched EMBASE, Medline, Psychinfo, Scopus and Web of Science. Additionally, citation analyses were performed for key papers, reference sections of relevant papers were searched, conference proceedings were examined and a literature database held by the Mobile Phones Research Unit of King's College London was reviewed.

- by Simon Wessely and +1
- •
- Engineering, Electronics, Cell Phones, Quality Improvement

We have recently described frequency-dependent effects of mobile phone microwaves (MWs) of global system for mobile communication (GSM) on human lymphocytes from persons reporting hypersensitivity to electromagnetic fields and healthy persons. Contrary to GSM, universal global telecommunications system (UMTS) mobile phones emit wide-band MW signals. Hypothetically, UMTS MWs may result in higher biological effects compared to GSM signal because of eventual ''effective'' frequencies within the wideband. Here, we report for the first time that UMTS MWs affect chromatin and inhibit formation of DNA double-strand breaks co-localizing 53BP1/g-H2AX DNA repair foci in human lymphocytes from hypersensitive and healthy persons and confirm that effects of GSM MWs depend on carrier frequency. Remarkably, the effects of MWs on 53BP1/g-H2AX foci persisted up to 72 h following exposure of cells, even longer than the stress response following heat shock. The data are in line with the hypothesis that the type of signal, UMTS MWs, may have higher biological efficiency and possibly larger health risk effects compared to GSM radiation emissions. No significant differences in effects between groups of healthy and hypersensitive subjects were observed, except for the effects of UMTS MWs and GSM-915 MHz MWs on the formation of the DNA repair foci, which were different for hypersensitive (P < 0.02[53BP1]//0.01[g-H2AX]) but not for control subjects (P > 0.05). The non-parametric statistics used here did not indicate specificity of the differences revealed between the effects of GSM and UMTS MWs on cells from hypersensitive subjects and more data are needed to study the nature of these differences.

- by Bertil R Persson
- •
- Engineering, Cell Phones, Bioelectromagnetics, DNA repair

We study the effect of microwaves at 2,450 MHz on protein unfolding using surface plasmon resonance sensing. Our experimental method makes use of the fact that unfolding proteins tend to bind to chaperones on their unfolding pathway and this attachment is readily monitored by surface plasmon resonance. We use the protein citrate synthase (CS) for this study as it shows strong binding to the chaperone alpha crystallin when stressed by exposure to excess temperature. The results of microwave heating are compared with the effect of ambient heating and a combination of ambient and microwave heating to the same final temperature. We study the temperature distributions during the heating process. We show that microwaves cause a significantly higher degree of unfolding than conventional thermal stress for protein solutions heated to the same maximum temperature.

- by Marcela Bilek
- •
- Engineering, Bioelectromagnetics, Biological Sciences, Molecular chaperones

The effects of 50 Hz electromagnetic fields (EMFs) on the expression of the c-myc oncogene, known to be involved in normal cell proliferation and possibly also in tumor processes, were investigated in nonsynchronized human lymphoid cells immortalized by Epstein-Barr virus. Viral injury to such cells makes them a good model for exploring the possible cancer-promoting effects of 50 Hz magnetic fields. Parallel experiments were conducted on human HL60 leukemic cells. Cells were exposed to sinusoidal 50 Hz EMFs at 10 pT or 1 mT for 20 min, 1 h, 24 h, or 72 h. Exposure was performed either immediately after refeeding or 1.5 h after refeeding. C-myc transcript values were assessed by Northern blot analysis and normalized to those of the noninducible gene GaPDH. No statistically significant difference between the c-myc transcript levels of control and exposed cells was found in lymphoid or leukemic cells under our experimental conditions, either after short exposures of 20 min and 1 h or after longer exposures of 24 and 72 h. Other experiments were carried out with pseudosynchronized cells in an attempt to establish whether cells were especially sensitive to 50 Hz magnetic field exposure in any particular phase of the cell cycle. Accordingly, cells were pseudosynchronized in GO/GI by serum deprivation and exposed for 20 min to a 50 Hz magnetic field, at 10 pT for lymphoid cells and 1 mT for HL60 cells. No significant difference was observed between the c-myc transcript levels of control and exposed cells for either of the synchronized cell types. These results for synchronized cells correlated with those for nonsynchronized cells. 01995 Wiley~LiYq, Inc.

- by Monique Adolphe
- •
- Engineering, Gene regulation, Cell Cycle, Leukemia

In this paper, a new low-Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) antenna is proposed for the sake of safe communication in all situations. The proposed antenna involves a Microstrip patch antenna and a metallic casing loop which leads to SAR reduction. The structure operates at 0.9 GHz and 2.4 GHz which produces 0.52 W/kg and 0.25 W/kg SAR value on the human head, respectively. Then, in order to guarantee the antenna safety feature, the experiments are carried out when the human wear an earring. The impact of metallic earrings in different sizes on SAR distribution is investigated. Also, the antenna orientation and rotation effect is considered in detail. It is concluded that the change of Antenna position or use of metallic earrings makes an extremely significant impact on SAR value. But, the results of the presented antenna demonstrate that the produced SAR value in all positions, do not exceed the safe rate. It makes the antenna a suitable candidate for employing in most tel-ecommunication applications.

- by Amir hossein Nazeri
- •
- Biomedical Engineering, Microstrip Antennas and Arrays, Metamaterials, Health

absorb radiofrequency (RF) energy from wireless phones. Epidemiology and in vivo studies were evaluated according to an agreed protocol; quality criteria were used to evaluate the studies for narrative synthesis but not for meta-analyses or pooling of results. The epidemiology study results were heterogeneous, with sparse data on long-term use (10 years). Meta-analyses of the epidemiology studies showed no statistically significant increase in risk (defined as P < 0.05) for adult brain cancer or other head tumors from wireless phone use. Analyses of the in vivo oncogenicity, tumor promotion, and genotoxicity studies also showed no statistically significant relationship between exposure to RF fields and genotoxic damage to brain cells, or the incidence of brain cancers or other tumors of the head. Assessment of the review results using the Hill criteria did not support a causal relationship between wireless phone use and the incidence of adult cancers in the areas of the head that most absorb RF energy from the use of wireless phones. There are insufficient data to make any determinations about longer-term use (10 years).

- by Sabine Heinrich
- •
- Engineering, Cell Phones, Bioelectromagnetics, Risk assessment

Chemical and bacterial synthesis of a thermochemiluminescent polymer known as diazoluminomelanin (DALM) has been previously reported. This paper focuses on the intracellular synthesis of aminomelanin (AM) in mammalian cell lines and subsequent DALM synthesis from this core molecule. B 16 melanoma cells, HL-60 myeloid leukemia cells, and RAW 264.7 macrophages show AM and DALM production. Macroscopic image analysis of HL-60 cell lysates containing DALM using the Quantitative Luminescence Imaging System (QLIS) showed increased chemiluminescence (CL) with increased microwave power input and increased temperature. This work represents a first step toward the goal of microscopic radiofrequency dosimetry of individual DALM-loaded cells using image analysis. 01994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.'

- by Johnathan Kiel
- •
- Engineering, Melanin, Bioelectromagnetics, Macrophages

Dr. Roger Nelson is the Director of the Global Consciousness Project, which grew out of the research that he, together with Robert Jahn and Brenda Dunne, coordinated at the Princeton Engineering Anomalies Research (PEAR) lab for over two decades. His interests revolve around developing technologies and experimental applications to study consciousness, intention, remote perception and mind-matter interactions both in the laboratory and in natural situations. The most ambitious of these projects is the GCP, which exploits RNG technology "in a world-spanning instrument designed to monitor the effects of globally shared emotions or states of consciousness".

- by Hideyuki Kokubo and +2
- •
- Consciousness, Bioelectromagnetics, Quantum entanglement, Placebo

Measurements of dielectrophoretic collection spectra of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus suspensions are used for obtaining dielectric characteristics of both types of bacteria. The experiments are interpreted using a numerical method that models the cells as compartmented spherical or rod-like particles. We show the usefulness of this simple method to extract significant information about the electrical properties of Gram-negative and -positive bacteria.

- by Salvador Muñoz
- •
- Engineering, Bioelectromagnetics, Dielectrophoresis, Biological Sciences
- by Ed Kellogg
- •
- Energy Healing, Bioelectromagnetics, Bioelectricity