Bluetooth Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Bluetooth is one of the most prevalent technologies available on mobile phones. One of the key questions how to harness this technology in an educational manner in universities and schools. This paper is about a Bluetooth quizzing system... more

Bluetooth is one of the most prevalent technologies available on mobile phones. One of the key questions how to harness this technology in an educational manner in universities and schools. This paper is about a Bluetooth quizzing system which will be used to administer quizzes to students of a university. The Bluetooth quizzing application consists of a server and client mobile Android application. It will utilize a queuing system to allow many clients to connect simultaneously to the server. When clients connect, they can register or choose the option to complete a quiz that the lecturer selected. Results are automatically sent when quiz is done from the client application. Data analysis can then be done to review the progress of students.

The mobile device manufacturers and Internet Of Things are searching for more compatible and easy to connect protocols that increase coverage, which generates the user an effective experience when using different devices. Nevertheless,... more

The mobile device manufacturers and Internet Of Things are searching for more compatible and easy to connect protocols that increase coverage, which generates the user an effective experience when using different devices. Nevertheless, the constant updating process opens a security gap that exposes the users' personal information. Bluetooth is a communication protocol openly used by manufacturers because of their excellent information transfer capacities, allowing hackers to exploit it. The manufacturers work daily, generating security patches for communication protocols but this hasn't been enough to mitigate vulnerabilities. The security has always been on the manufacturer's side but the final user is limited to use a few security customization options to protect his network perimeter. Based on the wireless devices' background we wonder, Is there any way in which the user has the chance to reduce the possible dangers that wireless devices face? We can answer this q...

Design and implementation of an FPGA based system is illustrated in this paper. This Device is utilized to control temperature and humidity sensitive environments with the aid of humidifier and fan devices. In situ control of humidity and... more

Design and implementation of an FPGA based system is illustrated in this paper. This Device is utilized to control temperature and humidity sensitive environments with the aid of humidifier and fan devices. In situ control of humidity and temperature values by incorporated sensors and sending real time instructions to control these amounts is this device’s principle of operation. The capability of the fabricated device to send data via Bluetooth which meanwhile uses an special protocol to encrypt data transmit as well as incorporated error detection and correction protocol makes the device capable to be utilized in places demand ultrahigh immune approach. The Device is also capable to communicate with the computer and store the obtained information. To evaluate the performance of the proposed circuit the system is first simulated in Matlab and then it is implemented in logical gate level at Xilinx ISE environment and finally is practically implemented by Xilinx SPARTAN 3 FPGA and its performance is evaluated experimentally.

Notice board is primary thing in any institution or organization or public utility places like bus stops, railway stations or parks. But sending various notices day to day is a tedious process. This paper deals with advanced notice board.... more

Notice board is primary thing in any institution or organization or public utility places like bus stops, railway stations or parks. But sending various notices day to day is a tedious process. This paper deals with advanced notice board. It presents an SMS based notice board incorporating microcontroller PIC18F2550. A GSM module SIM 800L is interfaced to the ports of the microcontroller PIC18F2550. When the user sends a SMS via a registered number from his mobile phone, it is received by a SIM loaded GSM modem at the receiver unit. The GSM modem is interface to the control unit to receive messages from the user. The message received is sent to the microcontroller that further displays it on electronic notice board which is equipped with a display unit interfaced to a microcontroller. It is further displayed on an electronic notice board which equipped with 7 X 5 (5 Segment Display) light emitting diodes display interfaced to the dot matrix controller which converts instructions fro...

A novel and compact tri-band planar antenna for 2.4/5.2/5.8-GHz wireless local area network (WLAN), 2.3/3.5/5.5-GHz Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) and Bluetooth applications is proposed and studied in this paper.... more

A novel and compact tri-band planar antenna for 2.4/5.2/5.8-GHz wireless local area network (WLAN), 2.3/3.5/5.5-GHz Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) and Bluetooth applications is proposed and studied in this paper. The antenna comprises of a L-shaped element which is coupled with a ground shorted parasitic resonator to generate three resonant modes for tri-band operation. The L-shaped element which is placed on top of the substrate is fed by a 50Ω microstrip feed line and is responsible for the generation of a wide band at 5.5 GHz. The parasitic resonator is placed on the other side of the substrate and is directly connected to the ground plane. The presence of the parasitic resonator gives rise to two additional resonant bands at 2.3 GHz and 3.5 GHz. Thus, together the two elements generate three resonant bands to cover WLAN, WiMAX and Bluetooth bands of operation. A thorough parametric study has been performed on the antenna and it has been found that the three bands can be tuned by varying certain dimensions of the antenna. Hence, the same design can be used for frequencies in adjacent bands as well with minor changes in its dimensions. Important antenna parameters such as return loss, radiation pattern and peak gains in the operating bands have been studied in detail to prove that the proposed design is a promising candidate for the aforementioned wireless technologies.

Video over wireless communication (VoW) has a lot of potential applications in home and office environment. The emergence of two new technologies, namely Bluetooth and MPEG-4, will prove useful in implementing VoW. Video transmission over... more

Video over wireless communication (VoW) has a lot of potential applications in home and office environment. The emergence of two new technologies, namely Bluetooth and MPEG-4, will prove useful in implementing VoW. Video transmission over wireless channel can be made possible by transmitting MPEG-4 bit streams over Bluetooth channels. This paper presents the implementation details of MPEG-4 coded video transmission over Bluetooth (MPEG4BT) via Host Controller Interface (HCI). A detailed set of testing scenarios and results obtained after actual video transmission are presented in this paper.

Compression bandages are specially designed to apply pressure, helping to maintain blood flow and reduce discomfort and swelling. Compression bandages are a simple non-invasive treatment for varicose veins, chronic venous insufficiency... more

Compression bandages are specially designed to apply pressure, helping to maintain blood flow and reduce discomfort and swelling. Compression bandages are a simple non-invasive treatment for varicose veins, chronic venous insufficiency and lymph edema. The treatment compresses superficial veins to promote the flow of blood through the body veins. The main objective is to design pressure sensing bandage using suitable method and to measure different level of pressure intensity. Compression bandages come in a variety of sizes, length, and colors. They are also available with different strengths of compression. Stockings and compression bandages with successive sensors are available in the market but there provide least comfort and hence make them difficult to be worn. Further, these sensors often have contact with skin which makes them undesirable. In order to overcome this level we have to design the bandages with using compressed air concepts. The main objective is to design pressure sensing fabric using suitable method and to measure different level of pressure. These different readings of pressure will be sent through wireless Bluetooth device which connects the patients' device to the concerned.

"La endoscopia actual es una experiencia incómoda ya que su instrumental es de gran tamaño y magnitud, generando sensación de molestia al paciente durante el manejo que realiza el especialista de los dispositivos que se operan en el... more

"La endoscopia actual es una experiencia incómoda ya que su instrumental es de gran tamaño y magnitud, generando sensación de molestia al paciente durante el manejo que realiza el especialista de los dispositivos que se operan en el proceso. Se diseña un dispositivo a escala, que permita contrarrestar tal efecto mejorando el mecanismo de endoscopia; siendo éste un sistema más efectivo y ágil, comparado con la cápsula endoscópica y el equipo actual, por lo cual incluirá un sistema de toma de biopsias para analizar enfermedades gastroenterológicas o cánceres, con comunicación Bluetooth para la visualización del espacio digestivo en tiempo real"

Human beings have adapted to a new way of life, from an open society to a closed world. Covid19 has brought many changes to the way people live, social distance and minimal to no contact are our goals. This could have been impossible if... more

Human beings have adapted to a new way of life, from an open society to a closed world. Covid19 has brought many changes to the way people live, social distance and minimal to no contact are our goals. This could have been impossible if we were not surrounded by technology. This Perspective offers a context for the implementation of Remote Technologies, demonstrating the forms in which pandemic preparation, monitoring, research, tracking, and Health Care Technologies are effectively implemented. Our research is focused on providing a solution for handling patients at health facilities with the help of remote technologies keeping in mind the importance of social distancing and minimum to no contact to minimize the spread of the virus. The strategy is to identify the two fronts where contact with a patient is to be made. The first front is the point at which a patient needs to be detected and classified as a potential risk, at this stage the technology needs to identify the patient&#3...

Bluetooth adopts a secure simple pairing (SSP) processor which is a secure method for establishing a Bluetooth connection that uses Diffie-Hellman public key cryptography in its communication. Despite the high security mechanism provide... more

Bluetooth adopts a secure simple pairing (SSP) processor which is a secure method for establishing a Bluetooth connection that uses Diffie-Hellman public key cryptography in its communication. Despite the high security mechanism provide by this method, it is still vulnerable to attacks, specially men in the middle (MITM).Several solutions have been proposed to this vulnerability but the process of securing the exchange of public keys in SSP method is introduce the details of the proposed method which is an Enhancement to the SSP(ESSP) and how security is assured are illustrated. The paper finally discusses the security strength of the proposed ESSP against different types of MITM attacks as compared to other related work.

From ancient times science and technology have eased human life in all ways. So, it's not surprising that with the advancement of human civilization human needs will be increased and technology has to be developed at the same pace. While... more

From ancient times science and technology have eased human life in all ways. So, it's not surprising that with the advancement of human civilization human needs will be increased and technology has to be developed at the same pace. While meeting these needs and making everyday life easier, better; here comes the importance of robotic arm studies. Robot arms can be controlled by an outside user or by doing predetermined instructions. Nowadays, robot arms are broadly used in the industry and as well the medicine sector. Today, technology is developing at the same pace of rapidly increasing human needs. The work done to meet these needs makes life easier every day, and these studies are concentrated on robotic arm studies. In this project, the robotic arm can move in 4 axis directions with the help of 5 servo motors. With the help of the holder, we can hold the material and move it from one place to another. For doing this, we can connect the android application with the Arduino UNO microcontroller via the Bluetooth module. The abstract part describes why robotic arms have become so important, the introduction part describes types of it, the projected method describes the theory of the project and descriptions of components, lastly how the arm is implemented is described in experimental data and results.

Electrical devices are used for the purpose of energy replenishment. Wireless charging technology has been significantly advanced in term of functionality. Wireless charging is a technique of transmitting power through an air gap to... more

Electrical devices are used for the purpose of energy replenishment. Wireless charging technology has been significantly advanced in term of functionality. Wireless charging is a technique of transmitting power through an air gap to facilitate information collection and control. The wireless charger technology enables the sensor implemented body network. In recent years, the adoption of wireless network in the corporate environment are increased. Many enterprises have moved to wireless networks, because of the low cost in the wireless devices and expediency of using wireless networks. Even large corporations need to consider wide use of wireless networks.

This paper presents an outdoor mobile robot that can be controlled remotely using an android phone. With the help of the sensors, the robot was programmed to navigate within the bounded field, detectthe motion in the surroundings and can... more

This paper presents an outdoor mobile robot that can be controlled remotely using an android phone. With the help of the sensors, the robot was programmed to navigate within the bounded field, detectthe motion in the surroundings and can also send an alarm. The robot was designed to be able to navigate to the flowerpots placed in the zone and dispense water to those pots.The robot has proved capable of watering a total of 600 ml to two different plants in a predefined area. The robot, if operating in a manual mode, can be used to remotely water plants in a radius of 9 meters. On top of this, it emits no carbon and produces no RoHS by-products and can thus be deemed 100% eco-friendly.

Autonomous robots are used everywhere nowadays and robotics is also gaining popularity all around the world. This motivated us to make an autonomous robot that can avoid obstacle from its path and do a specific task like Pick and Place... more

Autonomous robots are used everywhere nowadays and robotics is also gaining popularity all around the world. This motivated us to make an autonomous robot that can avoid obstacle from its path and do a specific task like Pick and Place object. The Project is designed to develop a Pick and Place robot for picking and placing objects.

This paper is written to give introduction of the usage of the Bluetooth technology in ad hoc networking. Most common ad hoc networking applications for Bluetooth technology are introduced and current status of the Bluetooth technology... more

This paper is written to give introduction of the usage of the Bluetooth technology in ad hoc networking. Most common ad hoc networking applications for Bluetooth technology are introduced and current status of the Bluetooth technology suitability for ad hoc networks is examined. Also different protocols and functions, which are integral part of Bluetooth specification and used for ad hoc networking purposes, are discussed. Finally there are some recent studies shortly evaluated concerning Bluetooth scatternet formation and routing protocols performance.

Patient monitoring is essential to care in operating and emergency rooms, as well as intensive and critical care settings. Recently android has become one of the most popular technologies used in the medical sector. The aim of the paper... more

Patient monitoring is essential to care in operating and emergency rooms, as well as intensive and critical care settings. Recently android has become one of the most popular technologies used in the medical sector. The aim of the paper addresses the survey on android based patient monitoring system to provide a better health care to people in more economic and pertinent friendly manner. Doctors can continuously monitor the patient's health using the device attached to the patient and an android application. The applications in the healthcare monitoring system remotely monitor the vital signs of the patient and transmit the recorded signal to the doctor. The quality data obtained from the application helps in improving diagnostic and treatment related decision making. This paper also addresses the comparison of the state of the arts solutions available in the healthcare monitoring systems and the technologies used for generating emergency alarms.

Autonomous and remotely controlled mobile robots are used extensively in industries and are slowly becoming a norm in day-today life. They can be manually controlled using devices such as joysticks or by using mobile phone applications,... more

Autonomous and remotely controlled mobile robots are used extensively in industries and are slowly becoming a norm in day-today life. They can be manually controlled using devices such as joysticks or by using mobile phone applications, through Bluetooth or similar technologies. In this paper, the authors propose usage of Leap Motion device which can track hands of human users. By using the gestures, the human can operate a mobile robot. For the demonstration, the authors propose its usage on a 3 Omni-wheel based mobile platform. First, the mathematical model of the robot was formulated and simulated in V-REP software for various types of motion. Then, a physical prototype was developed, which was integrated with both Bluetooth based mobile phone application and Leap Motion device. Field trials and survey of 30 people was carried out, where both methods were perceived to be of similar ease of use and intuitiveness. However, the authors feel the results of Leap Motion control may improve with subsequent usage by the users.

MICE (Meeting, Incentive, Conference, Exhibition) has shown a significant promise in its industry growth by virtue of its usage in some Indonesia’s big events, such as the 2018 G20 Summit held in Bali. MICE is important for seeing the... more

MICE (Meeting, Incentive, Conference, Exhibition) has shown a significant promise in its industry growth by virtue of its usage in some Indonesia’s big events, such as the 2018 G20 Summit held in Bali. MICE is important for seeing the visitors at a different angle, such as having an insight on the most visited booth of the event, how long the visitors spend time in one booth, and so on. The need of an application on this research for tracking visitors will be high especially during this Covid-19 pandemic. Therefore, to support the Indonesia economy recovery for years to come, especially on the MICE, a visitor tracking application is developed and tested. The purpose of this research is to develop algorithm for measuring the distance between visitors and the visitor density of a certain area in real time. This algorithm is implemented in the MICE event’s visitor mobile tracking application which uses Internet of Things (IoT) and Big Data Analytics as their foundation to embrace the n...

El envío de información hacia un dispositivo móvil es una buena opción para catpurar datos y verlos en tiempo real, así como almacenar los datos obtenidos para luego procesarlos o analizarlos. La placa Arduino pude enviar datos usando... more

El envío de información hacia un dispositivo móvil es una buena opción para catpurar datos y verlos en tiempo real, así como almacenar los datos obtenidos para luego procesarlos o analizarlos. La placa Arduino pude enviar datos usando circuitos de transmisión que usen BlueTooth o WiFi. En está práctica se usará BlueTooth y para el desarrollo de la aplicación en el dispositivo móvil se empleará un framework que se llama Apache-Cordova, el cual permite desarrollar como si se tratará de una aplicación WEB, por lo que su desarrollo es ágil y rápido. En este documento no se ve la instalación de Cordova, pero si se indican las versiones empleadas para el desarrollo. Apache Cordova es un framework para desarrollo de aplicaciones móviles creado originalmente por Nitobi. Adobe Systems lo compró en 2011 y lo rebautizo como PhoneGap, después lanzo una versión de software libre que se llamó Apache Cordova. Apache Cordova permite a los programadores construir aplicaciones para dispositivos móviles usando CSS3, HTML5, y JavaScript en lugar de emplear directamente los API's de alguna plataforma específica como: Android, iOS o Windows Phone. Para mayor infomación puede acceder al siguiente enlace.

Una revista hecha por alumnos de ing. telecomunicaciones y electronica, hablamos sobre el bluetooth.

Öz: Amaç: İklimlendirme, okul ortamlarında öğren-ci ile öğretim elemanı sağlığı ve eğitimin verimliliği açısından oldukça büyük bir öneme sahiptir. Derslik ve laboratuvarların iklimlendirmesi için çoğu kez klimalar tercih edilmektedir.... more

Öz: Amaç: İklimlendirme, okul ortamlarında öğren-ci ile öğretim elemanı sağlığı ve eğitimin verimliliği açısından oldukça büyük bir öneme sahiptir. Derslik ve laboratuvarların iklimlendirmesi için çoğu kez klimalar tercih edilmektedir. Klimaların yüksek enerji tüketimi eğitim kurumları için ciddi bir maliyet oluşturmakta-dır. Kapatılması unutulmuş klimaların dersliklerde saatlerce gereksiz yere çalışması enerji kullanımını arttıran unsurlardan biridir. Bir diğer unsur ise uygun dış ortam sıcaklığına rağmen klimaların yine gereksiz yere çalıştırılmasıdır. Bu gereksiz harcamaların akıllıca yaklaşımlar ile kısıtlanması Arduino kontrol kartları ile mümkün olabilmektedir. Yöntem-Bulgular: Bu çalış-mada salon tipi 3 fazlı bir klima, RFID kart ve Blueto-oth teknolojisi ile iç ve dış ortam sıcaklık değerini öl-çen sensörler yardımıyla Arduino platformu üzerinden kontrol edilmiştir. Sonuç: Bu sayede klimanın kontrolü RFID kartı veya mobil cihazı kullanan öğretim elemanı tarafından yapılabilmekte ve gereksiz enerji harcamalarının önüne geçilebilmektedir.
Abstract: Aim: Air conditioning has a great importance for the health and productivity of instructors and also for the students in the school environment. Air conditioners (ACs) are often preferred for air conditioning of classrooms and laboratories. High energy consumption of these ACs raises costs to educational institutions. Forgetting to turn off the ACs at nights or weekends also causes high energy waste and motor failures. Another factor rising costs is to run the ACs while outside temperature is adequate and there is no need to run the ACs. Method-Results: To overcome these situation, Arduino based control systems may be used. Conclusion: In our study, an HVAC is controlled via the Arduino platform. We used RFID and Bluetooth technology to prevent unauthorized access to the unit controls while checking indoor and outdoor temperature to decide whether it is really necessary to run the ACs to avoid the unneeded startup.

This project is based on the development of a chat application that makes use of Bluetooth rather than the internet in order to initiate chat conversation. Low-cost wireless connections and low-power are two of the most attractive... more

This project is based on the development of a chat application that makes use of Bluetooth rather than the internet in order to initiate chat conversation. Low-cost wireless connections and low-power are two of the most attractive features that are provided by Bluetooth and can be used in mobile devices and other accessories as well. This, therefore, provides an open standard for the implementation of a short range wireless communication. Bluetooth, when integrated into Android, which is a mainstream smart phone platform becomes a means of mobile communication. A large number of developers have been attracted to the Android design because it possesses the characteristics of both, open sourcing and powerful application AP I. The purpose of this project is to explore the concept of a chat room designed on the basis of Bluetooth. The aim is to analyse the architecture of the Android platform and introduce the process of implementing the Bluetooth communication in detail. We eventually proceed to design and implement the concept of a chat room based on Bluetooth by making use of API’s of Android platform.
Keywords—Bluetooth; chat; android; smartphone.

To mitigate the spread of the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a plethora of technology-based contact tracing (CT) applications have been proposed, designed, and... more

To mitigate the spread of the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a plethora of technology-based contact tracing (CT) applications have been proposed, designed, and deployed by private and government entities in various countries globally in order to return society to some semblance of normalcy. Although most of the modifications done on the underlining protocols mostly focus on the privacy and ethical concerns of these solutions, pragmatic applications within developing countries are not considered, as applications in most cases are considered to be ubiquitous. This disparity leads to a design-reality gap as the involved entities fail to pay attention to the local conditions in which these systems could be deployed. In this work, an in-depth analysis of state-of-the-art technology-based CT protocols is discussed while considering the compatibility of these designs with the reality of lopsided levels of digital divides and other structural inequalities in developing countries. In addition, a number of existing solutions implemented in developing countries are delineated. Furthermore, pragmatic applications that consider social and technological infrastructures to bridge the gaps in these infrastructures are discussed as well as possible recommendations that could be implemented to effectively mitigate the spread of pandemic outbreaks in developing countries.

The Internet of Things (IoT) concept facilitates our life in many areas. One of the facilities provided in this area is undoubtedly condition monitoring. Unlike regular maintenance, IoT systems that perform continuous control operations... more

The Internet of Things (IoT) concept facilitates our life in many areas. One of the facilities provided in this area is undoubtedly condition monitoring. Unlike regular maintenance, IoT systems that perform continuous control operations can provide great advantages to the company with a warning that a serious failure will occur. It is a vital importance to determine defective bearings during the rotation of the power generating and power consuming machines without reaching the critical level. In this study; an experimental setup was created, and a Condition Monitoring Application (CMA) was performed in the laboratory environment which could monitor vibration, temperature, acoustic emission (AE), current and revolution measurements for ORS 6203 type defective bearing detection. In the designed test setup, a microcontroller platform used as a system brain, a direct current machine with a shaft mounted bearing, and miscellaneous sensors used such as 3-axis accelerometer that senses vibrations, a hall sensor module for revolution measure, a microphone module for AE detection, current and voltage sensor modules for power consumption measurement, contactless temperature sensor module for temperature measurement. CMA has been designed for monitoring of system via Bluetooth module. With the help of the microcontroller platform, the data collected from the sensors is transmitted wirelessly to the Android smartphone to be plotted and recorded. After the data exceeds certain thresholds, the control system is able to provide SMS and/or e-mail notification to the related maintenance team with the Android smartphone. Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machine (SVM), k-Nearest Neighbor (kNN), and Decision Tree (DT) algorithms applied to the collected data and models were created. As a result of accuracy analysis over %96 success was achieved for all models.

capstone project final report

Bluetooth technology has become an integral part of this modern society. The availability of mobile phones, game controllers, Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) and personal computers has made Bluetooth a popular technology for short range... more

Bluetooth technology has become an integral part of this modern society. The availability of mobile phones, game controllers, Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) and personal computers has made Bluetooth a popular technology for short range wireless communication. However, as the Bluetooth technology becomes widespread, vulnerabilities in its security protocols are increasing which can be potentially dangerous to the privacy of a user’s personal information. The security issues of Bluetooth have been an active area of research for the last few years. This paper presents the vulnerabilities in the security
protocols of this technology along with some past security threats and possible countermeasures as reported in the literatures which have been surveyed and summarized in this paper. It also presents some tips that end-users can implement immediately to become more cautious about their private information. Finally, the paper concludes with some recommendations for future security enhancements that can be implemented in the Bluetooth standard.

keterangan module bluetooth yang biasanya banyak digunakan untuk interface. control

This end-of-year report discusses how this intelligent stick is built and how it will help visually impaired people in their everyday lives, and has as objective to permit visually impaired people in Cameroon to navigate freely using an... more

This end-of-year report discusses how this intelligent stick is built and how it will help visually impaired people in their everyday lives, and has as objective to permit visually impaired people in Cameroon to navigate freely using an Ultrasonic Smart Stick, to send SMS notifications to family members, to permit family members to tract them, to find the cane in the case of loss. As such we used the APTE (Application of Professional Method) based on the Value Analysis (VA) methodology which permitted us to do: need analysis by using a Horned Beast diagram and an Octopus diagram to define our needs and show the link between different elements of the project respectively, to do functional analysis using Function Analysis System Technic (FAST) diagrams to define our project’s functions and arrive at technological solutions, and to do structured analysis using SADT (Structured Analysis Design Technic) to show a model of our project. We used a breadboard to simulate our project and then we used a software ISIS in Proteus to show the pinout of our system and ARES, still in Proteus, to draw our Printed Circuit Board (PCB); also, we used Arduino IDE to program in C-language our two microcontroller boards Arduino Nano, and MIT App Inventor to program and generate the Android installation package
(the apk file) of the Smart Stick Finder app, which will help the person with visual impairment to both locate his cane and after finding his cane, to mute it by sending vocal commands to the Arduino Nano through its Bluetooth device. After assembling our system, we did some tests and
noticed that: the ultrasonic sensor has an absolute error of 1cm in its readings, the higher the water level the more sensitive the water sensor becomes in its readings, the motor and the buzzer vibrate and beep respectively as expected, the accuracy of GPS readings depend on the last time that the readings were taken, and the GSM module’s accuracy depends on the network. Our project permitted us to solve the problem of visual impairment using a Smart Stick and we can rightfully and joyously conclude that we had a 95% success.