Building Integrated Solar Energy Technologies Research Papers (original) (raw)

This paper analyses the energy and economic performance of roof and/or façades Building Integrated flat-plate PhotoVoltaic and Thermal (BIPVT) collectors for residential applications. Aim of the analysis is to assess the active and passive effects due to the building integration of solar technologies on the building energy consumptions. In particular, a comparison among innovative building-plant system configurations, based on BIPVT collectors for the simultaneous production of electricity, thermal energy, and domestic hot water, is carried out. The simulation models of the proposed system layouts are designed and implemented in TRNSYS simulation environment for the dynamic assessment of their energy and economic performance. By means of the developed simulation model, the occurring summer and winter building passive energy effects due to the PVT building integration are also analysed.
Several case studies are developed by modelling a representative multi-storey residential building and by taking into account different European climates. For such case studies a suitable energy parametric analysis is performed by varying the thermal resistances and capacitances of the building envelope. By the simulation results interesting design and economic feasibility guidelines are obtained. In particular, by varying the weather location and the building-plant configuration, the adoption of BIPVT panels produces a decrease of the primary energy demands from 67 to 89%. The passive effects of the BIPVT system in both the winter and summer season are also assessed for all the investigated climate zones. The calculated economic profitability resulted slightly better for roof BIPVT panels than for roof and façade applications. For the investigated case studies, the pay back periods appear quite long, varying from 11 years for South European weather zones to 20 for North European ones.

- by and +2
- •
- Renewable Energy, Sustainable Building Design, Energy Efficiency Buildings, Building Energy Simulation

This study directs attention towards the New Cairo community, which is one of the new urban settlements that have been developed around Cairo, Egypt. People recently have tended to install or extend mechanical cooling equipment in their dwellings in order to overcome the problem of thermal discomfort from overheating. Although the mechanical cooling significantly raises utilities bills, it is still the preferred choice for the majority of the residents. The lack of awareness about the advantages of Passive Cooling Techniques (PCT), in addition to uncertain about their costs and effectiveness, has made PCT unpopular options for both designers and owners. This study investigates the costs and benefits of two PCT, which include the influence of the thermal transmittance of the walls (U-value), and the attachment of solar shading devices. The Whole Life Cycle Costing (WLCC) evaluation method is used to estimate the payback period of applying the PCT. The PCT were simulated using the dyn...

- by Wael Sheta
- •
- Engineering, Environmental Engineering, Energy Economics, Environmental Economics

This paper presents a new solar arrays deployment mechanism for space applications. It consists of a modular kinematic structure, which is operated by a single cable (1 DoF). Compared to traditional methods, this mechanism has the advantage of being reversible in the movement. Kinematic analysis of the mechanism is carried out in this work, as well as static analysis. They allow to define the main actuation parameters such as cable pull tension and spring stiffness. Moreover, suitable values for the mechanism parameters are computed by means of a dedicated algorithm.

Low energy buildings use less than 50 % of the energy used in typical buildings. Such energy efficient buildings can only be achieved by applying unconventional approaches. However, the applicability of the unconventional strategies and techniques is challenging. This proposal presents an innovative idea that can be applied to overcome barriers to implementation of one of these unconventional techniques that used to maximize the utilization of daylighting within buildings.
Daylight guidance systems (DGS) deliver daylight into windowless and remote parts of buildings via light ducts or fiber optics. DGS that based on light duct to channel daylight are relatively economical, more likely to maintain daylight characteristics, and capable of delivering both direct and diffused daylight. However, they still lack widespread use due to installation difficulty. They use light ducts that occupy significant spaces to distribute daylight. The integration of DGS light ducts and HVAC ducts emerges as a novel and promising solution. The integrated dual ducting system has the potential to maximize the utilization of daylighting, reduce costs and avoid conflicts between building systems.
The widely used HVAC systems uses duct networks already integrated with the other building systems. The HVAC ducts are capable of reaching most spaces, and are of comparable size to light ducts. Thus, they are a prime target for the development of dual ducts; a single duct to transport and distribute both air and light.
The proposed system is very practical and benefit from the available facilities to produce a new product and propose a new design approach. Cooperation between architect/lighting designer and HVAC designer can be made to convert conventional ducts network design and material into the dual ducting system. There is no other product on the market that is used to deliver both air and daylight, and no other system has been designed or developed to provide this service.

The purpose of this document is to provide tools and guidelines for the installer to help ensure that residential photovoltaic power systems are properly specified and installed, resulting in a system that operates to its design potential. This document sets out key criteria that describe a quality system, and key design and installation considerations that should be met to achieve this goal. This document deals with systems located on residences that are connected to utility power and does not address the special issues of homes that are remote from utility power.

It is well known that solar energy can be converted to heat or electrical energy and that these forms have value. It is also well known that the sun’s light energy can be used directly for illumination. However, the economic value of sunlight is not generally appreciated.
To appreciate the value of sunlight, imagine two alternative solar energy systems. In the first system, solar cells capture sunlight at a desert utility site and convert it to electricity with an efficiency of 10%. Then, the electricity is routed through electrical cables to a building. In the building, the electricity is converted back to light with an efficiency of 20%. For this system, only 2% of the solar energy is delivered as useful illumination energy. For the second system, imagine that the sunlight is captured on the building roof and concentrated and routed with optical cables to overhead lamp fixtures with only 50% transmission loss. The sunlight is used twenty-five times more efficiently in the second system. Since a solar illumination system can displace electricity, the energy in sunlight has more value as light than as electricity.

- by Lewis Fraas
- •
- Building Integrated Solar Energy Technologies, Solar Energy

The provision of daylighting in buildings reduces energy consumption required by electric lighting systems and protects the environment. In addition, it improves the visual environment within buildings, which reflects on the productivity and well-being of its users.
In order to maximize the utilization of daylighting, many innovative daylighting systems (IDS) have been developed. All of them depend on optical materials to collect and deliver daylight. As a result, dirt accumulation on the surface of the IDS affects efficiency, especially, in desert regions.
The problem of dirt accumulation has been addressed in the field of solar panels since the 1940s, and many cleaning methods have been developed. However, the application of these methods on the IDS needs further investigation due to the large differences between the solar panels and optical components of the IDS in terms of materials, size, shape, location and many other aspects.
This study investigates dirt accumulation effects on the IDS and possible cleaning methods. It suggests six cleaning mechanisms and twelve cleaning systems that suit different types of IDS in various operating circumstances. The suggested systems can be developed using already available technologies in order to achieve the ultimate in IDS efficiency restoration. However, before this can be done, the economic, environmental, and operational aspects, in addition to potential levels of efficacy and applicability must be assessed.
The study generates parametric tools to predict the economic performances of cleaning systems prior to implementation, considering the most sensitive parameters affecting the cost of cleaning, whether the process is manual or automated. The tool parametrically presents the payback periods of automated cleaning systems in a wide range of configurations. A second tool parametrically presents the annual manual cleaning cost as a percentage of the monetary value of the energy savings gained due to utilization of the IDS.

- by Mohammed Mayhoub
- •
- Environmental Engineering, Architecture, Renewable Energy, Energy

The light pipes are innovative devices able to transport and distribute natural light without heat transfer in dark rooms. There are a lot of natural lighting applications able to predict the behaviour of light in a room through a traditional opening. Only few of them are able to model complex systems such as daylight guidance systems. Added to this, they seem to provide disparate and inconsistent results with respect to the actual performance of light pipes. The purpose of this publication is to present the approach undertaken and the results obtained to highlight the problem. To do this, a survey of the different programs has been carried out internationally to model tubular devices. Then, an inter-software comparative analysis was implemented for some of the applications listed. In order to assess the accuracy of numerical results, the results of an experiment - 1:1 scale and in real weather conditions - were used as references to evaluate the chosen applications. We saw that the various selected programs tend to overestimate or underestimate the real phenomenon. The use of an experimental database permitted to put forward the most efficient applications. These results support the future goal to develop a new model. Future prospects of our study that can emerge are mainly based on the introduction of a new model for predicting the performance of light pipes and its integration in two software products developed within laboratory: CODYRUN (a multi-zone software integrating thermal building simulation, airflow transfers, lighting and pollutants) and HEMERA (a daylighting analysis software).

This study is aimed to find the quality and appropriate thin layer mathematical model suitable for drying kinetics of turmeric which has the least impact of weather conditions. A user-friendly indirect natural convection solar dryer (INCSD) working on Compound Parabolic Concentrator (CPC) was developed and fabricated for this purpose. It is observed that there is a dominant impact of the environmental conditions on the efficiency of solar drying. Adverse weather conditions hinder the collection of solar radiation. It was observed that the moisture content reduces from 77% to 18% in the solar dryer in 24 hours as compared to open Sun-drying, which requires 40 hours. Six thin layer mathematical models reported in the literature have been tried for INCSD and open Sun drying. Thin layer mathematical modeling at different temperatures is presented with quality analysis. Maximum Curcumin percentage 3.73% in the turmeric is found at 55 0 C drying air temperature. Minimum ash content is found to be 6.5% at 60 0 C. Experimental results reveal that the Page Model fits best for INCSD as well as for open Sun drying (osd).

Satisfactory performance and reliability of a solar collector requires maximum collection of solar energy by the collector and improvement on the heat removal factor through proper configuration and adequate sizing of its components. This research work presents a parametric study to determine the sensitivity of the heat removal factor and solar energy received on the collector to the collector design parameters such as; tube spacing, internal tube diameter, and absorber plate thickness and collector tilt angle respectively. Computer programme codes developed using Matlab based on the appropriate equations and system characteristics were used for the study. The results reveals that the solar energy received on the collector surface is significantly affected by the choice of the tilt angle of the collector and for maximum energy collection the collector orientation for the considered location should be at a tilt angle of 12 o from the horizontal tilted toward the south. The result also shows significant improvement in the heat removal factor as the tube spacing is varied. Maximum heat removal factor occurred at a tube spacing of 15cm for tube diameter of 2cm. However for the tube diameter greater than 2cm, the maximum heat removal factor occurred at tube spacing greater than 15cm. The study also shows that the heat removal factor does not respond significantly to changes in the absorber plate thickness.

Your car battery should last about 3 to 5 years…
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And what can you do to prolong your car’s battery life?
Well… That’s what we’ll discuss in this article.
We’ll show you why car batteries die early …and what you can do to prevent this from happening.
We’ll also give you 8 simple tips and tricks to maximize the lifespan of your car’s 12 volt battery.

The City of Turin is a town with about 900.000 inhabitants and is the capital of Turin Metropolitan City and Piedmont Region. It is located in the plain area and is surrounded by the Alps and with a temperate climate.
According to Sustainable Energy Action Plan of the Covenant of Majors initiative, Turin owns a public building stock of more than 8% of the entire city, with a significant impact on urban whole energy consumption of about 375,000 MWh/year at 2005.
The City of Turin was therefore interested in managing its own energy consumptions and proposing a strategy to improve the energy performance of its building. In this context, the municipality was also interested in the production of energy from renewable sources, in particular with solar technologies for a reduction in GHG emissions.
In this work, 71 public buildings owned by the City of Turin were cataloged and classified in 4 categories based on the type of use (48% are schools, 14% schools with swimming pool, 34% offices and 4% sports facilities). Energy consumptions with thermal and electrical energy-use data, were collected for three consecutive years. The analyzed public buildings consume an average of 74,803 MWh/year for space heating and 11,317 MWh/year of electricity and most of the public buildings are connected by natural gas and district heating network; this last is the largest in Italy and one of the largest in Europe.
With the digital surface model (DSM) of the City of Turin, a 3D solar irradiation model was elaborated taking into account the monthly characteristics of solar irradiation and of atmosphere transparency in Turin. This model was used to calculate the availability of solar irradiation on the roofs of public buildings, the extent of free roof surfaces and then the potential of energy produced by the current and available solar technologies on the market.
Finally, the energy performance of the most used solar technologies was evaluated with a cost/benefit analysis to evaluate future scenarios. A GIS-based project was also created to manage and to update the energy performances of public buildings. The results of this work showed that, for 31 buildings with a high intervention priority installing solar technologies there could be a reduction of 2-7% of space heating and of 5-15% of electricity consumptions.
A more rational use of energy to manage energy demand and supply of the overall public buildings stock could be an effective strategy on targeted interventions that, combined with an efficient use of space, lead to take a virtuous path towards the sustainability of the urban environment. Then, the use of a GIS-based assessment is essential to compare the energy demand with the potential of energy produced by roof-integrated renewable energy technologies. The aim of this work is to implement energy policies based on the real buildings heritage but also to increase transparency and awareness of citizens on the effort of public administration to reach environmental sustainability targets.

Biomass plays a major role in satisfying the energy needs of Afghanistan, especially in the residential sector where fuel demand is primarily met in the form of fuelwood, charcoal, crop residues and animal manure. Till now, enough work has not been undertaken to assess the biomass energy potential in the country to support renewable energy development plans and more sustainable use of biomass resources. This paper is limited to the assessment of biomass energy potential from the following resources: (A) forest fuelwood and charcoal, (B) crop residues (wheat, rice, barley and maize residues) and (C) cattle manure for the years 2012-13 and 2013-14. The study assesses a total biomass energy potential of 97,310 TJ during the period 2012-13 and 99,012 TJ during the period 2013-14. It is observed that only about 52% of the estimated biomass energy potential is being exploited. The estimated energy potential of the selected biomass could contribute up to 69% in the primary energy consumption of Afghanistan (140,966 TJ) during the year 2012-13.

District heating networks are commonly addressed in the literature as one of the most effective solutions for decreasing the greenhouse gas emissions from the building sector. These systems require high investments which are returned through the heat sales. Due to the changed climate conditions and building renovation policies, heat demand in the future could decrease, prolonging the investment return period. The main scope of this paper is to assess the feasibility of using the heat demand – outdoor temperature function for heat demand forecast. The district of Alvalade, located in Lisbon (Portugal), was used as a case study. The district is consisted of 665 buildings that vary in both construction period and typology. Three weather scenarios (low, medium, high) and three district renovation scenarios were developed (shallow, intermediate, deep). To estimate the error, obtained heat demand values were compared with results from a dynamic heat demand model, previously developed and validated by the authors. The results showed that when only weather change is considered, the margin of error could be acceptable for some applications (the error in annual demand was lower than 20% for all weather scenarios considered). However, after introducing renovation scenarios, the error value increased up to 59.5% (depending on the weather and renovation scenarios combination considered). The value of slope coefficient increased on average within the range of 3.8% up to 8% per decade, that corresponds to the decrease in the number of heating hours of 22-139h during the heating season (depending on the combination of weather and renovation scenarios considered). On the other hand, function intercept increased for 7.8-12.7% per decade (depending on the coupled scenarios). The values suggested could be used to modify the function parameters for the scenarios considered, and improve the accuracy of heat demand estimations. Abstract This study aims to examine the nonsterilized fermentation conditions for coproduction of pectinases and lipase enzymes using several fruit wastes as an energy source. Thermophilic fungal strain, Penicillium expansum CMI 39671 was used as a fermenting strain. The effect of process conditions including; nitrogen sources, pH, temperature, time and moisture contents, on the production of both enzymes were studied. The highest activities of pectinase and lipase (2817, 1870 U/g dry substrate) enzymes were found with orange peel feedstock, whereas the lowest activities of 1662 U/g and 1266 U/g were found with banana peel and papaya peel feedstocks respectively. Overall, pectinase showed higher enzymatic activities than lipase enzymes, both having similar increasing and decreasing trends, at all studied conditions. The optimum process conditions of peptone as a nitrogen source, pH 7, 40°C, 5 days and 70% moisture contents, were found to show highest enzymatic activities for both enzymes. The orange peel feedstock showed no significant difference in both enzymes' activities at sterilized and nonnotarized process conditions. Pectinase and lipase enzymes showed (13791 U/g) and (8114 U/g) for sterilized and (14091 U/g) and (8324 U/g) for nonnotarized process conditions respectively. In addition, the fungal strains also produce bacteriocin-like compounds that could inhibit microbial growth. These findings will help to design and develop robust, cost-effective and less energy intensive enzyme production processes and consequently an efficient fruit waste to energy system through open fermentation. Abstract This study aims to examine the nonsterilized fermentation conditions for coproduction of pectinases and lipase enzymes using several fruit wastes as an energy source. Thermophilic fungal strain, Penicillium expansum CMI 39671 was used as a fermenting strain. The effect of process conditions including; nitrogen sources, pH, temperature, time and moisture contents, on the production of both enzymes were studied. The highest activities of pectinase and lipase (2817, 1870 U/g dry substrate) enzymes were found with orange peel feedstock, whereas the lowest activities of 1662 U/g and 1266 U/g were found with banana peel and papaya peel feedstocks respectively. Overall, pectinase showed higher enzymatic activities than lipase enzymes, both having similar increasing and decreasing trends, at all studied conditions. The optimum process conditions of peptone as a nitrogen source, pH 7, 40°C, 5 days and 70% moisture contents, were found to show highest enzymatic activities for both enzymes. The orange peel feedstock showed no significant difference in both enzymes' activities at sterilized and nonnotarized process conditions. Pectinase and lipase enzymes showed (13791 U/g) and (8114 U/g) for sterilized and (14091 U/g) and (8324 U/g) for nonnotarized process conditions respectively. In addition, the fungal strains also produce bacteriocin-like compounds that could inhibit microbial growth. These findings will help to design and develop robust, cost-effective and less energy intensive enzyme production processes and consequently an efficient fruit waste to energy system through open fermentation.

- by Dr. Abdul-Sattar Nizami and +1
- •
- Environmental Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Environmental Science, Energy Economics

The paper is focused on the dynamic simulation of a Photovoltaic/Thermal collector (PVT) integrated in a high-temperature Solar Heating and Cooling (SHC) system. The system is based on the following main components: concentrating parabolic PVT (photovoltaic thermal) collectors, a double-stage LiBr-H2O absorption chiller, storage tanks, auxiliary heaters, balance of plant devices. The PVT is made-up by a parabolic dish concentrator and a triple-junction receiver. The polygeneration system provides electricity, space heating and cooling and domestic hot water for a given building, whose simulation is also included in the model. In particular, PVT produces electric energy, which is in part consumed by the building loads (lights and equipments), in part by the system parasitic loads, whereas the eventual excess is sold to the public grid. Simultaneously, the PVT provides the heat required to drive the absorption chiller. The system was simulated by means of a zero-dimensional transient model, that allows the evaluation of temperature profiles and also heat/electrical energy flows for whatever period of the year. It is also possible to evaluate the overall energetic and economic performance on whatever time basis (day, week, month, year, etc.). The economic results show that the system under investigation can be profitable, if a proper funding policy is available. The paper also includes an extensive parametric analysis aiming at evaluating the set of design and operating parameters (solar field area, tank volumes, set point temperatures, etc.) that maximize the energetic and/or economic performance of the system.

- by Adolfo Palombo
- •
- Photovoltaics, Renewable Energy, Sustainable Building Design, Solar Concentrators

Some 25 years ago, the development of Double-skin Glass façades (DSFs) grew in Germany as a promising alternative to address the well-known problems of curtain walls, particularly heat loss, over-heating and noise, by combining a thermal buffer and sun protection in a ventilated glass chamber. The introduction and spread of DSFs was not only based on technical innovations from the field of building physics, but also strongly fostered by a growing trend within architectural practice, including social and aesthetic values, such as the construction of a “green” corporate image or the pervasiveness of fashionable and widely published buildings that served as examples. In this paper, I discuss the articulation of the technical fundamentals and the social mechanisms that promoted the use of DSFs in buildings in Germany starting in the 1990s, based on available documentation from patents, industry catalogues, contemporary literature and ex-post evaluations of the buildings. I hold that DSFs make a clear case for a combined techno-social development, far from linear or objective, but intertwined with a cultural and social elements suggesting a new understanding of technical decisions presumed neutral. The case of DSFs shows how this process goes beyond objective technical properties or performance, and needs to be accounted for and kept in mind in order to fully understand the development and success or failure of technological innovations in architecture.

The control and operation of electronic systems
relies and depends on the availability of the power supply.
Rechargeable batteries have been more pervasively used as
the energy storage and power source for various electrical and electronic systems and devices, such as communication
systems, electronic devices, renewable power systems, electric vehicles, etc. However, the rechargeable batteries are
subjected to the availability of the external power source when it is drained out. Because of the concern of battery life,
environmental pollution and a possible energy crisis, the
renewable solar energy has received an increasing attention
in recent years. A fuzzy logic control based grid tied
uninterruptible power supply integrating renewable solar
energy can be used for electrical and electronic systems to
produce power generation. This paper presents the design and implementation of fuzzy logic control based grid tied
uninterruptible power supply integrating the renewable solar power energy system. The uninterruptible power supply (UPS) system is characterized by the rechargeable battery that is connected with the Photovoltaic Panel through the DC/DC converter, the utility AC through the AC/DC converter and the load is connected through the DC/AC converter. The whole operation is controlled by the fuzzy logic algorithm. A complete hardware prototype system model of the fuzzy logic control based on the grid tied uninterruptible power supply integrating with the renewable solar energy is designed and implemented. The operation and effectiveness of the proposed system is then demonstrated by the actual and real-time implementation of the fuzzy logic control grid tied operation
uninterruptible power supply integrating renewable solar
energy connected to the rechargeable battery bank and a PIC
microcontroller platform for fuzzy logic control and operation.

Erratic supply of electricity to residential buildings has led many occupants/owners to source for alternative sources to complement the epileptic supply from the National Grid. The sun produces energy expense-free, which is being untapped in this part of the country and thus the energy of the sun is being wasted. This energy can easily be converted to electric power for use in both in residential areas and industrial sectors through solar photovoltaic (PV) system. This paper assessed the level of awareness, adoption and barriers as related to solar PV system in Akure by assessing one hundred and fifty (150) residential buildings randomly with a structured questionnaire administered to the occupants/owners. The findings revealed that; a large percentage of the residential buildings make use of diesel/petrol generating set as an alternative to the National grid, that the level of awareness of solar PV is significantly low, the willingness to adopt is high but it's hindered by cost implication of the system. The study's findings contribute to the growing literature in the adoption of renewable energy for electricity generation, highlighted the major barriers hindering this for effective solutions to be proffer. It also provides a prospective market for those interested in the solar energy market.

- by Dr. Timothy O Olawumi and +1
- •
- Building Integrated Solar Energy Technologies, Solar PV, Energy generation, National Grid

El modelo de CARTA DE INTENCIÓN, se basa en la experiencia conjunta del organismo de investigación y educación superior pública denominado Centro de Investigación en Energía de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México CIE, y la empresa tecnológica denominada Visión EnerGtiK Sociedad Microindustrial .
La intención, puesta por escrito en este modelo de carta, es la de firmar y operar un acuerdo de colaboración entre ellas con la finalidad de establecer las bases generales de apoyo y colaboración, para que ambas partes, en ejercicio de sus atribuciones, lleven a cabo tareas inherentes a los campos de trabajo de los estudiantes del “CENTRO” como medio para complementarlos y enriquecerlos.

Rezime,u radu su objašnjeni i nabrojani aktivni solarni prijemnici, fotonaponski sistemisolarni kolektori, njihov princip rada i primena.. Upotrebom istih, stvorena je mogućnost uštede električne energije i očuvanje životne sredine.... more

4 Busbar solar cell adopts new technology to improve the efficiency of modules, offers a better aesthetic appearance, making it perfect for rooftop installation. Heavy snow load up to 5400 Pa. Wind load upto 2400Pa. Higher module conversion efficiency(up to 18.57%) benefit from Passivated Emmiter Rear Contact (PERC) technology Positive tolerance of up to 3% delivers higher output reliability. 100% In-House automatic manufacturing. Certification ISO 18001 ISO 14001 ISO 9001

- by Lubi Solar
- •
- Building Integrated Solar Energy Technologies, Solar, Solar Energy, Solar Power

Peningkatan kebutuhan bahan bakar fosil dan terbatasnya produksi
dalam negeri Indonesia menyebabkan masyarakatnya mencari sumber bahan
bakar baru yang dapat diperbaharui. Biodiesel menjadi bakar altematif terbarukan
pengganti solar yang giat dikembangkan saat ini. Bagian biji jarak pagar dapat
dimanfaatkan menjadi biodiesel. Biji jarak pagar dibuat menjadi biodiesel melalui
proses esterifikasi-transesterifikasi. Penggunaan biodiesel dari minyak biji jarak
pagar memiliki banyak kenggulan yang tidak kalah baik dengan solar. Peluang
untuk mengembangkan biodiesel di Indonesia sangat terbuka lebar. mengingat
melimpahnya sumber daya hayati yang dapat digunakan sebagai sumber bahan
baku pembuatan biodiesel di berbagai wilayah di Indonesia.
Kata kunci : biji jarak pagar, bahan bakar, biodiesel

Güneş enerji santrali kurulumu ve maliyeti, güneş santrali malzeme listesi, güneş paneli kurulumu, güneş tarlası maliyeti, solar farm. enerjibes.com ile tüm güneş enerjisi hesaplamaları ve maliyetleri ne ulaşabilirsiniz. Güneş enerjisi... more

Building performance is a function of a number of variables each of which is important to analyse concurrently when conducting a POE study. The development of framework for assessing buildings is significant as it will provide an evaluation tool for ensuring sustainable buildings. This study developed an index for evaluating the overall performance of office buildings in Nigeria. A Total of 51 professionals in the built environment were surveyed. The data obtained were analysed using content analysis technique, pair wise comparison (one sample t-test) and regression analysis. The results showed that; the performance criteria which are pertinent to the performance of office building in order of their importance were building integrity (54.54), indoor air quality (53.69), safety and security (64.04), thermal (46.77), spatial (7.27%), visual (44.01), spatial (43.33) and acoustic performance (43.62); priority placed by individual professional, architects rated safety and security and building integrity (18) most important and acoustic least (9) important, builders rated IAQ and visual performance (20) most important and building integrity (8) least important, estate surveyors ranked safety (21) and building integrity (17) performance most important and acoustic performance (7) least important, mechanical engineers rated safety (22) and building integrity (0) Original Research Article

— The aim of this study is to achieve greater output by examining the existing way of coordinating the determined attempts of Steam Industries in South Africa to successfully reach a sustainable industrial development by using energy source adequately in a more competent way. Furthermore into the study we look at obstacles that prevent and those that leads to maximum utilization of energy management measures and also highlights the effects of implementing cheap available energy source in South Africa. The investigation and analysis have shown that energy is not well managed in Steam Industries and that the use of energy is minimized and not fully utilized due to poor management and lack of knowledge. Another detection was that lack of government structured and strategic measures of implementing and motivating the use of energy effectively. The effective and rational use of available power by Steam Industries in South Africa is a key player in developing a sustainable industrial development. The use of energy efficiency management strategies has contributed an increase in economic and improve environmentally friendly in the industrial sector. The slow pace adoption of energy saving and cost effective management programmes are negatively impacting on the benefits to Steam Industries in South Africa. In conclusion the study finds that the economy can be boosted by implementing energy efficiency management programmes and environmentally friendly. These will also stabilize the negative impact of energy raising prices.

The battery of an electric vehicle (EV) needs to be recharged when it is exhausted. So charging stations must be extensively installed to sufficiently serve a number of electric vehicles, especially in residential areas. Since electric charging stations will be used simultaneously by many EVs, they should be optimally installed in areas of dense traffic for minimum total cost of the fast charging station. Another impact of fast charging station on the electric distribution system is transmission line loss which should be minimized. In this paper, the calculation for number of fast charging stations in a residential area and an optimization model of fast charging station planning is proposed. Ant colony optimization (ACO) is implemented to minimize total cost of fast charging station or transmission line loss in the optimization model subject to traffic and power system security constraints. An IEEE 69-bus system in a residential area is used to verify the proposed technique. The results show that ACO method found the best location of fast charging station on residential power distribution with minimum total cost or loss while satisfying many technical and geographical constraints.

- by Ravindranathan Thampi
- •
- Engineering, Photovoltaics, Solar Cell, Dye Sensitized Solar Cells

Report presented to President of Sri Lanka, Gotabaya Rajapaksha, by State Minister of Renewable Energy, Duminda Dissanayake in September 2020, outlining the state of renewable energy in Sri Lanka

This paper proposes a new demand-side management (DSM) scheme for the autonomous DC microgrid for the future building. The DC distribution system is considered as a prospective system due to the increase of DC loads and DC power sources such as photovoltaic (PV), and battery bank (BB). The BB responds to the changes in a power imbalance between PV generation and demand within an autonomous DC microgrid. The power loss during charg-ing/discharging of the battery is the great challenge for the autonomous DC microgrid supplied by PV. It decreases the system efficiency. The control objective of the proposed DSM scheme is to use the PV energy more efficiently. The proposed control algorithm shifts the deferrable load from non-sunny hours to sunny hours and decreases the building demand during non-sunny hours. In this way it decreases the charging/discharging cycles of the batteries. This is reducing the power losses in the battery and improves system efficiency. The proposed scheme reduces the size of the PV plant, storage and capital cost of the system. The results showing a clear shifting of the load so that to get significant reduction in the system cost which is given numerically as percentatge saving.

- by Dr. Rajeev Kumar Chauhan
- •
- Power Systems, Power Electronics, Renewable Energy, Power Quality

In the present study, the performance of mono-crystalline silicon type PV modules has been investigated
theoretically at different tilt angles and orientations. The annual performance was predicted using a Fortran
computer subprogram constructed based on the analysis and connected to the TRNSYS simulation program.
The subprogram was experimentally verified at different meteorological conditions and design
parameters in a previous study by the authors based on the meteorological conditions of Cairo (Egypt). It
is found that the optimum value of yearly maximum output energy (i.e. the yearly output energy at the
maximum power point) can be obtained from PV modules oriented facing south with a tilt angle in the range
of 20–30. Besides, the yearly maximum output energy of the PV modules mounted at different tilt angles and
orientations is obtained as a fraction of its optimum value at the optimum tilt angle and orientation.

Se presenta la estimación de la potencia de cocción de la estufa solar Jorhejpatarnskua, palabra en lengua purépecha que significa estufa solar. El dispositivo resulta de la aplicación de óptica de no imagen, usando un concentrador parabólico compuesto (CPC) de revolución en 3 dimensiones. Para el cálculo se ha usado el Protocolo de Funk. La potencia o poder de cocción estandarizada de la estufa solar Jorhejpataranskua es de aproximadamente 95 Watts con área de captación de 0.71 metros cuadrados.

The goal of this chapter is to provide an overview of the current understanding of the concepts of Zero Energy Building (ZEB) and Nearly Zero Energy Building (nZEB). The chapter discusses the current definitions of these concepts as well their design and assessment methodologies. The chapter is based on a literature review of national action plans as well as international policies and standards. While a broad global overview of the concepts of ZEB and nZEB is targeted, a significant portion of this chapter deals specifically with documents produced in Europe where the challenges about the goals set by the Energy Performance of Building Directive (EPBD) recast are leading to discuss topics such as the energy balance methodologies, boundaries of ZEB and nZEB, type and energy sources to consider, homogenization techniques for different energy carriers and energy balance indicators. This chapter shows that an agreement towards common definitions of ZEB and nZEB is progressive, but differences among the several interpretations given worldwide still exist.

Brazil has an average of 250 sunny days, is a tropical country, and unfortunately it uses very little solar energy for both heating water, and for the cooking of foods with the solar cooker. This article proposes to sustainability in the design of panel solar cookers easy to perform, taking advantage of junk, like cardboard , with alternatives of reflective material such as aluminum foil and reflective films found in the market . The reflective fixation can be made with cooked paste or other type of adhesive available on the market. The disclosure of the benefits of solar cooking will be through popular workshops construction of solar cookers and cooking foods such as breads, cakes and basic culinary dishes to poor communities.

- by Elmo Dutra Filho
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- Building Integrated Solar Energy Technologies, Solar, Solar Energy, Cooking

The Gulf Cooperation Countries (GCC) consistently rank among the top 10% of per capita waste producers in the world. Collectively around 120 million tons of waste is produced annually in GCC; 55% construction and demolition (C&D) waste, 20% municipal solid waste (MSW), 18% industrial waste, and 7% hazardous waste. Like other GCC nations, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) generates massive amounts of MSW, C&D waste, and industrial waste. This study aims to examine 81 construction companies in the Eastern Province of KSA to determine which factors critically affect the sustainable management of C&D waste in the country. Only 39.5% of the companies studied had a pollution control plan for their projects. It was also found that only 13.6% of C&D waste is recycled and reused every year, whereas the remaining 86.4% C&D waste eventually goes to the landfills. Most of the C&D waste in the country is a promising source of potential recyclable construction materials such as gravel from debris, metals, and sand. This would not only fulfill the requirements of gravel and metal production of the KSA but also solve the waste disposal issues along with generating huge economic benefits. However, to accomplish the goal of sustainable construction waste management, it is critical to underline the various factors that might impact the construction waste management practices in the country. Keywords Construction and demolition (C&D) waste · Municipal solid waste (MSW) · Waste recycling · Landfill sites · Sustainable construction material

- by Dr. Abdul-Sattar Nizami and +1
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- Environmental Engineering, Civil Engineering, Environmental Science, Constitutional Law

The project feasibility study report represents the data required to assess a solar PV project’s techno-commercial viability at the very initial stage. The key features of the reports are – Climate data assessment, energy generation prediction throughout the plant’s lifecycle and the cash-flow of project including project initial & recurring investment, gross & net cash-flow, Project IRR, Payback, DSCR etc.

- by amrit mandal
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- Solar Cell, Building Integrated Solar Energy Technologies, Solar, Solar Cells

— A combined savonius and darrieus vertical axis wind turbine would have many advantages over an individual savonius or darrieus rotor. A savonius produces high torque which would be useful in self-starting and darrieus rotor having a high tip speed ratio useful for electrical generation. However research on combined savonius and darrieus rotors is very scarce. This developed a two bucket savonius rotor and placed it on the central shaft of a traditional darrieus. Though the tip speed ratio is a still a little low for use as an electrical generator, the research demonstrated a simple way to enable a darrieus VAWT to be self-starting and achieve higher efficiencies. Historically VAWTs cost more to operate and maintain than HAWTs Finally, traditional Darrieus rotors are not self-starting under most of wind conditions and manufacture of their blades is a challenge because of the complex shape which adds expense to the turbine. However, evidence shows that a Darrieus turbine using fixed geometry symmetrical airfoils can self-start in the field during atmospheric gusting it was suggested that using a Darrieus blade together with a Savonius blade has better performance than using them individually according to self-start ability and efficiency of the turbine. Using a counter rotating wind turbine with a freely rotating generator can produce higher amounts of power than common wind generators.

- by Bittumon K B
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- Mechanical Engineering, Hydrology, Wind Energy, Fuel Cells