Hybrid Power from solar and wind energy Research Papers (original) (raw)

The increasing wind power generation requires the updating of the computational tools that support decision making in the operation and planning of electric power systems. This work describes a methodology to model the spatial correlations among wind speeds probability distributions in probabilistic power flow. The proposed methodology is based on Nataf transformation and Monte Carlo Simulation. The proposed methodology is illustrated in case studies with the IEEE 24 bus test system, highlighting the importance of adequately considering such correlations.

- by
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- Electrical Engineering, Statistics, Multivariate Statistics, Power Systems

The stabilization of non-linear systems is an essential system configuration that frequently appears in practical applications. This paper surveys some past and recent developments on the topic of stabilization of such systems by output feedback control. A brief review on different design approaches for output feedback based on Lyapunov theories and control techniques to achieve global and semi global stabilization of certain non-linear systems with uncertainties and unknown growth rates is introduced. Over the last few decades, output feedback controllers have been a major research focus, yielding numerous good findings in different aspects. It is significant to consolidate the latest knowledge and information to keep up with the research needs with this growing research trend. In this paper, theoretical results on the stabilization of non-linear systems by output feedback control are summarized.

Wind power is presently a cost effective renewable technology and provides a continuously growing contribution to climate change goals, energy diversity and security. Use of small wind turbines is increasing rapidly along with the large wind turbines in on-gird and off-grid applications. Almost all commercially available small wind turbines are based on permanent magnet generators for the generation of electricity. The power conditioning systems for grid connection of such small wind turbines require a rectifier, boost converter, and a grid-tie inverter. This power conversion option has significant losses at all wind speeds. This paper presents the conversion loss calculation of the power conditioning system for a grid connected permanent magnet generator based small wind turbine systems. The loss calculation shows that a permanent magnet generator based wind energy conversion system is not the best option in terms of system efficiency. The analysis reveals that a considerable new research is required to determine an optimum alternative configuration for small wind turbine systems.

- by M. Tariq Iqbal
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- Hybrid Power from solar and wind energy

The present work deals with a renewable energy based microgrid (MG) with ANFIS controller for standalone operation. The places where renewable energy sources such as wind, solar, hydro etc. are in abundance, use them to generate electricity by developing wind-hydro based MG. The main control unit of MG is VSI (Voltage Source Inverter) in which an indirect current control is applied. This VSI is used for power quality improvements through harmonics suppression of nonlinear loads; voltage regulation during contingencies such as load unbalance; reactive power compensation at PCC (Point of Common Coupling) according to the system requirement. It is capable of providing power balance under various changes among the generation, storage and demand units. For appropriate functioning of VSI, a reweighted zero attractor least mean square (RZALMS) control algorithm is applied to generate PWM switching pulses for VSI. A model of MG with ANFIS controller is developed in MATLAB/ Simulink environment to simulate its performance in normal and dynamic conditions at linear and nonlinear loads. A renewable wind-hydro based microgrid has been developed. The performance of MG has been demonstrated using RZALMS control approach to provide power quality solutions i.e. harmonics suppression, reactive power compensation, load balancing and voltage control. It has also managed the power balance in the microgrid during various states such as high wind power generation, load unbalancing and peak load demand. Such MG provides energy independence in rural areas and contributes in reducing the fossil consumption and its bad impact on the environment. A single voltage source inverter has performed power quality improvement and power balancing. The PMBLDCG does not require speed sensor, position sensor and wind speed sensor for MPPT control. Individual inverters and converters are not being used on various units viz. wind, hydro, battery bank etc. Therefore, the overall system cost and maintenance is reduced. The performance of the proposed controller with ANFIS and PI controller results were evaluated by using Matlab/Simulink software.

- by Rajesh Rishi
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- Electrical Engineering, Grid Computing, Machine Learning, Power Electronics
- by Pramod Dige
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- Marketing, Power Systems, Globalization, Social Marketing

Storage systems are becoming one of the most critical components in the energy management, mainly due to the discontinuity characteristics of renewable sources. Redox flow batteries (RFB) are one of the most promising technologies as electrochemical energy storage system, because of the independence of energy and power rating, fast response, room temperature operation, and extremely long life. It is susceptible of a strong increase of its use in the next future, in particular in combination to a wide range of renewable energy sources (e.g. solar, eolic, tidal). Key factors such as the energy density and the operating temperature range depend on the properties of the battery electrolyte. This promising feature brings new questions to solve: the sustainability is one of the most critical to be faced. In this work, the vanadium electrolyte environmental sustainability is analyzed. Electrolyte is one of the most important component of the battery, having a strong impact particularly on its use. A comparative LCA analysis is performed to appreciate its potentialities for domestic use under safety conditions, providing some useful indication on its drawbacks.

- by Michele DASSISTI and +2
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- Renewable Energy, Energy Management, Hybrid Power from solar and wind energy, Redox Flow Battery

The world’s wind resource is abundant, and has great development potential. In the traditional low rated wind generator, the mechanical friction
resistance between the bearings is too large, due to low wind speed in the city, usually it can’t start up when the wind speed is not big enough, whereas the
high rated ones produce lot of noise. In both cases the AMBs can be used to overcome their problems. Magnetic bearing is a mechanical and electrical
integration bearing which suspends and stabilizes the rotor with the electromagnetic force, compared with the general bearings, for no mechanical friction,
the damping of small wind generator with AMB can be minimized; power consumption is about 1/10 of ordinary bearings, which makes the wind generator
start up with low-speed wind. Active Magnetic Bearings (AMB) have many advantages such as no friction loss, no abrasion, lubrication free quality, and
used for high rotational speed applications. A complete AMB system consists of an actuator, power amplifier, a rotor position sensor and a control system. In
this paper, a closed loop decentralized Fuzzy Logic controller for Active magnetic Bearings is designed. For the numerical evaluation of control algorithm a
MIMO (multiple input multiple output) mathematical model of the controlled plant is determined. The AMB system which is open-loop unstable and highly
coupled due to nonlinearities inherited in the system such as gyroscopic effect and mass imbalance requires dynamic controller that can stabilize the system.
The majority of industrial applications of active magnetic bearings were still based on conventional PID control system. The proposed control design is based
on rule based procedure. It has been shown, that the presented FL control guarantees satisfactory high damping, low parameter variations and measurement
noise of the overall system. The designed FL controller is able to maintain the rotor in centre position in the final steady state. Simulations are provided to
illustrate the performance of the controller. This Paper deals with developing a model of an Active Magnetic Bearing (AMB), and its 1-DOF, 2-DOF, 4-DOF
model using a Fuzzy controller. The effectiveness of the proposed controller is compared with the conventional PID controller.

- by Gowri Ganesh
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- Power Electronics, Power Quality, Nondestructive testing, Solar Energy

In recent years, sustainable and clean renewable energy resources are widely used instead of fossil fuel energy resources in electrical energy generation systems. Especially, wind and solar energy conversion systems are utilized together in stand-alone systems. In this study, reliability analysis of a hybrid system installed in Davutpasa Campus of Yildiz Technical University is investigated. The system includes a wind turbine, PV panels, a hybrid charge regulator, a MPPT charge controller, an inverter, battery group and loads. Reliability indexes are calculated for analyzed system. The obtained results are examined and presented in this paper.

- by Ali Durusu and +2
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- Power Systems, Renewable Energy, Wind Energy, Fuzzy Logic

Iran is one of the main non-renewable energy producers in the world due to its plentiful fossil fuel resources. Utilization of
natural gas and petroleum in transportation and industrial sectors has been developed vastly in Iran because of their low
prices. Consequently, the increasing rate of pollutant formation and depletion of non-renewable fuels have emerged as new
challenges in the energy scenario of this country. Since Iran has plenty of fossil fuel resources, alternative fuel and renewable
resources have not been taken into consideration seriously. This existing trend of fossil fuel utilization is not according to the sustainable development aims which have been adapted for the country. Recently, controlling the unbridled fossil fuel
consumption has become one of the main targets of the Iranian Government. A variety of natural resources in different
regions of Iran can be applied as the main sources of renewable and sustainable energy (RSE) and considered as the
supplementary energy in the energy mix policies. Biofuel, hydropower, wind, solar and geothermal are the main RSE that can be utilized for energy supply. Moreover, regarding the increasing rate of the population, bioenergy generation from waste materials can play a crucial role in sustainability of waste management strategies. In this regard, the present study has been conducted to evaluate wind and solar energy potentials from various resources in Iran.

- by Mohsen Shabaniverki
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- Renewable Energy, Wind Energy, Hybrid Systems, Wind Energy (Engineering)
- by werner klaus
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- Solar PV, Solar Power Plants, Hybrid Power from solar and wind energy

The conditions of the Anthropocene, and the relative novelty of renewable energy forms, demonstrate the experimental plasticity of our era. Existing infrastructures of energy, political power, and capital can resist the more revolutionary ambitions of renewable energy to mitigate climate change and promote collaborative energy production, such as community-owned wind parks. Even when states adopt bold energy transition targets, as Mexico has done, the methods of transition can be deeply problematic.

- by Cymene Howe
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- Anthropology, Indigenous Studies, Political Theory, Mexican Studies

Nigeria is ranked among the lowest countries in terms of per capita energy consumption in the world. It also produces significant CO2 emissions. Hence, there is a vital need for clean and accessible energy in the country. Wind energy systems are one of such options. In this work, wind speed data measured at 10m above ground level from 2011 to 2016 for thirteen Nigerian sites are analyzed and the two-parameter Weibull distribution probability density function is used for wind power assessment. Moreover, the average wind power density and the corresponding wind energy density are obtained and the potential of electricity generation by means of wind turbines is assessed. The results reveal that Kano and Jos have the highest wind power potential with wind power densities of 79.96 W/m 2 and 133 W/m 2 , respectively. With about 43 and 20 MWh of annual generated electric energy at Jos and Kano, respectively, these two sites proved to be the most promising candidates for utilizing wind turbines for electricity generation.

The aim of this research is to use a combination of renewable energy sources and conventional diesel generator to model a cost effective, alternative energy source for telecommunication base stations in Nigeria. Actually, this study uses various theoretical and mathematical modelling tools, such as, Mat lab Simulink and HOMER software. In the same way, the study references several Base Transceiver Stations (BTS) from gsm providers at select geographical locations in Rivers State. The study references BTS infrastructure in locations such as Ogoni, Port Harcourt and Emohua. These locations were selected to reflect different climatic conditions in Rivers state. Against this background, various hybrid combinations comprising at least two sources of renewable energy e.g Wind Turbine generator(WTG) and Solar Photovoltaic (SPV) were modelled. Also, Fuzzy logic optimization algorithm was used in tracking the maximum power in the SPV. A sample Diesel Generator(DG) was studied to analyze which possible combination gives optimum performance and is most cost effective. The total cost for installation and maintenance of the hybrid system was also considered. Consequently, one of the common negative effects of conventional power generation and usage, which is environmental pollution, was also highlighted during the study. In the course of this research, Homer was used to model a hybrid system in which the initial capital Cost (ICC) was N101,517,040 for 96 nos battery, 1 no 10kw WTG, 1 no hydro-turbine, 48 nos converters, labour etc. The replacement cost for component has a depreciation of 30%; while maintenance for diesel is 30% of the ICC. Eventually, the results obtained from the simulations showed that with an increase in supply from renewable energy sources the overall cost spent when compared to using a diesel generator only is cut by 50%, while the pollution effects also dropped. In fact, the cost also reduces if the renewable energy system is designed efficiently to track and harness maximum power. Furthermore, it is also evident that the location of the base station site and the availability of Renewable energy source affects the efficiency and cost of the entire system. Hence, it is recommended that any telecommunication company which intends installing a hybrid power system for its base stations must carry out detailed feasibility studies using input parameters described here; especially, as it relates to siting of base stations in rural off-grid areas.

A simulation model of hybrid solar drying as alternative sustainable drying system for herbal and
medicinal plants was developed. Heat absorbed from the solar radiation, heat gained by the collector and
supplemented by the burner, heat gained or lost by the product, heat gained or lost through the drying bin wall,
heat gained or lost with the drying air and the latent heat of the moisture evaporation from the product were the
main components of the equations describing the drying system. The model was able to predict the moisture
loss from the product at a wide range of temperatures and air recirculation percentages (70, 80 and 90%). The
energy consumption for drying herbs was investigated by using of different energy sources including solar
energy, diesel and propane fuels. Experiments were conducted to validate the simulated model results. The
results indicated that the solar collector could raise the temperature by 5-13 oC. The mint moisture content was
dried from 80% to MC ranged from 10.99 to 13.09% when it was dried at 60oC and the drying air was recirculated
at 70 to 90% during the month of January, meanwhile, it reached from 5.27-8.6% at the same
percentages for air re-circulation during July. The energy consumption was 31.81 MJ/kg dried mint at 90% of
fresh air recirculation while it was 42.91 and 53.95 MJ/kg for 80 and 70% of air recirculation percentages,
respectively during January. During July, the energy consumption for water evaporation was 24.18 MJ/kg dried
mint at 90% of fresh air recirculation while it was 30.56 and 36.89 MJ/kg for 80 and 70% of air recirculation
percentages, respectively. On the other hand, using the solar collector contributes by 45% of the total energy
required for drying the mint at 60oC and 90% air recirculation percentage during January, while it was 52%
contribution during July at the same conditions. One kg dried mint costs LE 1.32 and 1.00 under the hybrid
system during Jan. and July months, while it was LE 2.39/kg and 2.08 under the artificial drying system during
the same months using propane fuel. In case of using diesel fuel; it costs 2.43 and 4.4 LE/kg and 1.84 and
3.82 LE/kg for the hybrid and the artificial systems, during January and July, respectively, when 90% of the
drying air was re-circulated. The model results were validated at 90% of air recirculation and showed
reasonable agreement with the experimental ones in temperature, moisture content of mint and energy
consumption.

- by Samir A Ali
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- Solar Energy, Hybrid Power from solar and wind energy, Solar Drying

Your car battery should last about 3 to 5 years…
But many people find that they have to change their car battery every 1 to 2 years.
Why is this?
And what can you do to prolong your car’s battery life?
Well… That’s what we’ll discuss in this article.
We’ll show you why car batteries die early …and what you can do to prevent this from happening.
We’ll also give you 8 simple tips and tricks to maximize the lifespan of your car’s 12 volt battery.

Peculiarities & references

- by alessandro drappo
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- Wind Energy, Wind Power, Wind turbine, Hybrid Power from solar and wind energy

The control and operation of electronic systems
relies and depends on the availability of the power supply.
Rechargeable batteries have been more pervasively used as
the energy storage and power source for various electrical and electronic systems and devices, such as communication
systems, electronic devices, renewable power systems, electric vehicles, etc. However, the rechargeable batteries are
subjected to the availability of the external power source when it is drained out. Because of the concern of battery life,
environmental pollution and a possible energy crisis, the
renewable solar energy has received an increasing attention
in recent years. A fuzzy logic control based grid tied
uninterruptible power supply integrating renewable solar
energy can be used for electrical and electronic systems to
produce power generation. This paper presents the design and implementation of fuzzy logic control based grid tied
uninterruptible power supply integrating the renewable solar power energy system. The uninterruptible power supply (UPS) system is characterized by the rechargeable battery that is connected with the Photovoltaic Panel through the DC/DC converter, the utility AC through the AC/DC converter and the load is connected through the DC/AC converter. The whole operation is controlled by the fuzzy logic algorithm. A complete hardware prototype system model of the fuzzy logic control based on the grid tied uninterruptible power supply integrating with the renewable solar energy is designed and implemented. The operation and effectiveness of the proposed system is then demonstrated by the actual and real-time implementation of the fuzzy logic control grid tied operation
uninterruptible power supply integrating renewable solar
energy connected to the rechargeable battery bank and a PIC
microcontroller platform for fuzzy logic control and operation.

Thermal annealing and precursor composition play critical roles in crystallinity control and morphology formation of perovskite thin films for achieving higher photovoltaic performance. In this study we have systematically studied the role of annealing temperature on the crystallinity of perovskite (CHNH3PbI3) thin films casted from single (without PbCl2) and mixed (with PbCl2) halide precursors. Higher annealing temperature leads to agglomeration of perovskite crystals. This explains that the effects of annealing temperature on the performance of perovskite solar cells are different in single and mixed halide processed films. It is observed that the perovskite crystallinity and film formation can be altered with the addition of lead chloride in the precursor solution. We report that single halide perovskite solar cells show no change in morphology and crystal size with increase in annealing temperature which was confirmed by UV-vis absorption spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction (XRD) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). However, mixed halide perovskite (CH3NH3PbI3-xClx) solar cells show significant change in crystal formation in the active layer when increasing annealing temperature. In addition, heating perovskite precursor solutions at 150 oC can lead to enhancement in solar cell efficiency for both single and mixed halide. Perovskite solar cells fabricated using heated precursor solutions forms dense film morphology, thus significantly improved fill factor up to 80% with power conversion efficiency exceeding 13% under AM 1.5 condition.

Economic study of a installation of a hybrid renewable energy system (hydro and solar) in the Peruvian Amazon.

- by Juliana Baumgartl
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- Hydrology, Renewable Energy, Hybrid Systems, Integrated Renewable Energy System

El modelo de CARTA DE INTENCIÓN, se basa en la experiencia conjunta del organismo de investigación y educación superior pública denominado Centro de Investigación en Energía de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México CIE, y la empresa tecnológica denominada Visión EnerGtiK Sociedad Microindustrial .
La intención, puesta por escrito en este modelo de carta, es la de firmar y operar un acuerdo de colaboración entre ellas con la finalidad de establecer las bases generales de apoyo y colaboración, para que ambas partes, en ejercicio de sus atribuciones, lleven a cabo tareas inherentes a los campos de trabajo de los estudiantes del “CENTRO” como medio para complementarlos y enriquecerlos.

—This paper mentions parallel resonance impact on power factor improvement in power system with harmonic distortion and correction. This paper illustrates effect of parallel resonance phenomenon to harmonic voltage and harmonic current amplification in power system by illustrated a case study for power factor improvement in power system with harmonic distortion and a case study for correction of harmonic voltage and harmonic current amplification when corrected power factor of power system with harmonic distortion. A power system model is established with MATLAB/Simulink. A non-liner load, which is a harmonic current source, is a direct current variable speed drive (DC drive). This paper mentions a direct current variable speed drive (DC drive) because it is the most type of motor speed control and it has a low power factor, resulting in a need for power factor correction. The mitigation of harmonic voltage and harmonic current amplification on capacitors when parallel resonance generated in power system is connection of series reactors (the detuned filter) to capacitors in a power factor correction device because this solution is cheaper and easier than other solutions.

- by saran chaladying and +1
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- Power Quality, Electric Power Systems, Power System Protection Engineering, Electrical Machines

This is my talk on February 10, 2017, during the ignite session of the World Bank's Mini-Grid Learning Event at Hilton Nay Pyi Taw in Myanmar.

This research presents decentralized control scheme for Load Frequency Control in a multi-area Power System by appreciating the performance of the methods in a single area power system. A number of modern control techniques are adopted to implement a reliable stabilizing controller. An attempt has been undertaken aiming at investigating the load frequency control problem in a power system consisting of two power generation unit and the dynamic performance of Load Frequency Control (LFC) in three-area interconnected hydro thermal reheat power system by the use of Artificial Intelligent. In this propose scheme, control methodology developed using conventional controller, for three-area interconnected hydro-thermal reheat power system. In this research, area-1 and area-2 consists of thermal reheat power plant whereas area-3 consists of hydro power plant. Further in this scheme, the combination of most complicated system like hydro plant and thermal plant with reheat turbine are interconnected. The performances of the controllers are simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK package. The robustness and reliability of the various control schemes is examined through simulations.

- by Md. Al-Amin Sarker
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- Power Electronics, Power System, Wind Energy (Engineering), Solar Energy

Oklahoma is the second windiest state after Texas, in the United States. Given that the Wind Turbine business is a new business activity here in the United States, and indeed the world, the way Wind Energy is regulated in Oklahoma, and the United States has had no answers to many legal questions that may arise, relying heavily on the literature in Oil & Gas Law. in Criticizing the newly amended "Oklahoma Wind Energy Development Act", this work tries to point out some of those loopholes the act does not cover, as well as potential causes of action that may arise, as well as suggest and explains defenses and remedies that plaintiffs' and defendants my have available.

- by Robert O Cwinya-ai
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- Wind Energy, Wind Power, Wind turbine, Offshore Wind Energy

The battery of an electric vehicle (EV) needs to be recharged when it is exhausted. So charging stations must be extensively installed to sufficiently serve a number of electric vehicles, especially in residential areas. Since electric charging stations will be used simultaneously by many EVs, they should be optimally installed in areas of dense traffic for minimum total cost of the fast charging station. Another impact of fast charging station on the electric distribution system is transmission line loss which should be minimized. In this paper, the calculation for number of fast charging stations in a residential area and an optimization model of fast charging station planning is proposed. Ant colony optimization (ACO) is implemented to minimize total cost of fast charging station or transmission line loss in the optimization model subject to traffic and power system security constraints. An IEEE 69-bus system in a residential area is used to verify the proposed technique. The results show that ACO method found the best location of fast charging station on residential power distribution with minimum total cost or loss while satisfying many technical and geographical constraints.

This paper presents comparative life cycle assessment of nine different hybrid power
generation solutions that meet the energy demand of a prototypical mobile home. In these
nine solutions, photovoltaic panels and a wind turbine are used as the main energy source.
Fuel cell and diesel generator are utilized as backup systems. Batteries, compressed H2, and
H2 in metal hydrides are employed as backup energy storage. The findings of the study
shows that renewable energy sources, although they are carbon-free, are not as environmentally
friendly as may generally be thought. The comparative findings of this study
indicate that a hybrid system with a wind turbine as a main power source and a diesel
engine as backup power system is the most environmentally sound solution among the
alternatives.

- by Suat SEVENCAN
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- Photovoltaics, Wind Energy, Fuel Cells, Life Cycle Assessment

This paper proposes a new demand-side management (DSM) scheme for the autonomous DC microgrid for the future building. The DC distribution system is considered as a prospective system due to the increase of DC loads and DC power sources such as photovoltaic (PV), and battery bank (BB). The BB responds to the changes in a power imbalance between PV generation and demand within an autonomous DC microgrid. The power loss during charg-ing/discharging of the battery is the great challenge for the autonomous DC microgrid supplied by PV. It decreases the system efficiency. The control objective of the proposed DSM scheme is to use the PV energy more efficiently. The proposed control algorithm shifts the deferrable load from non-sunny hours to sunny hours and decreases the building demand during non-sunny hours. In this way it decreases the charging/discharging cycles of the batteries. This is reducing the power losses in the battery and improves system efficiency. The proposed scheme reduces the size of the PV plant, storage and capital cost of the system. The results showing a clear shifting of the load so that to get significant reduction in the system cost which is given numerically as percentatge saving.

- by Dr. Rajeev Kumar Chauhan
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- Power Systems, Power Electronics, Renewable Energy, Power Quality
- by Gokcen Alev Ciftcioglu
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- Engineering, Photovoltaics, Wind Energy, Fuel Cells

Due to their potential to beat the Betz-Joukowsky limit for power extraction, diffuser-augmented wind-turbines have experienced a great research interest, especially in the last two decades. This paper presents a thorough critical-analysis and review of the most important theoretical models conceived for the performance analysis and design of this wind-concentrator system. The models are classified and compared between each other, and their main analogies and differences are highlighted and explained. New bridging relations between several models are also laid down. All methods are verified and validated using new and/or existing numerical and experimental data. For the first time, the impact of the simplifying assumptions, typically used in these models, is evaluated and discussed on a quantitative basis. Attention is also paid to the optimization procedures aimed at evaluating the maximum power-coefficient attainable by a diffuser-augmented wind-turbine. It is revealed that none of these procedures is valid for a given duct geometry, whereas they still offer some usefulness from a design point of view. Finally, the review points out the main limitations, shortcomings and open-issues associated with theoretical models, paving the way for future research lines and improvements of this kind of models.

- by Rodolfo Bontempo and +1
- •
- Mechanical Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Fluid Mechanics, Renewable Energy

 Abstract-For solving the world energy crisis and environmental issues, great attention all over the world is paid towards the use of renewable energy sources. Special interest is paid towards wind energy because of it's competitively. Presently, Small Vertical Axis Wind Turbines (SVAWT) replaces horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWT), due to their self-starting, multi-directional, no yaw mechanism requirement for continuous orient towards the wind direction. Savonius wind turbines are executable in low wind speed regimes and which can be fitted on rooftops and also suitable for the urban areas. Blade aerodynamics in VAWT has significant effect on turbine efficiency. The present work, deals with the hybrid system, i.e. combination of two Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT), viz. Savonius and Giromill type of turbines. In the present work different geometries of Savonius wind turbine are experimentally studied in order to determine the most effective performance parameters. In the present work wind turbine blade are designed as per Savonius VAWT and arms as per Giromill Wind Turbine. For the turbine blade we have tested standard PVC pipes which are available in the market. We have performed wind tunnel test on three different PVC pipes having different diameters of 3", 4", and 6". The results show that 6" diameter PVC pipe is efficient among three. Eventually, we used dynamo for the production of electrical energy.

All modern technology including "renewable" energy depends on the non-renewable resources that make it possible. For example, every step in the production of solar photovoltaic (PV) power systems requires a perpetual input of fossil fuels - as carbon reductants for smelting metals from ore, for process heat and power, international transport, and deployment. Silicon smelters, polysilicon refineries, and crystal growers all require uninterrupted, 24/7 power that comes mostly from coal and uranium. Additional mineral resources and fossil energy are needed for constructing PV factories, process equipment, and manufacturing infrastructure. The only "renewable" materials consumed in PV production are obtained by deforestation - for wood chips, and by burning vast areas of tropical rainforest for charcoal used as a source of carbon for silicon smelters. Both media and journal claims that solar PV can somehow "replace fossil fuels" have not addressed the “non-renewable reality” of all the global manufacturing supply chains necessary for the mining, manufacturing, and distribution of PV power systems. Some often-cited accounts of solar PV production exclude raw materials and silicon smelters from the PV “supply chain” entirely, which obscures the profoundly non-sustainable basis of PV technology. A more complete overview of commercial PV production is presented, from the sources of raw materials to the deployed array. >38 references from published articles and industry sources are cited.

- by Thomas Troszak
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- Solar Cell, Solar, Solar Cells, Photovoltaic Solar Cells

— A combined savonius and darrieus vertical axis wind turbine would have many advantages over an individual savonius or darrieus rotor. A savonius produces high torque which would be useful in self-starting and darrieus rotor having a high tip speed ratio useful for electrical generation. However research on combined savonius and darrieus rotors is very scarce. This developed a two bucket savonius rotor and placed it on the central shaft of a traditional darrieus. Though the tip speed ratio is a still a little low for use as an electrical generator, the research demonstrated a simple way to enable a darrieus VAWT to be self-starting and achieve higher efficiencies. Historically VAWTs cost more to operate and maintain than HAWTs Finally, traditional Darrieus rotors are not self-starting under most of wind conditions and manufacture of their blades is a challenge because of the complex shape which adds expense to the turbine. However, evidence shows that a Darrieus turbine using fixed geometry symmetrical airfoils can self-start in the field during atmospheric gusting it was suggested that using a Darrieus blade together with a Savonius blade has better performance than using them individually according to self-start ability and efficiency of the turbine. Using a counter rotating wind turbine with a freely rotating generator can produce higher amounts of power than common wind generators.

- by Bittumon K B
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- Mechanical Engineering, Hydrology, Wind Energy, Fuel Cells

FOR CITATION: Salem, H.S. 2019. The potential of wind energy in Palestine with healthcare and residential examples in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. Journal of Nature Science and Sustainable Technology. 13(2): 73–97. http://www.novapublishers.org/catalog/product_info.php?products_id=65999 and https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330847056_The_Potential_of_Wind_Energy_in_Palestine_with_Healthcare_and_Residential_Examples_in_the_West_Bank_and_the_Gaza_Strip_Journal_of_Nature_Science_and_Sustainable_Technology_2019_132_73-97 and https://www.researchgate.net/publication/337063292_The_Potential_of_Wind_Energy_in_Palestine_with_Healthcare_and_Residential_Examples_in_the_West_Bank_and_the_Gaza_Strip_Full_Paper ABSTRACT: This study is prepared with the aim of investigating the potential of wind energy in the Occupied Palestinian Territories (OPT), comprised of the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, and the Gaza Strip. The average wind speed in the OPT varies from 3-4 m/s in coastal areas (the Gaza Strip) to 6-10 m/s in more elevated areas (as in the case of the city of Hebron in the West Bank). Considering the lowest speed of wind (6.5 m/s) required to run wind turbines, which is almost equal to the average value of the wind speeds in the OPT, indicates a moderate potential for wind energy generation in the OPT. However, the high costs of wind energy technology, the lack of professional capabilities to deal with wind energy, and the limited areas available for wind energy projects, as well as the political and geopolitical restrictions on the OPT make wind energy projects impractical. Nevertheless, a few examples on wind energy were evaluated to be established in the OPT. These include the wind energy turbine that supposed to be installed at the Al-Ahli Hospital's site in Hebron in the West Bank, and potentially some residential small-size wind energy systems proposed for installation in the Gaza Strip. These systems are investigated and analyzed as examples on the potential of wind energy projects in the OPT. Additionally, the potential for wind energy in neighboring countries as a sustainable energy source, as well as the environmental impacts of wind energy have been also discussed. KEYWORDS: Occupied Palestinian Territories (OPT), West Bank (including East Jerusalem) and Gaza Strip, Renewable (Wind) Energy, Environmental Impacts, Sustainable Development, Al-Ahli Hospital in Hebron City, Potential of Micro Wind Projects in the Gaza Strip, Wind Energy in Neighboring Countries

- by Gholam H. Riahy
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- Hybrid Power from solar and wind energy

The idea of the study is to find the optimal strategy that will ensure 6 GW of constantly available capacity for the Polish Power System (PPS) for a period of 60 years. The installed capacity is to guarantee real energy security for final consumers and PPS itself, through continuous electricity supply up to the level of 6 GW at the lowest possible cost, based on the assumption of self-balancing of this part of the power system described in this report as Continuous Supply Segment (CSS). The competitiveness of solutions is also assessed in terms of the volume of CO2 emission, in order to find a strategy with the highest potential for emission reduction.

- by Leszek Jesien and +3
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- Photovoltaics, Wind Energy, Energy Policy, European Energy Policy
- by amrit mandal
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- Wind Energy, Wind Engineering, Wind turbine, Hybrid Power from solar and wind energy

This purely depends up on the load. if your using the inverter of 600va it takes the load of 450va for example with losses considerations (12Vx10A) 120W multiply into 4,for 4hours full load concept then loads like 2fan,4tube light example 120AH battery is considers,12v7Ah indicates that 1amp load can be used for 7hrs.and depends on the inverter load battery is been selected. To calculate UPS backup, we have a simple formula. UPS Backup = Battery Ah * (Volts/Load) * (1/Power Factor) To calculate UPS backup, we have a simple formula. UPS Backup = Battery Ah * (Volts/Load) * (1/Power Factor) It has to be this I guess. UPS Backup [in hours] = Battery Ah * Volts/(Load/Power Factor) Or UPS Backup [in hours] = Battery Ah * Volts * Power Factor/Load We need power in VA. (Load in watts)/pf gives VA. Volts here representing the battery voltage and load in watts. If powerfactor is unknown, use 0.8 as a rule of third. That would depend on the rating of batteries used for backup. I assume you meant 20kVA there. If you were using 200V 100Ah batteries, you would need around 6 of them for around 6 hours backup! But, I presume that would provide more than 6 hours runtime. If the UPS is loaded at its full capacity, it would last 6 hours with those batteries theoretically. But normally the load would be less than the maximum, and hence more run time can be obtained with the same batteries. If the batteries are rated 12V 150Ah, for six hours backup at full load, that is 20000VA, you'll need 67 of them. In your second post, 200/12 = 16.67 means, you'll need 17 batteries in series to make 200V. But, six 200V batteries are required for 6 hours backup. Thus, 16.67 x 6 = 100 batteries at 12V 100Ah are required to replace the six 200V 100Ah batteries for the same backup. This would help Backup [in hours] = No. of batteries X Battery Ah X Volts / (Load/p.f.) If you need to calculate backup for the maximum UPS power output, replace (load/p.f.) term with capacity of UPS in VA. Backup [in hours] = No. of batteries X Battery Ah X Volts / (UPS capacity in VA) If you use series-parallel battery combination for backup, this would help Backup [in hours] = Nseries X Volts X Battery Ah X Nparallel / (UPS capacity in VA) Where, Nseries = no. of batteries in series Nparallel = no. of parallel battery banks Volts = voltage of one battery Battery Ah = Current capacity of one battery If Wh (Watt-hour) of battery alone is known, either replace "Volts x Battery Ah" with "Wh" or find Ah using Ah = Wh/Volts

With this Construction, we can build a new Peace full Walthy World

This paper describes a system of protection against lightning for a 20kW wind turbine, operating at constant speed. Initially identified is the necessary protection class and then protection measures are defined for the main components. The turbine is then divided into protection zones to identify vulnerable components and facilitate the coordination of protection measures adopted. Unbalanced and induced lightning are capable of causing damage to power systems and telecommunications networks, thus becoming one of the most important phenomena that should be kept in control in protecting the electrical system. If we consider the lesser relevance of its effects compared to those derived from the direct effect of the discharge on the wind tower, the probability occur the stresses induced in the wind energy system is quite high.

- by Paulo Santos
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- Hybrid Power from solar and wind energy

Environment awareness has been developed worldwide so progressively and turns into the crying needs over the last few decades. Researchers in all disciplines have a particular obligation of development which is environmentally friendly and lead towards sustainable future development. Solar energy is a prodigious renewable energy source which has enormous energy existing as heat and light and can convert it into electricity. Besides the domestic uses, solar power can be utilized as the alternative of the oil in boat's fuel and capable of minimizing the water pollution and fuel cost as well. The purpose of this research is to design and fabricate a boat based on solar power. The boat will be conducted by the energy processed from solar by minimizing environmental pollution and fuel cost. Besides, for any cloudy or emergency condition, a backup power system integrated with the photovoltaic cell will drive the boat to make the system more secured. Both mechanical and electrical part of the boat has been designed which is found more reliable, efficient and economic.

- by Reshma Ravi and +1
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- Management, Marketing, Power Electronics, Power System

Renewable Energy is the energy that comes from natural resources such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves and geothermal heat which are continually replenished. Hybrid power generation model mainly focuses on the renewable energy resources. These sources of energy can meet the world's demand without dismantling the stability of Earth. Hybrid power system model is mainly to meet the increasing energy demand through nonconventional energy sources. In our proposed hybrid model Solar, Wind and Rain water has been planned to use to generate electricity. This configuration allows the three sources to supply the load separately or simultaneously depending on the availability of energy resources. The objectives of the present study are to convert the solar, wind and rain water into electricity and to optimize the energy requirement using these nonconventional energy resources. It reduces the environmental pollution using clean or environmental friendly technology and creates awareness among people regarding renewable energy resources.The study area considered for the present study is Kamala Nehru Girls Hostel in Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University campus which was located in Kukatpally of Hyderabad city, Ranga Reddy District. It is situated in between 17º30´to 17º29´North Latitudes and 78º23´to 78º24Éast Longitudes.

- by giridhar mvss
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- Hybrid Power from solar and wind energy

This qualitative research deals with moderation of vertical-axis wind turbine (VAWT) of Darrieus type. We performed a research in which three twisted bladed vertical axis wind turbines (VAWT) were designed and tested for optimal performance at various wind speeds. A blade with twist will have a variation in angle of attack from hub to tip because of the variation of distance from the hub. The lift and drag have optimum values for a single angle of attack so a blade without twist is less efficient than a blade with the proper twist to maintain a nearly constant angle of attack from hub to tip. Even the blades were twisted and the pitch angle will change from hub to tip to improve the efficiency. Wind energy has to compete with many other energy sources in future. To compete with others it had to cope with the least affirmative conditions to maximum positive conditions. Usual challenge for the turbines is performing at low wind speed. So far we have achieved 22rpm at 1.8m/s wind speed when the blades are wider and twisted by 120 degree. While twisted by 70 degree we got no rpm at 1.8m/s wind speed. It implies that the former condition produces better performance.

- by Engr.shawon khan
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- Wind Energy, Wind Engineering, Wind Energy (Engineering), Wind Power