Cryptococcus Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Cryptococcus is a yeast which classfied as eukaryote, a rounded encapsulated cells. This fungi is distributed world wide, and in nature are found mainly in soil contaminated by pigeon droppings and decaying trees. The important factors... more

Cryptococcus is a yeast which classfied as eukaryote, a rounded encapsulated cells. This fungi is distributed world wide, and in nature are found mainly in soil contaminated by pigeon droppings and decaying trees. The important factors for its grow are pH(7.3-7.4), high humidity, temperatur (25-37C), lack of sunlight, and high nitrogen content. Its virulence factors are capsule, thermotolerance characteristics, alpha mating type, melanin, mannitol and ability to dissolve into extracellular fluid. Two important species that commonly infect human are Cryptococcus neoformans and C. gattii. Cryptococcus neoformans is divided into C. neoformans varietas grubii (serotype A), C. neoformans varietas (serotype D), and hybird (serotype AD), while C. gattii is divided into two serotypes B and C. Cryptococcus neoformans is often infects immunocompromised individuals, and in lesser amount may causes cryptococcosis in immunocompetent host.
On the other hand C.gattii mainly infects immunocompetent host. The fungus enter the body via inhalation, and from the lung it disseminates through out the body especially central nervous system (CNS). The main clinical manifestations in immunocompromised host is cryptococcal meningitis and its prevalence in AIDS 2-72%, whereas the morality rate is arround 13-44%. In addition, cryptococcosis can spread to other organ with no specific signs and symptoms. Definitive diagnosis is made by finding the fungus in india ink examination, culture and antigen detection in cerebrospinal fluid.

Contents 1. Sheep and goats in Egypt 6 2. Ringworm of sheep and goats 21 3. Diseases caused by yeasts 39 3.1. Candidosis in sheep and goats 39 3.2. Cryptococcosis in sheep and goats 46 3.3. Malasseziosis in sheep and goats 60 3.4.... more

Contents
1. Sheep and goats in Egypt 6
2. Ringworm of sheep and goats 21
3. Diseases caused by yeasts 39
3.1. Candidosis in sheep and goats 39
3.2. Cryptococcosis in sheep and goats 46
3.3. Malasseziosis in sheep and goats 60
3.4. Rhodotorulosis in sheep 68
4. Diseases caused by moulds 71
4.1. Aspergillosis in sheep and goats 71
4.2. Facial eczema in sheep 77
4.3. Pythiosis in sheep and goats 83
4.4. Conidiobolomycosis in sheep and goats 93
4.5. Pneumocystosis in sheep and goats 110
4.6. Microsporidiosis in sheep and goats 114
4.7. Scopulariopsis in sheep and goats 117
5. Diseases caused by multiple agents 120
5.1. Mycotic mastitis in sheep and goats 120
5.2. Mycotic abortion in sheep and goats 128
5.3. Mycotic pneumonia in sheep and goats 134
6. Diseases caused by algae 136
6.1. Protothecosis in sheep and goats 136
7. Keratinophilic fungi 144
8. Mycotoxins in feeds and milk of sheep and goats 148
9. References 163

This monograph include historical, classification, nomenclature and description of Cryptococcus species. epidemiology, pthogenecity and diseases caused by C. neoformans and C. gattii in man, animals and birds and diagnosis of... more

This monograph include historical, classification, nomenclature and description of Cryptococcus species. epidemiology, pthogenecity and diseases caused by C. neoformans and C. gattii in man, animals and birds and diagnosis of cryptococcosis

Forty-nine compounds currently used as additives in foods were tested in combination with three biocontrol agents, the yeasts Rhodotorula glutinis, Cryptococcus laurentii, and the yeastlike fungus Aureobasidium pullulans, to increase... more

Forty-nine compounds currently used as additives in foods were tested in combination with three biocontrol agents, the yeasts Rhodotorula glutinis, Cryptococcus laurentii, and the yeastlike fungus Aureobasidium pullulans, to increase their antagonistic activity against Penicillium expansum, the causal agent of blue mold on apples. Twelve additives dramatically improved the antagonistic activity of one or more of the tested biocontrol agents. In a two-way factorial experiment with these selected additives the percentage of P. expansum rots on apples was significantly influenced by the antagonist and the additive as well as by their interaction. The combination of the biocontrol agents and some additives resulted in a significantly higher activity with respect to the single treatments applied separately, producing additive or synergistic effects. Some of the selected additives combined with a low yeast concentration (106 cells per ml) had comparable or higher efficacy than the biocont...

Cryptococcosis is a common opportunistics infections in AIDS and caused by the encapsulated yeast Cryptococcus neoformans. The predominant clinical manifestation in AIDS patients is meningitis. For the establishment of diagnosis, India... more

Cryptococcosis is a common opportunistics infections in AIDS and caused by the encapsulated yeast Cryptococcus neoformans. The predominant clinical manifestation in AIDS patients is meningitis. For the establishment of diagnosis, India ink test and culture were done. Serology test to detect capsular antigen glucoronoxylomannan (GXM) was done to support the diagnosis of cryptococcosis. The aim of this study is to know the prevalence of cryptococcosis among AIDS patients with CNS involvement in Jakarta and its surrounding places. The study was conducted from 2005 – 2007 at the Mycology laboratory Department of Parasitology, University of Indonesia, Faculty of Medicine. Spinal fuid from 154 AIDS patients with CNS involvement from Cipto Mangunkusumo hospital and other hospitals around Jakarta were tested using India ink test and cultured on sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) and bird seed agar (BSA) and 48 were tested by latex agglutination test to detect GXM antigen. Out of 154 spinal fuids tested by india ink and culture, 32 (20,77%) samples contained Cryptococcus. GXM antigen was detected in 29 out of 48 samples. From 29 samples with GXM antigen, eight samples were also positive after mycology examination. The prevalence of cryptococcosis among AIDS patients with CNS involvement in Jakarta is 20.77%.

Context: Lichen is a self-supporting symbiotic organism composed of a fungus and an algal partner. They have manifold biological activities like antiviral, antibiotic, antioxidant, antitumor, allergenic and inhibition of plant growth.... more

Context: Lichen is a self-supporting symbiotic organism composed of a fungus and an algal partner. They have manifold biological activities like antiviral, antibiotic, antioxidant, antitumor, allergenic and inhibition of plant growth. Species of Cladonia, have been studied by its antifungal activity. Aims: To evaluate the antifungal activity determination of Cladonia aff. rappii against five yeasts, four of genus Candida and one Cryptococcus, using water, ethanol and dichloromethane extracts. Methods: The evaluation of the antifungal activity was developed by three diffusion methods such as spot-on-a-lawn, disc diffusion and well diffusion. Additionally, the values of minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) were determined. Results: Based on the experimental results obtained, the best antifungal activity was using ethanol extract at 20 mg/mL against Candida albicans, applying the three diffusion methods above mentioned. With ethanol extract, the lower MIC was against Candida glabrata and the lower MFC were with Candida glabrata, C. krusei, C. parapsilosis and C. tropicalis. The dichloromethane extract presented the lowest MIC and MFC against C. neoformans. Not activity was observed with aqueous extract. Conclusions: The present study revealed antifungal and fungicidal activity in the extract of lichen Cladonia aff. rappii.

Cryptococcal meningitis is common in sub-Saharan Africa. Given the need for data for a rapid, point-of-care cryptococcal antigen (CRAG) lateral flow immunochromatographic assay (LFA), we assessed diagnostic performance of cerebrospinal... more

Cryptococcal meningitis is common in sub-Saharan
Africa. Given the need for data for a rapid, point-of-care
cryptococcal antigen (CRAG) lateral flow immunochromatographic
assay (LFA), we assessed diagnostic performance
of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) culture, CRAG latex
agglutination, India ink microscopy, and CRAG LFA for
832 HIV-infected persons with suspected meningitis during
2006–2009 (n = 299) in Uganda and during 2010–2012
(n = 533) in Uganda and South Africa. CRAG LFA had the
best performance (sensitivity 99.3%, specificity 99.1%).
Culture sensitivity was dependent on CSF volume (82.4%
for 10 μL, 94.2% for 100 μL). CRAG latex agglutination
test sensitivity (97.0%–97.8%) and specificity (85.9%–
100%) varied between manufacturers. India ink microscopy
was 86% sensitive. Laser thermal contrast had 92% accuracy
(R = 0.91, p<0.001) in quantifying CRAG titers from
1 LFA strip to within <1.5 dilutions of actual CRAG titers.
CRAG LFA is a major advance for meningitis diagnostics in
resource-limited settings.

Cryptococcus neoformans is one of the medically important yeast-like fungi. C. neoformans var. gatti has been made a species: C. gatti. In our country, there are few studies about these two species and their serotypes. The aim of this... more

Cryptococcus neoformans is one of the medically important yeast-like fungi. C. neoformans var. gatti has been made a species: C. gatti. In our country, there are few studies about these two species and their serotypes. The aim of this study was to determine the distribution of C. neoformans and C. gattii, and their serotypes in Venezuelan clinical isolates. One hundred and twenty C. neoformans and 12 C. gattii clinical isolates were identified by l-canavanine, glycine, and bromothymol blue agar media (CGB). These were investigated by agglutination and adsorption studies with anticryptococcal sera, which were produced by rabbit immunization. Of the 132 isolates 59.8% were typed serotype A (C. neoformans), followed by 25.8% serotype D (C. neoformans), 5.3% serotype AD (C. neoformans), and 5.3% were typed serotype C (var. gattii). Additionally 3.8% were serotype B (C. gattii).