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- by Peter Atkins
- •
- Development Studies, Food Policy, Geography of food, Dairy Economics

The study was carried out to estimating the cost involved in value addition of green tea leaves in Sonitpur district of Assam. The primary data were collected from 100 small tea growers drawn from fifteen randomly selected villages of two randomly selected blocks of Sonitpur district of Assam by conducting interview of individual respondents who were classified into lower-small, medium-small and higher-small tea growers on the basis of their land holdings. The secondary data were collected from various published and unpublished sources. It was found that the highest value addition took place at Industry level, where the cost of value addition was Rs. 129.18 per kilogram, followed by wholesalers (Rs.35.92 per kilogram), retailers (Rs. 17.80
per kilogram) and green leaf collector (Rs. 3.20 per kilogram). The analysis also revealed that the net incomes of small tea growers and green leaf collectors were Rs.
2.63 and Rs. 1.86 per kilogram of green tea leaves respectively; and for processors, wholesalers and retailers these were Rs. 20.00, Rs. 2.50 and Rs. 4.00 per kilogram of
made tea, respectively. It was observed that non-availability of workers in the peak plucking season, lower price of green tea leaves, non-settlement of land records of the small tea growers in the government offices and high price fluctuation of green tea leaves were the common problems faced by the small tea growers in the study area during production and marketing of green tea leaves.

The purpose of this report is to describe and evaluate the states and challenges of the cold chain for dairy distribution in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. The report tries to identify some of the key constraints to this sector and introduce development instruments to improve it. The results are that:
► In most cases, cooling milk is in large scale dairy farms, while small farms don't have cooling system
► Milk collection centers provide cooling preservation of small farm milk
► Sometimes, dairy products factories save milk in cooling tanks till manufacture
► In many cases especially in North Africa and Levant (Syria, Lebanon, Jordan) countries, milk is transferred from farms to collection centers or plants in vehicles without cooling equipments
► Small dairy plants scattered in villages don't contain cooling or freezing chambers which included just in large plants to cool or freeze the substrates and end products
► Dairy products are distributed in vehicles without cooling in tons surrounded by plant, while transferred in refrigerating vehicles and trucks across and outside the country
► Dairy products especially various cheese types are stored in cold storages in summer and when the produced cheese quantities are higher than the market requirements
► In retails, the fresh raw milk is preserved in cooler whereas yoghurt, cream and low salt soft cheese are stored in display cabinets
► Freezing in dairy industries is just applied in ice cream production and distribution
► Identified constraints to the cold chain for dairy distribution in MENA region include:
◙ Lack of capital
◙ Poor infrastructure
◙ Lack of investments in cold chain
◙ Absence of official control and supervision on cold chain
◙ Shortage of skilled labor
◙ Temperature abuse
► In order to protect, promote and develop the cold chain for dairy distribution in MENA region, the following recommendations need some due consideration by all the stake holders in the dairy industry at all levels i.e. district/regional and national authorities. This includes both local and central governments.
◙ Offering right policies and assistance programs
◙ Provision of suitable cost cooling equipments
◙ Encourage of cooperatives formation
◙ Provision of good extension services
◙ Provision of modern cooling systems

- by Magdy Ismail
- •
- Dairy Science, Dairy Economics, Dairy Science and Technology, Dairy
- by Cakrawala Peternakan and +3
- •
- Dairy Science, Dairy Economics, Dairy Science and Technology, Dairy Nutrition

The livestock sector alone contributes 11% of Pakistan's GDP, with an estimated 42 billion litres of milk produced per annum. Economic Survey of Pakistan 2009 assertions that Pakistan has a herd size of around 63 million animals -the 3rd largest in the world. After witnessing all the issues regarding the dairy industry of Pakistan, it can be concluded that the dairy industry possesses potential of growth and is very important from economic perspective. The major problem with dairy farming in Pakistan is the low milk yields of Pakistani cattle and buffaloes. This low production potential of Pakistani animals is mainly attributable to a few clearly identifiable issues such as lack of a systematic national breed improvement program, lack of availability of good quality fodder and nutrients and poor farm management practices. On average a dairy animal in Pakistan yields 6-8 times less milk than a dairy animal of the developed world. So Pakistan needs to have a coordinated and integrated strategy/approach beginning from enhancing per animal productivity, going straight to milk procedures/procurement and minimize the wastage.

- by Owais Shafique
- •
- Dairy Science, Pakistan, Dairy Economics, Dairy Science and Technology

The study encompassed computation of cost of milk production and analysis of milk production function of different species of milch animals under different levels of groundwater regimes (safe, semi-critical, critical and over exploitation). The study was conducted in the Chamarajanagar and Mysore districts of Karnataka state, which happen to represent both different groundwater regime and progressive dairy region. The study indicated noticeable variations in cost of milk production across species and regions. Cost of milk production was highest from local cows while it was least in crossbred cows. The net returns were highest for crossbreds while marginally negative net returns were observed in other cases. From the functional analysis, it was evident that concentrates and dry fodder exerted their significant influence on milk production. Dummy coefficient used to reflect the effect of groundwater exploitation on milk production, indicated that there was negative effect of groundwater exploitation on the gross returns from milk production.

- by Mahin Sharif
- •
- Dairy Science, Groundwater, Agricultural Economics, Dairy Economics

Assam initiated organised development of milk processing way back in the mid 1960s. The total installed capacity of pasteurisation and chilling plants in the State is 159 thousand and 28.5 thousand litres per day, respectively. The current scenario of the formal milk processing segment in the state is however, grim. The created infrastructure is either largely defunct or grossly under-utilized. The functional plants are operating at very low level of their installed capacity, have limited product profile, high returns of marketed milk, substantial handling and curdling losses, low productivity of capital and labour and huge operational losses. The poor performance of the plants has been attributed to the establishment of milk processing units without an appropriate assessment of output demand and input supply and ascertainment of economic viability of the plants. In addition, the supporting institutional and infrastructural mechanism has not been put in place and a systematic business and management plan to run the system has not been formulated. Drawing lessons from the institutional failure, the study has suggested some possible interventions and policy initiatives for strengthening the dairy processing activities in the state of Assam.

- by Smita Sirohi
- •
- Dairy Economics

Primary data collected for 2019-'20 from 416 members and non-members of dairy farmer collectives (where farmers come together to market their milk collectively-this study considers a cooperative union and a milk producer company-both prominent forms of farmer collectives) in Saurashtra region of Gujarat are used to work-out the cost and returns in milk production from local cow and buffalo, and across dairy farmer categories. The analyses reveal that farmer collective organizations like cooperatives and producer companies are profitable in case of both local cow and buffalo milk production, and also for the small (1-3) and medium (3-6) herd-size category (in Standard Animal Units or SAU) of farmers. Both the overall average feed cost and Total Variable cost (TVC) per animal per day incurred by members is 12 per cent and 11 per cent less than that of non-members, respectively. Members of the cooperative receive annual bonus and members of the producer company receive annual dividends and cash incentives; with this additional benefit received by the members, their total return per litre is 25 per cent more than that of non-members. The overall average annual net returns from dairy per household for members are higher at Rs. 11,641/-compared to the returns of non-members at Rs. 3955/-. Expanding the reach of farmer collective organizations would benefit more dairy farmers by making dairy a more profitable enterprise for them.

- by Udita Chaudhary
- •
- Dairy Economics, Membership, Farmers' collectives

Recently,milk consumption is increasing with economic growth in Vietnam. Ho Chi Minh city is responsible for about 60 % of milk production in the whole country. The objective of this study is to examine the backgroundand to analyze the current situation of dairy industry in the Cu Chi area (hearinafter referred to as Cu Chi) where is represented in Ho Chi Minh City. The author described the productivity of dairy cattle farmers and technology extension through direct interview with 50 farmers in Cu Chi in 2013. Rapid agriculture development had started since Doi Moi Policy (Reform) in 1986.However, the dairy production areas are limited until 2000. Vietnamese Government announced " Dairy Development Policy " in 2001. But many small-scale farmers (especially in the North) had bankrupted in 2006 and 2007 because of the lack of dairy technologies. On the contrary, Cu Chi has long history of development and extension office and milk company have been continuously supported technique for dairy farmers.This paper showed that the importance of technology extension and difference role of supporting organization in Vietnam.

- by Ho Cao Viet
- •
- Dairy Economics

La tesis profundiza en los fundamentos teórico-metodológicos de los enfoques tipológico y agroindustrial para el estudio de la organización territorial de la economía ganadera vacuna en las condiciones concretas de Cuba, a partir de la valoración de los principales antecedentes, posiciones teóricas y tendencias de investigación a nivel mundial y el análisis histórico-espacial del proceso de asimilación de los territorios ganaderos en el país. Se propone el enfoque tipológico para el estudio y aproximación a escala nacional, adecuando las variables tipológicas, el procesamiento estadístico-matemático de matrices numéricas y el análisis de cluster para la definición de los tipos antes del Periodo Especial, llegándose a una caracterización y diferenciación de los mismos. Se aborda el comportamiento y la estructura territorial de la economía ganadera vacuna a través de un enfoque agroindustrial, proponiéndose un procedimiento metodológico en el cual se combinan el uso de varios métodos geográficos, a diferentes escalas y niveles de agregación de los agentes regionales que conforman la economía ganadera vacuna. Finalmente, se presenta un modelo teórico-espacio-funcional que generaliza y sintetiza las principales regularidades en la articulación espacial de dicha economía, sugiriendo la incorporación del criterio espacial en la estrategia de desarrollo de esta actividad mediante dos acciones territoriales.

The study comprised of computation of cost of milk production, cost of groundwater and water use efficiency (WUE) in milk production of different species of milch animals under different levels of groundwater regimes (safe, semi-critical, critical and overexploitation). The study was carried out in the Chamarajanagar and Mysore districts of Karnataka state which happen to represent both different groundwater regime and progressive dairy region. The study indicated noticeable variations in unit cost of groundwater extraction and it was highest in overexploited area (Rs 3.54/ m3) followed by critical (Rs 1.91/ m3), semi-critical (Rs 1.07/ m3) and safe (Rs 0.80/ m3) areas. Daily water depleted by the animals in the process of milk production was highest by crossbred cows (7.79 to 13.71 m3/day/animal) followed by buffaloes (4.89 to 12.07 m3/day/animal) and local cows (3.61 to 5.96 m3/day/animal). The study also revealed that economic efficiency of water use (net income per unit of water use) in milk production from crossbreds was positive and it was in the range of Rs 2.18 to 4.29/m3 and negative economic efficiency of water use was recorded in milk production from local cows (Rs1.48 to 6.45/m3) and buffaloes (Rs 0.63 to 6.37/ m3). Due to higher milk yield in crossbreds the higher WUE of (0.84 to 1.37l/ m3) followed by local cows (0.51 to 0.81 l/ m3) and buffaloes (0.38 to 0.87 l/ m3). Depletion of direct water in the process of milk production was marginal in comparison with the water depleted to produce the feed and fodder of dairy animal and hence emphasis should be given to increase the WUE in production of feed and fodder.

- by Mahin Sharif
- •
- Natural Resource Economics, Dairy Economics, Water Resource Economics

The usual story of the “first era of globalization” at the end of the nineteenth century sees Denmark as something as an outlier: a country which, like Britain, resisted the globalization backlash in the wake of the inflow of cheap grain from the New World, but where agriculture, rather than going into decline, in fact flourished. Key to the success of Danish agriculture was an early diversification towards dairy production. We dispute this simple story which sees Denmark as something of a liberal paragon. Denmark’s success owed much to a prudent use of trade policy which favoured dairy production. Moreover, this favouritism continued even after a more general movement to free trade in the 1860s. Using micro‐level data from individual dairies, we quantify the implied subsidy to dairy production from the tariffs, and demonstrate that this in many cases ensured the profitability of individual dairies.

- by Markus Lampe
- •
- Economic History, Cheese Making, Dairy Economics, Denmark

Dairy development is the achievement of operation flood in India. Dairy cooperatives are the integral part of this programme and have played an important role in production and marketing of milk. Since milk is perishable commodity, therefore it requires efficient marketing system. In India only 20 percent of milk is marketed through organized system while, 80 percent milk is marketed through unorganized system. This paper has focused on quality of milk and producer's share in consumer rupee. It has been found that in winter season the quality of milk is good. The producer's share is declining with the increase in number of middlemen.

- by Jude (Judith) Capper
- •
- Dairy Science, Dairy Economics, Agricultural Sustainability, Meat Production

Agriculture is intimately connected with migration and at the primary instance out-migration simply aggravates the problem of agriculture. But migration and remittances can also foster household farm investment and agricultural production. Besides agriculture, male out-migration has a bearing on farm women also due to transfer of responsibilities. The present study has assessed the impact of out-migration on agriculture and workload of women. Primary data were collected from 90 migrant and 60 non-migrant member households in Pithoragarh district, Uttarakhand. Regression, conventional economic and tabular analyses were used to analyse the data. None of the migrant households made any attempt to create productive assets on the farm through remittances, though they spent some amount for hiring labour and
for purchasing material inputs and cattle feed. In migrant member households a larger percentage of land was kept fallow and the number of livestock was also lower. The magnitude of workload of farm women
was more in the case of migrant member households than in non-migrant households due to additional burden of non-households and non-farm works in the absence of male members (migrants).
Keywords: Migration, Remittances, Impact on agriculture, Cbow test, Women workload.
JEL: 013, J16.

- by Artur Wilczyński
- •
- Agribusiness, Agricultural Economics, Agriculture, Dairy Economics

The study was undertaken in Alwar District of Rajasthan with the objectives to examine the input-output relationships and assess the resource use efficiency in milk production. The study covered 75 cooperative member milk producers and 75 non-cooperative member milk producers. The results of Cobb-Douglas production function revealed that concentrate had positive and significant influence on returns from buffalo milk across all the household categories for both the member and non-member groups. Green fodder and dry fodder were also influenced the returns from milk significantly across all the household categories for both the member and non-member groups with the sole exception of large category of non-member group. D1 (winter) and D2 (Rainy) dummy variables were found to be positive and statistically significant. The results of Chow's test clearly revealed that the production functions between member and non-member groups differed significantly. The results of the resource use efficiency revealed that green fodder was over-utilized in small and medium categories for both the member and non-member groups, dry fodder was over-utilized by medium category of member group, concentrate was over-utilized by only medium category of member group and by small & medium categories of non-member group while it was under-utilized by large category of non-member group and labour was over-utilized by only small category of member group.

- by Hemant Sharma and +1
- •
- Agriculture, Dairy Economics, Agriculture Economics

The study examined impacts of micro credit on milk production and factor productivity among tribal farmers of Chhotanagpur platue. Sample responses of 240 farmers were analysed for this study. The impact was evaluated with the benefits accrued by the beneficiaries over non-beneficiaries with respect to economic parameter of investment pattern, cost of production and income component from dairying. The study revealed that investment made on beneficiary households (` 14398.88) was almost double than non-beneficiary households (` 7506.20). The gross income from dairy enterprise on beneficiary (` 14372) was higher than that of non-beneficiary (` 10032.72). The difference in net income, and family labour income was even more pronounced than that of gross income. Marginal value productivity of operational expenses was positive (2.01) and significant, needs priority. The study observed a very positive and favourable response of micro credit to the tribal dairy farmers, needs a continued support for improved income, nutrition and sustained livelihood.

- by Dr. Mukesh Kumar
- •
- Dairy Economics

The Argentine
democratic government elected in 2003 praised the cooperative system advantages, stance which
was reaffirmed by the following administration since 2007. As international dairy commodity
prices increased, the government intervened to stop price transfers to the domestic market. In 2008
there was a long producer-government confrontation that finished with a government agreement to
pay subsidies to small and medium size milk producers to help to cover production costs. The
agreement was renewed in 2009 with some changes, with several difficulties to implement the
system and delays in payments. In this context we wonder whether the government has been
coherent with its own rhetoric, giving small dairy cooperative members priority in subsidies
payments in the major producing provinces. To verify it we used an analysis of multiple
correspondence first, followed by a log-lineal model. With those results we calculated odds ratios
with selected variables.

- by Rodrigo García Arancibia and +1
- •
- Agricultural Economics, Argentina, Applied Economics, Public Policy Analysis

Santa Fe dairy exports have had an upward trend over the past
ten years, with a good competitive performance in the international market. However, the domestic market prevails as
destination of dairy production in manufacturers´ supply decisions. The present paper investigates the impact of the
domestic market in the supply of dairy exports, estimating prices and output elasticities. The results show that exported output is elastic to the changes in the domestic market and respect to the availability of raw milk production, and inelastic to international and domestic prices.

Agriculture is intimately connected with migration and at the primary instance out-migration simply aggravates the problem of agriculture. But migration and remittances can also foster household farm investment and agricultural production. Besides agriculture, male out-migration has a bearing on farm women also due to transfer of responsibilities. The present study has assessed the impact of out-migration on agriculture and workload of women. Primary data were collected from 90 migrant and 60 non-migrant member households in Pithoragarh district, Uttarakhand. Regression, conventional economic and tabular analyses were used to analyse the data. None of the migrant households made any attempt to create productive assets on the farm through remittances, though they spent some amount for hiring labour and for purchasing material inputs and cattle feed. In migrant member households a larger percentage of land was kept fallow and the number of livestock was also lower. The magnitude of wo...

The present study was conducted in tribal region of Udaipur district of Rajasthan on pattern of dairy input procurement, output disposal and feeding. In all 80 tribal farmers were selected randomly. The results of the study indicated that 100 per cent, 68.75 per cent and 50 per cent farmers were feeding dry fodder, green fodder and concentrates respectively, to milch animals. Government hospitals provided vaccination but medicines had to purchase from private shops. Largely family female workers were engaged in different activities of dairy farming. The average daily quantity of green fodder, dry fodder and concentrates fed per milch buffalo were 2.25 kg, 7.75 kg and 0.55 kg while corresponding figures for for milch cows were 1.90 kg, 6.25 kg and 0.45 kg. Green fodder and concentrates were not fed to dry animals by the tribal farmers. On an average, 32 per cent of total milk production was sold only to local consumers. All farmers taken away or leaving their animals for grazing for period of 5-8 hours in a day. On an average, 73.75 per cent, 50 per cent and 52.50 per cent farmers were feeding dry fodder, green fodder and concentrates, respectively, once in a day.

This paper analyzes the evolution of Argentine cheese exports in the 2000-2010 period, focusing on bilateral real exchange rate as one of its macroeconomic determinant. It turns out to be a relevant factor when main cheese exports destinations are taking into account. Nonetheless, when major American and Asian flows are disaggregated, the relationship is not so clear. A research relevant conclusion is the strong GDP impact of Asian buyers on
traded volumes.

We consider the relative contributions of changing technology and institutions for economic growth through the investigation of a natural experiment in history: the almost simultaneous introduction of the automatic cream separator and the cooperative ownership form in the Danish dairy industry from around 1880. Using a new database of statistics from creameries and the tool of stochastic frontier analysis, we find that both institutions and technology were important for the success of the Danish dairy industry and, by implication, the growth and early development of the Danish economy.

- by Markus Lampe
- •
- Economic History, Economic Growth, Cooperatives, Dairy Economics

Decisions; Support; Systems; Planning; Optimization; Heuristics; Network programming; Fixed Costs; Travelling salesman; Distances; Computer graphics. A Decision Support System (DSS) is described, the prime objective of which is to aid in the location of new investments in a multi-site, multi-product dairy processing company. A network program model is described which optimises the collection of milk from farm groups (netcells) and the allocation of the milk to a range of final products and byproducts through consideration of product prices, Process costs and transport costs. Constraints include process capacities, overtime capacities, and final product demands. Site dependant product yields are considered through use of an iteration procedure surrounding the network model. This procedure updates estimates of the mean company yield used to set upper and lower arc constraints in the product demand phase of the network model. Milk tanker collection distances are estimated by an expecte...

- by Peter MELLALIEU
- •
- Business, Applied Mathematics, Agribusiness, Operations Research

RESUMEN Este artıculo tiene como objetivo evaluar, en términos de su consistencia cardinal, ordinal y dicotómica, cinco indicadores alternativos de especialización comercial. Tres están basados en el enfoque de las ventajas comparativas... more

- by edith guiguet
- •
- International Trade, Applied Statistics, Dairy Economics, Trade Balance

Realizar pronósticos sobre precios resulta muy importante no sólo para la toma de decisiones de un sector productivo, sino también para la elaboración de políticas públicas; ya que permite reducir la incertidumbre de los posibles escenarios a los que se puede enfrentar dicho sector. Los precios son una variable clave en el análisis sectorial, y contar con estimaciones confiables de los mismos no es tarea fácil, mucho menos en países con alta volatilidad como lo es Argentina. A partir de una revisión de antecedentes, se ha encontrado que los métodos lineales multivariados han liderado en esta área de predicciones económicas. Sin embargo, trabajos recientes empiezan a implementar mecanismos no lineales que, mediante un diseño sencillo, han logrado una performance predictiva competentes a las primeras, al menos en el área económica. Dentro de estos mecanismos no lineales se encuentran las redes neuronales. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo ajustar un modelo de red neuronal para realizar predicciones aplicadas al sector lácteo argentino, y comparar los resultados con las predicciones que arroja un modelo multivariado de series de tiempo. Sobre una base de datos mensual disponible para variables del sector desde 2000 a 2012, se logra obtener una red con tres capas, cuya capa interna tiene sólo dos nodos, para predecir los precios mensuales pagados a los productores tamberos. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que mediante una estructura sencilla y parsimoniosa de redes neuronales, pueden obtenerse mejores resultados predictivos respecto a alternativas más tradicionales de series de tiempo. Palabras Clave: predicción, precios, redes neuronales, sector lácteo argentino 1 Trabajo realizado en el marco del proyecto PICT 2014-2132-(2014)"Factores asociados con el comercio de lácteos argentina-Mercosur y perspectivas ante una potencial liberalización Mercosur-Unión Europea" y CAID 201101 00101-(2013) "Influencia de variables seleccionadas sobre la oferta láctea Argentina y la competitividad sectorial"

This study aims to evaluate, in terms of their cardinal, ordinal, and dichotomy consistency, five alternative comercial specialization indicators: a Balassa symmetric index version; a Chi-Squared Index; and the Relative Trade Advantage Index, all these three based on revealed comparative advantage theory; and two additional: Michaely Index variation, and Iapadre Index variation, based on trade balance flows. It is applied to the particular case of Argentina and Uruguay butter world trade during 1995-2006. The results vary for both countries. Some indicators are found to be useful as substitutes while other in a complementary manner. Economically, the indicators show that the Argentine specialization fluctuates among years while the Uruguayan is very stable.

- by El Chi
- •
- International Trade, Applied Statistics, Dairy Economics, Trade Balance
- by Rodrigo García Arancibia
- •
- International Trade, Competitiveness (Economics), Argentina, Uruguay

This study aims to evaluate, in terms of their cardinal, ordinal, and di-
chotomy consistency, ¯ve alternative comercial specialization indicators: a
Balassa symmetric index version; a Chi-Squared Index; and the Relative
Trade Advantage Index, all these three based on revealed comparative ad-
vantage theory; and two additional: Michaely Index variation, and Iapadre
Index variation, based on trade balance °ows. It is applied to the particular
case of Argentina and Uruguay butter world trade during 1995-2006. The
results vary for both countries. Some indicators are found to be useful as
substitutes while other in a complementary manner. Economically, the indi-
cators show that the Argentine specialization °uctuates among years while
the Uruguayan is very stable.

- by Rodrigo García Arancibia
- •
- International Trade, Applied Statistics, Dairy Economics